Transient Component Research Articles

Anxiolytic, Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Peptides Hmg 1b-2 and Hmg 1b-4 from the Sea Anemone Heteractis magnifica.

Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) have been known as sensors of a local pH change within both physiological and pathological conditions. ASIC-targeting peptide toxins could be potent molecular tools for ASIC-manipulating in vitro, and for pathology treatment in animal test studies. Two sea anemone toxins, native Hmg 1b-2 and recombinant Hmg 1b-4, both related to APETx-like peptides, inhibited the transient current component of human ASIC3-Δ20 expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, but only Hmg 1b-2 inhibited the rat ASIC3 transient current. The Hmg 1b-4 action on rASIC3 as a potentiator was confirmed once again. Both peptides are non-toxic molecules for rodents. In open field and elevated plus maze tests, Hmg 1b-2 had more of an excitatory effect and Hmg 1b-4 had more of an anxiolytic effect on mouse behavior. The analgesic activity of peptides was similar and comparable to diclofenac activity in an acid-induced muscle pain model. In models of acute local inflammation induced by λ-carrageenan or complete Freund's adjuvant, Hmg 1b-4 had more pronounced and statistically significant anti-inflammatory effects than Hmg 1b-2. It exceeded the effect of diclofenac and, at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg, reduced the volume of the paw almost to the initial volume. Our data highlight the importance of a comprehensive study of novel ASIC-targeting ligands, and in particular, peptide toxins, and present the slightly different biological activity of the two similar toxins.

Low‐voltage ride‐through handling in wind farm with doubly fed induction generators based on variable‐step model predictive control

AbstractA severe voltage sag on the wind‐farm grid side with doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) can induce a peak inrush current in the rotors and damage converters, resulting in wind‐turbine disconnection from the grid. To prevent this from happening, a variable‐step model predictive control (VS‐MPC) strategy is proposed for improving the wind turbines’ ability to operate without disconnecting themselves from the grid when a fault occurs. First, the predictive‐control state‐space model of a doubly fed wind farm is established according to its working principle. Second, model predictive control (MPC) is applied on the rotor side of the DFIG to realize the rapid tracking of the rotor current to the reference value during low‐voltage ride‐through (LVRT) of the DFIG. Finally, a variable‐step size algorithm is introduced into the MPC controller to change the step size continuously during the LVRT period. This increases the control accuracy, realizing rapid attenuation of each transient component, whereby the wind‐farm LVRT capability is enhanced. The proposed control strategy was simulated and verified using MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation results indicated that VS‐MPC can effectively handle LVRT, allowing the recovery of a wind farm that uses DFIGs and improving the performance of wind‐farm.

Имитационное моделирование воздушных линий электропередачи напряжением 610 кВ для исследования алгоритмов определения места возникновения однофазных замыканий на землю

As part of evolution of single phase to earth faults protection methods and tools in 6–10 kV networks the development of simulation study methods of these networks and their components becomes relevant. A significant direction in this area is upgrading of sensors installed directly on the wires and electrical transmission towers. These sensors are installed in the conditions of an electromagnetic field acting on them and dynamically changes both in time and space, especially during emergency modes including single phase to earth faults. Application of modern software offers a challenge for complex simulation study of electromagnetic fields distribution at the location of the measuring transducers in continuously variable electromagnetic environment. The above-noted statement determines the relevance of the research goal, which is the development of a simulation study method of 6–10 kV overhead power lines, the model of which is designed to study existing and create new single phase to earth fault location algorithms and devices. To solve the tasks set the methods of simulation study of overhead transmission lines and corresponding medium voltage networks in PSCAD and COMSOL Multiphysics software have been used. The general concept of design of a 6–10 kV network and an overhead transmission line simulation model is formulated. The geometrical parameters of the section of the model of an overhead power transmission line to simulate electromagnetic transients are selected, considering the frequency dependence of the line parameters (inductance and active resistance). The proposed model of the overhead transmission line is verified, and recommendations for its application are given. The developed “inductive” component of the proposed overhead transmission line model allows to provide high accuracy of calculation of transient components of currents and voltages during single phase to earth faults. It makes possible to use this model for the development and research of single phase to earth fault location algorithms. The developed approach to simulation study of an overhead transmission line is the field of interest for further research, as it makes it possible to calculate the components of the electric field which are observed during single phase to earth faults.

Epidemiological and microbiome associations of Clostridioides difficile carriage in infancy and early childhood

ABSTRACT There has been an increase in the prevalence of Clostridioides difficile (C. diff) causing significant economic impact on the health care system. Although toxigenic C. diff carriage is recognized in infancy, there is limited data regarding its longitudinal trends, associated epidemiolocal risk factors and intestinal microbiome characteristics. The objectives of our longitudinal cohort study were to investigate temporal changes in the prevalence of toxigenic C.diff colonization in children up to 2 years, associated epidemiological and intestinal microbiome characteristics. Pregnant mothers were enrolled prenatally, and serial stool samples were collected from their children for 2 years. 2608 serial stool samples were collected from 817 children. 411/817 (50%) were males, and 738/817 (90%) were born full term. Toxigenic C.diff was detected in 7/569 (1%) of meconium samples, 116/624 (19%) of 2 m (month), 221/606 (37%) of 6 m, 227/574 (40%) of 12 m and 18/235 (8%) of 24 m samples. Infants receiving any breast milk at 6 m were less likely to be carriers at 2 m, 6 m and 12 m than those not receiving it. (p = 0.002 at 2 m, p < 0.0001 at 6 m, p = 0.022 at 12 m). There were no robust differences in the underlying alpha or beta diversity between those with and without toxigenic C. diff carriage at any timepoint, although small differences in the relative abundance of certain taxa were found. In this largest longitudinal cohort study to date, a high prevalence of toxigenic C. diff carrier state was noted. Toxigenic C. diff carrier state in children is most likely a transient component of the dynamic infant microbiome.

The functional logic of odor information processing in the Drosophila antennal lobe.

Recent advances in molecular transduction of odorants in the Olfactory Sensory Neurons (OSNs) of the Drosophila Antenna have shown that the odorant object identity is multiplicatively coupled with the odorant concentration waveform. The resulting combinatorial neural code is a confounding representation of odorant semantic information (identity) and syntactic information (concentration). To distill the functional logic of odor information processing in the Antennal Lobe (AL) a number of challenges need to be addressed including 1) how is the odorant semantic information decoupled from the syntactic information at the level of the AL, 2) how are these two information streams processed by the diverse AL Local Neurons (LNs) and 3) what is the end-to-end functional logic of the AL? By analyzing single-channel physiology recordings at the output of the AL, we found that the Projection Neuron responses can be decomposed into a concentration-invariant component, and two transient components boosting the positive/negative concentration contrast that indicate onset/offset timing information of the odorant object. We hypothesized that the concentration-invariant component, in the multi-channel context, is the recovered odorant identity vector presented between onset/offset timing events. We developed a model of LN pathways in the Antennal Lobe termed the differential Divisive Normalization Processors (DNPs), which robustly extract the semantics (the identity of the odorant object) and the ON/OFF semantic timing events indicating the presence/absence of an odorant object. For real-time processing with spiking PN models, we showed that the phase-space of the biological spike generator of the PN offers an intuit perspective for the representation of recovered odorant semantics and examined the dynamics induced by the odorant semantic timing events. Finally, we provided theoretical and computational evidence for the functional logic of the AL as a robust ON-OFF odorant object identity recovery processor across odorant identities, concentration amplitudes and waveform profiles.

A general analysis method of transmission lines faults response with all frequency components under new energy

Nowadays, a large number of photovoltaic power stations have been connected to the grid. As the control algorithm of photovoltaic power generation often uses Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), the electromagnetic transient process generated by frequent regulation process is gathered into the transmission network. And long transmission lines need series compensation which also causes electromagnetic transient process. Since the sampling frequency of the protection device was not high enough in the past, the recorded waveform could not reflect the actual situation. In particular, because some high-frequency harmonics could not be observed, the harm brought by them did not attract enough attention, and the adverse effects gradually increased. In this paper, the transient response of faults in transmission lines can be accurately calculated by a method, which combined with the phase component method and the Laplace transform. According to the topological relationship of transmission lines, a frequency domain model considering the initial energy storage is given. Whether the system parameters are symmetrical or not, the model can accurately calculate the transient response. Besides, various faults are described by modifying the node admittance matrix. And the system response that includes all frequency components in the time domain are obtained by the inverse Laplace transform. In the case of a simple transmission system, the calculation results are compared with those obtained with the ATP/EMTP. Such comparisons validate the effectiveness and accuracy of the method. The method can accurately reflect all transient components at different frequencies caused by faults or disturbances, and it is suitable for both transient studies and steady-state analysis.

TSCK guided parameter convex optimization tunable Q-factor wavelet transform and its application in wheelset bearing fault diagnosis

Wheelset bearing is a typical vulnerable structural component in high-speed trains and heavy haul vehicles. In addition to the typical nonlinear and nonstationary characteristics, the vibration signal of wheelset bearing also contains track subgrade vibration and transmission path coupling interference components. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a new feature extraction method for wheelset bearing faults. This method constructs the Teager energy spectrum correlation kurtosis, which is purposely sensitive to periodic fault impulse components, as the objective function. The Q-factor and redundancy of tunable Q-factor wavelet transform are selected by using the parameter convex optimization method, which makes the signal decomposition have better sparsity, so as to extract fault information accurately. Simulated analysis, experimental signal analysis of QPZZ-II test-bed, and experimental signal analysis of wheelset bearing test-bed show that the proposed method can suppress the influence of nonperiodic transient impulse components, harmonic components, and noise components in the signal and accurately extract the periodic impact characteristics of bearings.

On distinguishing the direct causal effect of an intervention from its efficiency-enhancing effects

This paper proposes an innovative methodology for handling endogeneity issues in the evaluation of policy performance. By estimating a regression discontinuity design with a four-component stochastic frontier panel data model, we estimate the causal impact of a policy intervention on the outcome variable, whenever the treatment status depends on an exogenous threshold. We distinguish between (i) the direct effect of the intervention, (ii) the efficiency-enhancing effect, or (iii) their combination. Moreover, we distinguish between persistent (time-invariant) and transient (time-varying) inefficiency components while accounting for unobserved heterogeneity, which is important for policy implications. We showcase the practical usefulness of the proposed approach by estimating the effect of providing additional resources on schools that exceed an exogenously set share of disadvantaged students in secondary schools in Flanders, Belgium. We also demonstrate the trade-off between balance of the covariates in the treated and control group and statistical power. Thus, despite insignificant effects in a balanced but smaller sample close to the discontinuity, the results become significant in the unbalanced sample with more statistical power. In both samples, we observe that the policy had an effect on the outcome mostly through the efficiency-enhancing channel. To this extent, we show that the model specification including both direct and indirect effects outperforms the other two specifications and it offers a more exhaustive perspective from a policy view point.

Inhibition of Acid-Sensing Ion Channels by KB-R7943, a Reverse Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger Inhibitor

KB-R7943, an isothiourea derivative, is widely used as a pharmacological inhibitor of reverse sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX). It has been shown to have neuroprotective and analgesic effects in animal models; however, the detailed molecular mechanisms remain elusive. In the current study, we investigated whether KB-R7943 modulates acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs), a group of proton-gated cation channels implicated in the pathophysiology of various neurological disorders, using the whole-cell patch clamp techniques. Our data show that KB-R7943 irreversibly inhibits homomeric ASIC1a channels heterologously expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells in a use- and concentration-dependent manner. It also reversibly inhibits homomeric ASIC2a and ASIC3 channels in CHO cells. Both the transient and sustained current components of ASIC3 are inhibited. Furthermore, KB-R7943 inhibits ASICs in primary cultured peripheral and central neurons. It inhibits the ASIC-like currents in mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and the ASIC1a-like currents in mouse cortical neurons. The inhibition of the ASIC1a-like current is use-dependent and unrelated to its effect on NCX since neither of the other two well-characterized NCX inhibitors, including SEA0400 and SN-6, shows an effect on ASIC. Our data also suggest that the isothiourea group, which is lacking in other structurally related analogs that do not affect ASIC1a-like current, may serve as a critical functional group. In summary, we characterize KB-R7943 as a new ASIC inhibitor. It provides a novel pharmacological tool for the investigation of the functions of ASICs and could serve as a lead compound for developing small-molecule drugs for treating ASIC-related disorders.

Efficiency Measurement in Norwegian Electricity Distribution: A Generalized Four-Way-Error-Component Stochastic Frontier Model

In this paper, we introduce a new model to estimate efficiency by generalizing the state-of-the-art panel stochastic frontier model, the salient feature of which is decomposition of inefficiency into a persistent and a transient component. The proposed model introduces an autoregressive process to allow for temporal dependence in transient inefficiency. Both firm heterogeneity and persistent inefficiency components are allowed to be correlated with some exogenous and endogenous covariates in the model. Our model solves the endogeneity problem and it also introduces determinants of both persistent and transient inefficiency. Since the transient component is autoregressive, the likelihood function is not available in closed form. To address this problem we use the Maximum Simulated Likelihood and (Simulated or Bayes) Generalized Method of Moments method to estimate the parameters and several other quantities of interest, including transient and persistent inefficiency. Since the model is dynamic and accommodates determinants of inefficiency, it is useful to production managers who wish to identify how much of their present inefficiency is affected by past inefficiency, as well as how and in what ways efficiency can be improved. We use Norwegian electricity distribution data to showcase an application of our model.

Dynamic Power Sharing Assisted Hybrid Controller for PV Fed Isolated dc Microgrid

This article presents a hybrid control strategy to improve the control and power sharing of a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) used in an isolated dc microgrid. While the photovoltaic panel is the primary energy source, the battery and supercapacitor work together to meet the additional power requirements. A modification to the traditional filter method for dividing the average and transient HESS current components is done by replacing the low pass filter (LPF) with a rate limiter to ensure proper power splitting and smoother battery discharge. The rate limiter integrates power balance into the system and allows for the integration of battery discharge rates, eliminating the problems caused by the unintentional selection of the cut-off frequency. In addition, the HESS current outputs are no longer affected by low order LPF phase delay. A simple prediction based current control is proposed for HESS current regulation to precisely track the rate-limited current references and avoid common windup concerns associated with proportional integral (PI) controllers arising from system nonlinearities and uncertainties. The proposed control approach can reduce the peak overshoot below 2% and settling time during disturbances less than 15%. Simulation and experimental investigations are carried out to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

An adaptive group sparse feature decomposition method in frequency domain for rolling bearing fault diagnosis

Group-sparse mode decomposition (GSMD) is a decomposition method designed based on the group sparse property of signals in frequency domain. It is proved to be highly efficient and robust against noise, showing bright prospects for bearing fault diagnosis. However, the following adverse factors may impede its application for incipient bearing fault feature extraction: Initially, the GSMD method did not consider the impulsiveness and periodicity of the bearing fault feature. As a result, the ideal filter bank generated by GSMD may not accurately cover the fault frequency band because it may produce over-coarse or over-narrow filter bank under the condition of strong interference harmonics, large random shocks and heavy noise. Moreover, the location of informative frequency band was obstructed since the bearing fault signal shows complicated distribution in frequency domain. To overcome the abovementioned limitations, an adaptive group sparse feature decomposition (AGSFD) method is proposed. Firstly, the harmonics, large-amplitude random shocks and periodic transient feature are modeled as limited bandwidth signals in the frequency domain. On this basis, an autocorrection of envelope derivation operator harmonic to noise ratio (AEDOHNR) indicator is proposed to guild the construction and optimization of the filter bank of AGSFD. Also, the regularization parameters of AGSFD are adaptively determined. With the optimized filter bank, the original bearing fault is decomposed into a serial of components with AGSFD method, where the sensitive fault-induced periodic transient component is maintained using the AEDOHNR indicator. Finally, the studies of the simulation and two experimental items are carried out to evaluate the feasibility and the superiority of AGSFD method. The results indicate the AGSFD method can identify the early failure in the presence of heavy noise, strong harmonics or random shocks and has better decomposition efficiency.

Relay Protection Method of High Voltage Transmission Line Based on Time-frequency Analysis

Since China entered the era of high-voltage AC and DC hybrid power grids, many high-voltage transmission lines have been successfully constructed. Due to the high voltage and long transmission distance of high-voltage transmission lines, once a fault occurs, it will cause serious losses. The research on the relay protection method of high-voltage transmission lines based on time-frequency analysis is proposed, which has important contribution value to ensure the stable development of the power grid. The fault signal of the high-voltage transmission line is extracted based on time-frequency analysis. The fault transient component of a high-voltage transmission line is detected by decomposing the fault signal characteristics. The phase correlation protection based on the fault transient component is realized to realize the relay protection of the high voltage power transmission line. The simulation results show that the accuracy of the proposed method is 100%, which verifies the reliability of this method.

Revealing the Permanent and Transient Plant Understory in Gallery Forests in the Cerrado of Central Brazil

Abstract The understories of tropical forests comprise complex communities and can be divided into permanent understory, where the generally shade-tolerant plant growth forms are less developed in height, and transient understory, where young tree individuals are only temporarily present. Despite a high contribution to species richness in tropical forests, the understory is poorly studied. Here, we examined the species composition, richness, structure, diversity, and the relative contribution of growth forms in permanent and transient understories of gallery forests in the Brazilian Cerrado. A total of 211 species distributed into sixty-seven families and 153 genera were sampled. The most species-rich family was Rubiaceae, and Miconia was the genus with the highest species richness. The species Hildaea pallens had the highest importance in the forests. The best-represented growth forms were tree seedlings, followed by shrubs and lianas. The transient component of the understory in gallery forests was the most diverse. However, in terms of species relative cover, both transient and permanent understory species contributed equally to the understory structure, mainly due to the high cover of Poaceae species. Our study is the first to examine composition, structure, diversity, and growth forms in the permanent and transient understories of gallery forests. Study Implications: Our study is innovative in describing the plant community attributes of gallery forest understories in the Brazilian Cerrado. The understories of tropical forests comprise complex communities and can be divided into permanent and transient understory. The transient component of the understory in gallery forests was the most diverse, represented by seedlings and young tree specimens. However, in terms of species relative cover, both transient and permanent understory species contributed equally to the understory structure. Here, we provide evidence that may be useful to initiatives seeking to conduct ecological restoration and conservation of gallery forests in the Cerrado.

A transient component of the solid electrolyte interphase in the Li-ion battery

Schematic graphical representation of the SEI formation process accompanied by cointercalation of electrolyte components into graphite.

Methodology for the synthesis of the system of phase synchronization of coherent demodulators with a variable structure of open communication

One of the factors of internal disturbances and obstacles in the operation of the synchronization system, which directly affect the accuracy of the estimation of the carrier frequency and the dynamics of the entire system, are transient processes caused by the system’s reaction to the transition from one stationary state to another stationary state. At the current stage of research devoted to the issue of minimizing the influence of the transient process on the operation of the phase synchronization system, increasing the speed and reducing the transient component of the phase error, which is generated by the transient processes, was solved by synthesizing the open connection of the synchronization system under the condition of minimizing the phase error in steady and transient modes of operation. In the work, a mathematical model and a technique based on it were developed, which allow the synthesis of open communication with a variable structure in the combined synchronization system of satellite telecommunications, which ensure the minimization of the influence of transient processes on the efficiency of the synchronization system. The open communication scheme with a variable structure proposed in the work allows to minimize the impact of the transient process on the efficiency of the synchronization system by reducing the time of the transient process by taking into account the level of harmful disturbances of the transient process. The evaluation of the possibility of an open connection with a variable structure in terms of the effect on the time of the transition process carried out in the work showed that by logically switching to the branch of the open connection with the corresponding values of the time operator, it is possible to achieve up to a 6.7 times reduction in the time of the transition process.

Molekularno ispitivanje gena enterokoknog površinskog proteina (esp) Enterococcus faecalis izolovanog kod endodontskih pacijenata

Objective. Enterococci are generally considered transient components of oral bacteria that may be a reason for several oral and systemic infections, particularly those related to dental root canal infections. The current study aims to examine the occurrence of Enterococcus surface protein, esp in Enterococcus faecalis, which is isolated from infected root canals. Methods. Forty samples were collected from endodontic patients who attended the Conservative Treatment Department in the College of Dentistry/Mosul University/Dental Teaching Hospital. Materials and Methods: All samples were traditionally examined using HiCrom TM Enterococcus faecium Agar base medium and biochemical tests. 16srRNA sequencing was performed using the polymerase chain reaction technique to confirm their identity. Then, all Enterococcus faecalis isolates were examined for the existence of esp gene coding for enterococcal surface protein using PCR assay. Results. From 40 clinical samples obtained, 31 isolates were recognized as E. faecalis by traditional methods; unexpectedly, other non-enterococci genera were also grown on HiCromTM Enterococcus faecium Agar base medium. The PCR products for the sequence-specific primers obtained from the full-length of 16S rRNA gene sequence, which belongs to E. faecalis, and the PCR products for specific primer of esp genes created bands at the position of 138bp and 932 bp on the agarose gel, respectively. The gene correlating with the aggregation of this bacteria on the canal walls was detected in a high proportion (91%) of the isolates. Conclusions. PCR assay provides an accurate, rapid, and more sensitive detection of E. faecalis. A positive correlation between esp gene and enterococcal infections in root canals has been found.

Magnetizing Inrush Current Elimination Strategy Based on a Parallel Type Asynchronous Closing Hybrid Transformer

When the power transformer is connected to power grids, due to the existing remanent magnetism (RM) and the voltage transient component, the transformer will generate a large magnetizing inrush current (MIC). The MIC not only seriously threatens the safe operation of the transformer, but also causes the misoperation in the differential protections. To solve the aforementioned problems, a novel MIC elimination strategy of the hybrid transformer (HT) based on an asynchronous closing technology is proposed in this article. First, through the rational design of the HT topology, the parallel auxiliary winding (PAW) of the HT is established and the magnetic coupling mechanism is realized, which lay the magnetic circuit foundation for the MIC management. Second, a step-type synchronous magnetic field is established through PAW without considering RM. After the action of step-type magnetic field, the core flux increases sinusoidal linearly and enters into the rated steady stable. Finally, by controlling the stabilization time of the oblique wave and the primary voltage signal of the power grid, when the core flux is stabilized, the nonsynchronous closing of the HT can effectively alleviate the generation of the MIC. The validity and feasibility of the proposed scheme are verified by building an HT prototype platform, which provides some reference for the difficulty of measuring RM and avoiding MIC in the power system.

MINIMIZATION OF THE ROOT ERROR OF THE SYNCHRONIZATION SYSTEM OF THE COHERENT DEMODULATOR OF SATELLITE TELECOMMUNICATIONS UNDER THE CONDITION OF LIMITING THE TRANSIENT COMPONENT PHASE ERROR

A successful solution to the task of further increasing the efficiency of satellite communication systems largely depends on the quality of functioning of the systems and devices included in them. One of the directions for improving the efficiency of satellite telecommunications can be the development and improvement of phase synchronization systems in the direction of minimizing the phase error while maintaining high dynamics in stable and transient modes of operation. Mathematical dependencies are developed and presented in the work, which allow for the synthesis of open communication in the combined synchronization system of satellite telecommunications, which ensure the minimization of the root mean square error of the synchronization system under the condition of limiting the transient component of the phase error. The open communication scheme proposed in the work includes a link with a transfer function, the parameters of which make it possible to minimize the rms phase error under the condition of increasing the dynamics of the system in transient modes. The results of evaluating the effectiveness of the proposed method of minimizing the rms error of the combined synchronization system under the condition of limiting the transient component of the phase error showed that the value of the rms error for the combined synchronization system depends on the gain parameter of the open link link. The gain parameter can be effective in minimizing the phase error in the case of its positive values. The optimal value of the gain parameter in the presented open-loop synthesis model has an unambiguous relationship with the conditions for limiting the transient component of the phase error, and its deviation from the optimal values reduces the effect of the open-loop link when operating in transient modes.

Analysis of a spoke‐type ferrite PM motor with assisted poles based on equivalent magnetic network with hybrid cross‐shaped mesh elements

AbstractThis article proposes an equivalent magnetic network (EMN) model to improve the accuracy of electromagnetic analysis, where a modular modelling of hybrid cross‐shaped mesh (CS‐M) elements is introduced. By applying hybrid CS‐M elements, the modelling of air gap and its surrounding regions is regulated into an identical width. As a result, the relative motion of the motor is simpler to simulate by changing the nodal connection without involving the non‐linear permeance. The airgap flux density is solved more accurately than the regular CS‐M elements as well. A 12‐slot/10‐pole ferrite permanent magnet (FPM) motor with assisted poles of unequal pole‐arc ratios is selected as an example to be built with the proposed EMN model. After solving the EMN model, the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed EMN model are verified by comparing it with the FEA model and experiments. Additionally, based on the frozen permeability (FP) method, transient torque components can be separated accurately with a transient torque solution related to virtual work principle (VWP) for the EMN model.