Semantic Transformation Research Articles

The notion of “truth” (“pravda”) in the Late Medieval Bohemia

The paper deals with the semantic transformation of the Old Czech term “pravda” (meaning “truth” or “justice” in different contexts) in the political and legal socioleсt of the Bohemian nobility from the end of the 14th till the end of the 15th century. This term was used in the charter issued by the Bohemian lords on the 5th of May, 1394 in such a way that it received a meaning of “straightness” denoting a legal reference point set in the past once and forever which does not allow any deviations. The lords declared their will “to put straight the Bohemian land and to bring it to the law and to the truth—in such a way as it stood firm in truth in the times of our forefathers.” The Land constitutions (Zemské zřízení) of the year 1395 written by the lords appeal to an unnamed “ancient constitution” and reproduce some laws from the “Statutes of the Kingdom” issued by Charles IV in 1355. However, in some other cases the Land Tables are inconsistent with the written law as they express their authors’ own notion concerning the social justice. An explanation could be found in the treatise “Land’s laws” by Ondřej of Dubá written around the turn of the 15th century: Here the term “pravda” means an opinion of a litigating person who considers himself to be right. The Hussites of the 15th century used the term as a motto, however, they meant the “God’s truth” (Old Czech: “pravda Boží”) and not the human one. In 1421 the diety of Čáslav issued a decree obliging everybody to confess the Four Prague Articles as “the truths of God”. Due to the absolutization of the term the Hussite legists of the second half of the 15th century Ctibor, of Cimburk and Viktorín of Všehrdy considered the “pravda” to be an impersonal, objectively given reality, i. e. the verity.

Some Tendencies in the Development of the Terminology of Hermeneutics in the English Language

Although terminology is a branch of linguistics with a long history, a number of terminological systems have not been thoroughly analyzed. One of the areas that falls into this category is the terminology of humanitarian subjects because the way their terminology is formed differs from the term formation of STEM disciplines. Sublanguages of humanitarian disciplines quite often borrow general language words, which can be explained by the fact that the area of their studies is related to general rules of society functioning. In the course of transfer from the general language to domain-specific language, the semantic and/or morphological structure of words might undergo modifications. This article analyses the methods of formation of the English terminology of hermeneutics. Hermeneutics is a theory and methodology of text interpretation. One of the distinguishing features of its sublanguage is the fact that it is formed with the use of a considerable number of general language words that are used by text interpreters in a specialized meaning. This paper presents the analysis of the semantic transformations of some of these words after they became part of the sublanguage of hermeneutics.

The world of interpretations in culture space

Text interpretation is essentially a dialogical form of knowledge. The sense of a text exists in reality only within human communication, within a situation of a dialogue. Dialogue turns out to be impossible when its participants only consider the interlocutor's messages through their own usual and limited set of senses, or they try to fully perceive the interlocutor’s way of comprehension by tending to break all links with their sociocultural environment’s normative-valued systems. And only partial digression beyond the limits of the conventional enables us to find common ground for understanding. Therefore, understanding always appears not simply as a dialogue, but as a collision of "the usual" and "the unusual". This process is connected with loosening of well-known ideas, taking phenomena out of their comprehension’s familiar context and destructing the old sense. Understanding starts from the initial point in dialogical movement – a given text requiring understanding as a communicative subject. A movement to the past – past contexts, when it is necessary to understand the text the way the author understood it himself without going beyond this understanding. The solution of this hermeneutic issue is rather difficult and requires the involvement of a huge amount of material. And finally, a movement to the future – prescience, construction of further contexts. Senses "flatten" without such a work of understanding. They transform into knowledge and stop dividing (changing). Every author is a prisoner of his epoch, of his contemporaneity. Subsequent times liberate him from this captivity, and literary studies are called upon to assist this liberation. Hence there is a need for the skills of not only understanding, but also explaining and interpreting texts. When we move from understanding a text to interpreting it, we leave the text in its semantic uniqueness and move into the communicative space of semantic transformations.

ПРОБЛЕМА СЕМАНТИЧНОЇ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЇ ФІЛОСОФСЬКИХ КОНЦЕПТІВ В СВІТЛІ МОВНО-ІСТОРИЧНИХ ІДЕЙ І.ОГІЄНКА

The article deals with one of the most topical problems of historical linguistics, which concerns the peculiarities of the semantic content transformation of some philosophical concepts, which are active elements of sacred texts. The author of the article emphasizes that this problem was undoubtedly one of the most important in the frames of scientifi c ideas, research, and intelligence of the talented linguist and Bible translator Ivan Ohiienko. The article emphasizes that concepts in the aspect of cognitive linguistics are created and fi xed in the minds of native speakers as the result of processing and transforming mental representations through linguis-tic phenomen. One of the concept interpretations is its perception as a generally accepted one at a certain background level, i.e. in specifi c mental environment, sphere, context. In this regard, it seems interesting to cover and analyze the prob-lem of semantic transformation of some conceptual notions in consciousness at diff erent background levels, including religious, philosophical in comparison with the modern perception of the average person with his/her laws of morality, spiritu-ality. The author emphasizes that clarifi cation of the problem can be particularly deep and reliable if it is not limited to observation of textual material, certain philo-sophical concepts and religious-philosophical doctrines, but will be based on and supported by deep linguistic research in comparative historical aspect. Obviously, the solution of such a complex issue involves the study of a large number of dic-tionaries, textual material and should be supported by etymological analysis in diff erent aspects. With the aim of scientifi c validate and profanity prevention, an algorithm and the methodology of etymological research must be developed with the main criteria of analysis. They are to take into account the peculiarities of deri-vation processes, phonetic transformations associated with changes in word struc-ture, word base demotivation, morphological transformations. The main criteria in the article are phonetic, word-formation semantic, chronological. The analysis is based on etymological dictionaries and research. The examples from Latin, Greek, English and other European languages are given in morpheme-derivational com-parisons of the analysis. Quotations from various sacred texts translated into Slavic languages are used as textual illustrations.

Language and Stylistic Features of the Orthodox Media Sermon

The author presents an analysis of the linguistic and stylistic features of the Orthodox media sermon of the famous priest Dimitry Smirnov, posted on his multimedia blog. Based on the problems of scientific work, the study is based on the works of leading and foreign media linguists and experts in the field of studying the genre of sermon. It is shown that creative work with the lexical and phraseological funds of the literary language through semantic transformations is updated through the emergence of new connotations, semantic neologisms, transformed phraseological units, which as a result leads to the renewal and strengthening of linguistic expression and contributes to the achievement of the linguo-pragmatic goals of the preacher. The genre of the sermon has specific linguistic features: the traditional address to the audience at the beginning of the sermon and its traditional completion, a large number of names of Jesus Christ, the mention of biblical precedent names and toponyms, implicit and explicit citation of the texts of Holy Scripture, etc. When working with preaching media content, two micro-conclusions were found and one general conclusion that sums up the entire sermon, which indicates a clearly built speech strategy that pursues specific linguo-pragmatic goals: to convey to the audience the main gospel meanings associated with Christ’s Resurrection. The well-thought-out speech strategy and tactics of the preacher purposefully focus the audience’s attention on important Christian issues through which the missionary function of the Orthodox media discourse is realized.

Semantic Recognition of Ship Motion Patterns Entering and Leaving Port Based on Topic Model

Recognition and understanding of ship motion patterns have excellent application value for ship navigation and maritime supervision, i.e., route planning and maritime risk assessment. This paper proposes a semantic recognition method for ship motion patterns entering and leavingport based on a probabilistic topic model. The method enables the discovery of ship motion patterns from a large amount of trajectory data in an unsupervised manner and makes the results more interpretable. The method includes three modules: trajectory preprocessing, semantic process, and knowledge discovery. Firstly, based on the activity types and characteristics of ships in the harbor waters, we propose a multi-criteria ship motion state recognition and voyage division algorithm (McSMSRVD), and ship trajectory is divided into three sub-trajectories: hoteling, maneuvering, and normal-speed sailing. Secondly, considering the influence of port traffic rules on ship motion, the semantic transformation and enrichment of port traffic rules and ship location, course, and speed are combined to construct the trajectory text document. Ship motion patterns hidden in the trajectory document set are recognized using the Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) topic model. Meanwhile, topic coherence and topic correlation metrics are introduced to optimize the number of topics. Thirdly, a visualization platform based on ArcGIS and Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs) is designed to analyze the knowledge of ship motion patterns. Finally, the Tianjin port in northern China is used as the experimental object, and the results show that the method is able to identify 17 representative inbound and outbound motion patterns from AIS data and discover the ship motion details in each pattern.

Semantic transformations of the Brechtian dramatic text ideological and political changes model human being

اﻗﺘـرن ﺨطـﺎب اﻟﻤﺴـرح اﻟﻤﻠﺤﻤـﻲ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻌـﺎﻟم ﺒـﺎﻟﻔﺘ ارت اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻋﺎﺸـت ﻤﺘﻐﻴـ ارت ﺜورﻴـﺔ ( اردﻴﻛﺎﻟﻴـﺔ) (ﺴﻴﺎﺴــﻴﺔ واﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴــﺔ واﻗﺘﺼــﺎدﻴﺔ) ٬ وﻋﻛــس ﻫــذا اﻟﻤﺴــرح ﻗــدرة ﻓﻨﻴــﺔ وﻓﻛرﻴــﺔ ﻓــﻲ ﺘﺒﻨــﻲ اﻟطروﺤــﺎت اﻟوﻗﺎﺌﻌﻴﺔ ٬ وﺘﺤوﻴﻠﻬﺎ اﺸﻛﺎﻻ وﻤﻀﺎﻤﻴن ﺘرﺘﺒط ﺒزﻤﻛﺎن اﻟﺤدث ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ٬ ﻤـﻊ اﻟﻨﻛـوص اﻟﺘـﺎرﻴﺨﻲ واﻻﻨﻔﺘـﺎح ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﻟﻼﻏـ ارض (اﻻﺴـﻘﺎطﻴﺔ/ اﻟﻔﻛرﻴـﺔ) و(اﻟﻔﻨﻴـﺔ) واﺼـﺒﺤت ﻫـذﻩ اﻟﻤﻼزﻤـﺔ ﺒـﻴن اﻟﺨطـﺎب اﻟﻤﻠﺤﻤـﻲ اﻟﺒرﻴﺸﺘﻲ واﻟوﻗﺎﺌﻊ ٬ ﻤوﻀﻊ ﺸك ﻟدى اﻟﻌدﻴـد ﻤـن اﻟﻨﻘـﺎد اﻟﻛﻼﺴـﻴﻛﻴﻴن واﻟﺤـداﺜﻴﻴن ﻓـﻲ ﻛوﻨﻬـﺎ ﺘﺠﻌـﻝ ﻤـن اﻟﻘـ ارءة اﻟﻤﻠﺤﻤﻴـﺔ (اﻟﺒرﻴﺸـﺘﻴﺔ) ٬ ﻗــ ارءة زﻤﻨﻴـﺔ ﻗﺎﺼـرة ﺒﻤـرور اﻟوﻗــت ﻻﻨﻬـﺎ ﻻ ﺘـﻨﻬض وﺘواﻛـب ﺘﺴــﺎرع اﻟﺘﺤوﻻت اﻟﻛﺒرى ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟم او ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﻨﻴﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ اﻻﻗـﻝ ٬ ﻻرﺘﺒـﺎط اﻟﺸـﻛﻝ اﻟﻤﻠﺤﻤـﻲ (اﻟﺒرﻴﺸـﺘﻲ)- ﺤﺴـب ﻗـوﻟﻬم- ﺒﺎﻟﻨظرﻴـﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴـﺔ (اﻻﻗﺘﺼـﺎدﻴﺔ واﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴـﺔ) اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻫـﻲ اﺼـﻼ ﺒﻨـﻰ ﻤﺘﻐﻴـرة وﻤﺘطـورة وﻴﺠـد اﻟﺒﺎﺤـث ﻓـﻲ ﻫـذا اﺸـﻛﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻴﺘوﺠـب د ارﺴـﺘﻬﺎ وﺒﺤﺜﻬـﺎ وﺘﻔﻨﻴـد اﻟﻤﻘـوﻻت اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺘﺘﺼـدى ﻟﻔﻛـرة ان اﻟـﻨص واﻟﻌـرض اﻟﺒرﻴﺸـﺘﻴﻴن ٬ ﻫﻤـﺎ ﺨطـﺎب ﻴﻤﺜـﻝ ﻤرﺤﻠـﺔ ﻤـﺎ وﻻ ﻴﻤﻛـن ﻗ ارﺌﺘﻬﻤـﺎ ﻗـ ارءات ﺤداﺜﻴـﺔ ﻤﺘﻐﻴـرة ﺒﺘﻐﻴـر ﻋﻨﺼـر اﻟـزﻤن واﻟظـروف. ﻗـ ارءات ﺘﻨﻔـﺘﺢ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻤـﺎ ﻴﻌﻨـﻲ وﻴﻤﺜـﻝ ﻤﺸـﻛﻝ اﻟﺨطـﺎب اﻟﺠدﻴـد وﻤﺘﻠﻘﻴـﻪ ٬ وﻴﻌﻛس ﻤﺸـﺎﻛﻠﻪ وﻫﻤوﻤـﻪ اﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴـﺔ واﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴـﻴﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼـﺎدﻴﺔ ٬ وﻓﺤـص اﻟﻤـؤﺜ ارت اﻟﻔﻨﻴـﺔ واﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴـﺔ واﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴـﻴﺔ واﻟﻔﻛرﻴـﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ اﺜـرت ﻋﻠـﻰ اﻟﻤﺨـرج وﻏﻴـرت ﻤـن ﻗ ارءﺘـﻪ ﻟﻠـﻨص اﻟﺒرﻴﺸـﺘﻲ. وﻟﻛﻤﻴـﺔ اﻻﺸـﺘﻐﺎﻝ اﻟﺠﻴدة ﻟﻠﻨﺼوص اﻟﺒرﻴﺸﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋروض اﻟﻤﺴرح اﻟﻌ ارﻗﻲ وﺘﻨوع ﻗـ ارءاﺘﻬم ورؤاﻫـم اﻻﺨ ارﺠﻴـﺔ ﻛـ(اﺒ ارﻫﻴم ﺠﻼﻝ وﻋوﻨﻲ ﻛروﻤﻲ وﻋواطف ﻨﻌﻴم) واﺨـرﻴن.. اﺨﺘـﺎر اﻟﺒﺎﺤـث ﻋﻴﻨـﺔ ﻗﺼـدﻴﺔ ﺘـرﺘﺒط ﺒﻤﺸـﻛﻠﺔ اﻟﺒﺤـث ارﺘﺒﺎطــﺎ اﺼــﻴﻼ ٬ ﻤﻤﺜﻠــﺔ ﻟﻠﺠــو اﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴــﺔ واﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴــﻲ واﻻﻴــدﻴوﻟوﺠﻲ اﻟــذي ﻋﺎﺸــﻪ اﻟﻌــ ارق ﻓــﻲ ﻓﺘــرة اﻟﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﻨﺎت ﻤن اﻟﻘرن اﻟﻤﻨﺼرم.

The Semantic Transformation: Secret of Numbers in Kazakh and Turkish Phraseological Units

The article studies meanings of phraseological units with digit components in Kazakh and Turkish languages. It states that in the background value which is to be a prototype of phraseological meaning, there lays emic truth, and meanings of «holiness» and «sacredness» are one of the characteristics of this truth. Taking this theory into account, the article aims to discover the sacral and symbolic meaning of numbers in numeric units, and introduce phraseological units as cultural and semantical structures distinguishing their comparative features which appear out of traversal of number and value, also to define commonality, peculiarity and uniqness in common Turkic semantic environment. The object of research are mainly figurative phraseological units since the peculiar features of phraseological units are defined through inner form of image. There are not any phraseological units with image of «zero» in Kazakh language, and only 2–3 phrases in Turkish. Interpreting their meanings it can be concluded that «zero» has typical characteristics of latency and potentiality. Analyzing phraseological units with digit components in two languages it was discovered that there are a lot of phrases with number «one» in Turkish language. Phraseological units in two languages with one or different images, but which have the same meaning are compared. It was concluded that comparative semantics − the synthesis of value and number, is formed in phraseological units with number «two». These structures which have qualitative semantics are inferred to be main linguistic indicators carrying out all three uses of language, showing the characteristics of Turkic semantic environment, and ethnocultural unit which collects information.

The Concept of Holy Rus’ in Russian Literary and Cultural Tradition: Between the Third Rome and the City of Kitezh

The paper explores the genealogy of the concept of Holy Rus’ (or Holy Russia) in Russian literature and culture from the nineteenth century onward. An integral part of Russian sacred geography, Holy Rus’ underwent some profound semantic transformations in order to become an epitome of religious and ethnic purity in the context of Russia’s imperial expansion. Focusing on the literary manifestations of Russia’s contacts with the ethnic and religious Other as well as on its struggle with the universalist claims of the European Enlightenment, the study highlights the colonial aspects of the notion of Holy Rus’, thus questioning its potential of providing a viable ‘indigenous’ alternative to the Western epistemological hegemony. Finally, the paper offers a critical review of the present-day exploitation of Holy Rus’ as a transcendental model of both a unifying national force and inter-confessional dialogue.

DIFFERENT VARIATIONS OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS

Specific features of phraseological units as a lexical unit, such as integrity of meaning, complexity of content, stability of component composition, grammatical stability, alternative wording, semantic transformation (semantic reshaping) distinguish them from other language units.

French loan words in modern American fiction

The paper deals with the origins of modern English vocabulary and shows the relevance of the influence of French on its modern state. The article makes a survey of scientific literature studying French heritage in English lexis. An overview of linguistic and historical data is provided to show the framework within which linguistic borrowing from French was made possible. A number of loanwords are mentioned that appeared under different historical circumstances. The article analyses borrowed words that kept their meaning they had in French, as well as those ones which experienced semantic transformation. The paper concentrates on the fact that frequency of English words having French roots is high enough in the novel by J. Grisham and they form a thick layer of common words. The article demonstrates, what kind of impact the change in culture-specific concepts had on the meaning of the words borrowed from French and highlights possible prospects of such kind of studies. The paper emphasizes semantic layers of loan words and shows that finance vocabulary, the vocabulary of law and politics and the vocabulary of health are closely connected with borrowings from French.

Nowa (stara) frazeologia w SMS-ach widzów Szkła kontaktowego

NEW (OLD) PHRASEOLOGY IN SMS TEXTS SENT BY VIEWERS OF THE TV PROGRAMME “SZKŁO KONTAKTOWE”(“CONTACT LENS”)
 The purpose of this article is to describe creative transformations of fixed expressions found in “Szkło kontaktowe” broadcast on the TVN24 information channel. The presented sample of research material, collected in 2020-2022, consists of 20 items. Linguistic analysis of the collected SMS texts included reconstruction of stem strings in investigated phrases. It also aimed at determining types of structural and semantic transformations and analysis of their extra-linguistic context (textological perspective). Description of the material is predominantly based on theoretical assumptions of standard and pragmatic phraseology. Additionally, some tools of cultural linguistics have been applied, particularly elements of reconstruction related to the linguistic picture of the world, which allows for the reconstruction of a fragment of the contemporary social and political reality reflected in the SMS comments of viewers.

Effect of semantic distance on learning structured query language: An empirical study.

Students of database courses usually encounter difficulties in learning structured query language (SQL). Numerous studies have been conducted to improve how students learn SQL. However, learning SQL remains difficult. This study analyzed the difficulties in learning SQL from the viewpoint of semantic distance by using semantic network theory. An experiment involving a database course was performed to assess the influence of semantic distance on learners' understanding of SQL. The participants were requested to perform a query-writing task at the end of the course to investigate their understanding of SQL. The data analysis results indicated that the participants developed a better understanding of the formulation-to-planning transformation than the planning-to-coding transformation. This implies that the semantic distance of the planning-to-coding transformation is greater than that of the formulation-to-planning transformation, and the semantic distance of the planning-to-coding transformation is attributable to the semantic transformation from natural language to SQL, which are two essentially different languages and belong to different knowledge categories. Accordingly, this study concludes that SQL learning difficulties can mainly be ascribed to the planning-to-coding transformation because the large semantic distance. The findings suggest that SQL instructions should emphasize the semantic mapping of the planning-to-coding transformation by incorporating materials related to the transformation and should shorten the semantic distance involved in learning SQL. These two principles can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of SQL teaching methods in assisting SQL learning, and motivate researchers to develop more effective teaching methods from the viewpoint of semantic distance.

ALLUSIVE PROPER NAMES WITH COMMON SEMANTICS “TEACHER” IN MODERN ENGLISH

The relevance of the work is determined by the increased interest in the functioning of allusive proper names in the literary text. The scientific novelty lies in the consideration of the thematic group of allusive proper names with the general semantics of “teacher” in a linguocultural way.
 The purpose of the study is to study the features of the functioning of allusive proper names with the semantics of “teacher” in modern English.
 Materials and methods: descriptive method, definitional analysis, contextual analysis and semantization.
 Results of the study. Definitional, contextual analysis allows you to identify a set of semas with which it is possible to describe a thematic group with the general semantics “teacher”; and define figurative meanings. These allusive proper names have the status of monovalence, because the main property “kind of educational activity” is actualized. The AIS in question are becoming vivid expressions of both the world and national culture of Great Britain. In the process of semantic transformation, the studied units become closer to common names, while the volume of meaning expands, the name becomes generalizing, which contributes to a deeper reading of the text.
 Practical implications: theoretical and practical courses on intercultural communication, linguistic and country studies, stylistics, onomastics.

Eastern Romance borrowings in Ukrainian dialects (Indo-European retrospective)

The article deals with the original Eastern Romance vocabulary recorded in the dialects of the Ukrainian language and its proto-forms, as well as examines the formation of the semantics of Eastern Romance borrowings from the Proto-Indo- European period to the present. To achieve the goal, the author compiles a corpus of original Romance words presented in Ukrainian dialects, determines their Indo- European, Italic and Latin proto-forms, corrects those of them indicated in the etymological literature, and establishes regularities of semantic transformations of various thematic groups on the axis of Proto-Indo-European language – Proto- Italic – Latin – ancient and modern Eastern Romance languages and dialects – Ukrainian dialects. The study proves that the Proto-Indo-European origins of Eastern Romance dialectisms, which had the meanings “action” and “state”, as a result of natural changes in the semantic structure, acquired the meanings of objects of practical human activity and became the basis for naming the animal and plant world of the Carpathian region, tools and the results of the work of the ancient population of the West of Ukraine.

The Morality of Informality: Exploring binary oppositions in counterfeit markets

In seeking to explain the persistence of the informal economy – defined as the set of economic activities that are illegal yet legitimate to some large groups – scholars often focus on instrumental economic factors; in doing so, the role of morality is often overlooked. In response, we conduct a qualitative study of Pakistani counterfeit bazaars, to understand how market participants construct moral legitimacy in a way that justifies participation in, and thus contributes to sustaining, the informal economy. We reveal how the terms ‘counterfeit’ (representing the informal economy) and ‘authentic’ (representing the formal economy) function as an oppositional pair, both within the emic perspective of market participants but also within a baseline etic perspective of Western Intellectual Property regimes. Compared with this baseline, we find that market participants engage in three types of semantic transformation (invalidation, reframing and inversion) that shape moral assessments of authentic and counterfeit consumption. Through our study, we first contribute to a better understanding of how legitimacy in the informal economy is constructed. We also contribute to theory on ‘legitimacy as perception’, indicating how moral legitimization can occur through a dynamic of binary opposition between what is deemed to be ‘moral’ and ‘immoral’. Our final contribution is towards understanding how morality around counterfeit consumption is constructed.

MATERIAL NOUNS UNDER A SEMANTIC MICROSCOPE: EXERCISES FOR CLASSES IN MODERN RUSSIAN

The article presents a system of partial meanings of material nouns, which are most clearly realized in plural forms, uncharacteristic for this lexical and grammatical category. The ban on the formation of plural forms for material and abstract nouns denoting continual substances (substances, states, actions, processes) in the Russian language of recent decades has been violated with enviable regularity. The plural forms, which appeared as a result of semantic transformations, concretization and subsequent terminology of meanings, smoothly move from a special scientific discourse due to the language of modern fiction, advertising, media, and no longer seem to be something unusual. The purpose of the article is to create a holistic view of the semantic paradigm of material nouns through the consideration of individual meanings. The article is addressed to readers who teach or study the morphology of the modern Russian language, the translation of a scientific text, the scientific style of speech at advanced levels (B1, B2). The material will be of interest to teachers of Russian as a foreign language, especially those working with students from Southeast Asia, since there is no category of numbers in a number of languages of these countries. The analyzed meanings of material nouns are illustrated with contexts taken from the National Corpus of the Russian Language, Internet sources.

THE COGNITIVE ESSENCE OF THE METAPHOR

THE COGNITIVE ESSENCE OF THE METAPHOR

LAZAR BARANOVYCH’S EPISTOLARY AS A SOURCE FOR STUDYING THE DYNAMICS OF THE PHRASEOLOGICAL COMPOSITION IN UKRAINIAN OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE 17TH CENTURY

Lazar Baranovych’s epistolary heritage in Ukrainian studies has not found proper elaboration, though upon the presentation of a fragment of the Archbishop of Chernihiv’s work, it was and still remains the source of the study of the linguistic situation in the second half of the 17th century. The intermediate status of the genre of correspondence allowed L. Baranovych to go beyond the traditional church-formal style. Recorded phraseological units, which are different in origin, demonstrate the ability of the cleric to choose not only the language of correspondence depending on the final destination, but also set expressions that add emphasis and individuality to letters. Most often we find phraseological units in religious, domestic and professional spheres. They testify to both lexical and morphological variability, but we do observe cases of semantic transformation, when phraseological unit, known at the time in Ukrainian literary language, acquires a new meaning due to the contextual environment. L. Baranovych resorts to the contamination of phraseological units: this phrase-making is carried out by the Archbishop of Chernihiv mainly with set expressions with the Holy Scripture as their source.
 The analyzed letters testify that most of the recorded phraseological units have a negative connotation as a result, on the one hand, of mental critical attitude of Ukrainians to their actions, doings, character traits, on the other – the situation in Ukrainian society of the Ruins era, which significantly affected the church.
 Most recorded phraseological units are verb-preposition-noun or verb-noun constructions. Some of them are characterized by the presence of optional components, which can be adjectives, pronouns, verbs and which, while extending the set structure, specify semantics of the phraseological unit. Word order in phraseological units does not yet have a clear consolidation, which allows to distinguish the so-called inversion variants.
 Epistolary of Lazar Baranovych testifies to the formation of systemic relations in phraseological composition of the Ukrainian language in the second half of the 17th century. Borrowed or calqued phraseological units engage in synonymous and antonymic relationships with each other or with Church Slavonic or Ukrainian, creating a linguistic competition between the Church’s written tradition and the element of life.
 Historical development of phraseological system of L. Baranovych’s letters has shown that the analyzed set expressions with corresponding lexical and grammatical transformations were inherited by the new Ukrainian language, which proves the continuity of the development not only of phrasicon, but of the Ukrainian language as a whole.

Semantic transformations of phraseological units in Russian and Slovak newspaper articles

The paper focuses on semantic transformations of phraseological units which are a highly effective means of attracting the attention of the recipients and creating a language game. The aim of this paper is to present and describe individual types of semantic phraseological transformations, i.e. double actualisation and dephraseologisation, their characteristic features, ways of formation, and the effects they create on the reader within a comparative analysis. The authors provide practical examples of semantic transformations of phraseological units in newspaper articles using the example of two Slavic languages — Russian and Slovak, based on which conclusions are drawn.