Transformation Of Political System Research Articles

Polityka społeczna w myśli politycznej Narodowego Odrodzenia Polski, Polskiej Wspólnoty Narodowej-Polskiego Stronnictwa Narodowego i Obozu Narodowo-Radykalnego

Social policy in the political thought of national extremist groups in Poland after 1989, The National Rebirth of Poland, The Polish National Community‑Polish National Party, The National Radical Camp
 The following organisations can be considered representatives of national extremism in Poland after 1989: a) The National Rebirth of Poland, b) The Polish National Community‑Polish National Party, c) The National Radical Camp. They have been categorised as being national extremist as they meet the following criteria: 1) the rejection of democracy and the concept of civil society, 2) the negation of the political system transformation model implemented after 1989, 3) the approval of violence as a means to the alternation of power, 4) the pursuit of a new political order which is treated as a model to which there is no alternative, 5) the presence in political thought of countercultural and nativistic elements, 6) the acceptance of integral Catholicism, 7) the use of a distinctive and individual vocabulary, 8) the use of original symbols. In the case of national extremist groups we can only talk about a social policy that is postulated and in the concept phase where there are no possibilities of implementing its objectives.

Regional diversity in the socio-economic situation of Poland’s rural population in the period 1967-2001, assessed by anthropological methods

Abstract The analysis covered girls, aged 9-18, from farmer, farmer-worker and non-farmer rural families inhabiting 4 regions of Poland. Additionally, parents’ education, number of children per family and the wealth of the family were recorded. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of social stratification of the rural population, the economic crisis (1978-1989) and political and economic transition (1989) on the girls’ biological maturation. Age at menarche and body height were used as biological measures of living conditions. In the period 1967-1977 a marked acceleration in maturation and a significant increase in average body height were noted. The study repeated in 1987 demonstrated negative effects of the economic crisis (1977-1989). Research findings from 2001, after the political system transformation, provide evidence ‘compensating for losses’ recorded in girls’ biological condition during the crisis. The diversity of biogeographic and socioeconomic conditions of rural inhabitants in the studied regions is reflected in a marked diversification in age of menarche and body height.

Ponowoczesny wymiar subkultur młodzieżowych w Rosji

A postmodern dimension of youth subcultures in Russia
 This paper aims to present contemporary characteristics of youth subcultures which result from the concept of postmodern era. With this end in view, in the introduction some selected research positions have been analysed for which the reference point is the theory of postmodernism and contemporary changes within the culture. In the first place, the characteristics of postmodern period have been put forward which help to describe macrosocial and microsocial structures such as fragmentation, a loss in continuity in terms of time and space, a negation of tradition and authority, the information chaos, a multitude of behaviour patterns as well as moral systems. The systematization of selective distinctive features of postmodernity made it possible to analyse changes within the contemporary cultural movements of the youth in the further part of this paper. To some very crucial characteristics of postsubculture belong: the precedence of personal identity of man over the collective one, political indifference, the heterogeneity of style, and the lack of being authentic and original. The essential part of this study is to depict the Russian cultural specificity in relation to contemporary movements of the young having a cultural nature. The main presupposition is to treat the Russian subcultures as borrowed patterns the West through the process of “culture staging”, for which the influence of the media and globalization is of great importance. On the other hand, changes in the contemporary environment of the young in Russia have been shown in such a way as to take into consideration the fact of dissimilarity arising from the eastern cultural impact and the domination of a monolithic culture in the period of the Soviet Union. Furthermore, the fact of the existence of the Russian “crisis awareness” in relation to social and political changes in the period of political system transformation has great weight.

Rosja w poszukiwaniu modelu reżimu politycznego – „poliarchia zachodnia” czy „azjatycka demokracja”

One of the fields of interest of modern political science involves the process of transformation of political systems, understood as the transition from nondemocratic to democratic systems. One of the countries undergoing such a political transformation is the Russian Federation, which in the nineteen-nineties faced the need to reject the model of the socio-political system of the Soviet Union, and to adjust to the emerging global civilization dominated by the models originating in West European countries. The paper emphasizes that, on account of the difficulties related to the process of political transformation, at the beginning of the new millennium West European models began to be supplanted by the models of Asian countries enjoying impressive economic growth while maintaining paternalist and authoritarian mechanisms of power. The author of the paper stresses that the political system of the modern Russian Federation is a particular mix of European and Asian models. Its functioning does not resemble the political regimes of polyarchy as much as those described as ‘Asian democracies’. The author indicates that given the present developmental stage of the Russian Federation, this models appears to be more practical and adequate in the political and cultural reality of modern Russia.

Environmental ethics and regional sustainable development

The scientific environmental ethics plays a key role in the recognition of the human- environment interactions. Modern environmental ethics is the philosophical re-thinking of modern human race environmental behavior. The development of environmental ethics theory, as well as its application in reality, determines the viewpoints of environmental ethics. Sustainable development implies harmony on human-environment interactions and inter- generation responsibility, with emphasis on a harmonious relationship among population, resources, environment and development, so as to lay a sustainable and healthy foundation of resources and environment for future generations. The harmonious society construction in China that is raised by the Chinese central government should be covered by environmental ethics. The connotation of open environmental ethics includes a respect for nature, care for the individual human race, and respect for the development of future generations, which means giving consideration to natural values, individual and human race benefits and welfare across generations. The role of environmental ethics in regional development consists of cognition, criticism, education, inspiration, adjusting, legislation and promoting environmental regulations. The major problems in regional development are extensive resource exploration, fast population growth, irrational industrial structure, unfair welfare distribution and the twofold effects of science and technology development. The formulation of environmental ethics that aims at regional sustainable development, can not only harmonize the relationship of population, resource, environment and economic development, but also guide behavior selection, push social and political system transformation, strengthen the legal system, and raise environmental awareness of the public.

Special Issue: Psychology in the Economic World

Applied psychology follows the premise to use psychological theories in order to develop strategies to overcome problems in various areas of everyday life, such as mental health and disease, education, politics and law, or business management. It includes the areas of clinical psychology, work and organisational psychology, forensic psychology, as well as many other areas such as sports psychology, school psychology, or community psychology. A vast applied psychological literature on work and business organisations has accumulated, spanning research on personnel selection, training, motivation and job satisfaction, leadership, organisational decision-making and change, job design and safety, etc. Yet, research on consumer behavior and national economics is rather scarce in applied psychology, despite repeated endeavors to establish a field of research joining economics and psychology. Indeed, only in 1999 a special issue of Applied Psychology: An International Review, edited by Fred van Raaij, was dedicated to Economic Psychology with the aim of giving an overall impression of this branch of applied psychology. At that time, the special issue was dedicated to introducing economic psychology with papers on consumer socialisation and on consumer decision-making, on the role of macroeconomic psychology, as well as on socioeconomic preferences in a period of political system transformation. The present special issue is dedicated to the relevance of psychology in the economic world. The basic premise is to present a selection of topics originating from economic psychology and to inform a wide community about this field of applied psychology, which is represented by Division 9 of IAAP. In this issue, eight articles, representing various topics studied in economic

Myślenie w żywiole wolności . Józefa Tischnera wizja wolności jako determinanty liberalnej demokracji

Retrospective consideration of the Józef Tischner’s political writing permits us to think about him as a philosopher of liberty. He considered this idea as connected with man’s ability and activity in work altering world. The idea of liberty always was a subject of livery discussions. Tischner understood that liberal formulation of liberty is the most important and basic social value. However, philosopher from Cracov perceived that a freedom defined as an opportunity of unembarrassed man acting, it can also be a cause of his dilemmas, problems or fear, particularly during the political system transformation. The Tischner’s Homo sovieticus caused the man nostalgia for power of communism and simultaneous the lack of responsibility for his own life. Liberty turned out with unfortunate gift. Also the representants of Catholic Church hierarchy distrustfully treated the liberal conception of liberty. Józef Tischner criticized these fears, defining his vision of liberty as way of the existence of good. The Tischner’s conception of positive liberty was an answer for a negative liberty presented by classic liberals. Cracovian thinker’s view enrolls in Christian thought, connected with objective norms as well as idea of common good. The good state idea should base on freedom instead of anarchy nor the negation of constitutional values, political orders introduced in man’s life. It is necessary to build the social structures leaning on membership in social community and political structures based on law and idea of liberty.

Przedsiębiorczość w Polsce w układzie regionalnym

Entrepreneurship is a process which proceeds in stages and is characterized by variableintensity. That is why we need methods and measurement instruments that help us to follow itsimage with precision and in particular stages. According the studies conducted by GlobalEntrepreneurship Monitor, two groups of people who are involved in a new economic enterpri-se, can be identified. The first group consists beginning entrepreneurs, active in developing oftheir companies run for 3–4 years. People from the second group are trying to start their busi-ness and independently or together with their partners undertake some definite activities (suchas looking for location of the company, working out the strategy of their activity, looking forfunds and business partners).Basal measurement or so called coefficient of entrepreneurship (the engagement rate in a neweconomic enterprise) reckons sum of two indexes for two groups. In 2004 the entrepreneurshipcoefficient in Poland amounted 8,3%. It means that among thousand Poles at the age of 18–64,almost 90 are involved in starting or developing their business. The value of this coefficient hasincreased to 1,6% in comparison with the previous 2000/2001 years. The value of this entrepre-neurship coefficient in Poland is high and is higher than similar one in Ireland, Norway, Israel,Great Britain, France, and Greece. Only such countries as Canada, Argentina, Australia and Brazil have higher value of the coefficient. Comparing the value of analyzed coefficient amongthe countries of European Union, only Ireland gets ahead Poland and at the same time therewasn’t statistically essential difference between coefficient of value in Poland and Ireland.Among countries in political system transformation, except Poland, only Hungary had a highcoefficient of value, however Croatia, Slovenia and Russia accepted the lowest value amongEuropean countries.

Das nichtöffentliche Schulwesen in Polen

The article is a presentation of the development of non-public schools in Poland in the times of political system transformation, beginning with 1989. There has been a clear demarcation between non-public primary and secondary education since that year (which is the author's main subject of interest) on the one hand, and non-state university education on the other. The first chapter, however, concentrates on the prehistory of non-public education in Poland as a whole, with 1918. In the concluding chapter the author assumes that the emergence of private schools has finished the state's monopoly in education. They have become a new but stable education model and encourage the application of new approaches at the higher education level. If certain conditions are met by the state, they can provide educational chances, being equal in the society. A reasonable educational administration should support good schools and good universities. Badly equipped schools with poor staff are predicted to disappear from the Polish education landscape.

Polska przedsiębiorczość w gospodarce morskiej problemy i szanse na sukces

The goal of this text is to focus on the situation of companies in Polish naval industry and to define the condition of their activity, entrepreneurship, and their attitudes toward innovations. This discussion is a search for the answer to the question: Is it possible to see any signs of entrepreneurship in the organizations and the activities in this sector? Authors emphasize the naval companies mainly organize the sea shipping, and their business is usually complex, it needs a lot of capital, and there is fierce global competition. With the transformation of political system and Polish economical reform in this industry, it was not propitious time to growth for these companies. Both the fleet, and the shipbuilding, and their bases started to deteriorate. According to the authors, naval industry was at the disadvantage because public opinion assumed that the sea was less important to the national economy, so the fleet and shipbuilding were not economically justifiable and naval industry was the burden that slowed down the development of national economy. Fortunately this time is over, because the good trends appeared toward a growth in the naval trade, and because of boom in the sea transport, in shipbuilding and in ship maintenance.

Polska przedsiębiorczość w gospodarce morskiej problemy i szanse na sukces

The goal of this text is to focus on the situation of companies in Polish naval industry and to define the condition of their activity, entrepreneurship, and their attitudes toward innovations. This discussion is a search for the answer to the question: Is it possible to see any signs of entrepreneurship in the organizations and the activities in this sector? Authors emphasize the naval companies mainly organize the sea shipping, and their business is usually complex, it needs a lot of capital, and there is fierce global competition. With the transformation of political system and Polish economical reform in this industry, it was not propitious time to growth for these companies. Both the fleet, and the shipbuilding, and their bases started to deteriorate. According to the authors, naval industry was at the disadvantage because public opinion assumed that the sea was less important to the national economy, so the fleet and shipbuilding were not economically justifiable and naval industry was the burden that slowed down the development of national economy. Fortunately this time is over, because the good trends appeared toward a growth in the naval trade, and because of boom in the sea transport, in shipbuilding and in ship maintenance.

Towards the enhancement of e‐democracy: identifying the notion of the ‘middleman paradox’

Abstract. The challenge towards e‐democracy, through the electronic transformation of political systems, has become increasingly evident within developed economies. It is regarded as an approach for increased and better quality citizen participation in the democratic processes. E‐democracy forms a component of overall e‐government initiatives where technology adoption and diffusion, to enhance wider access to, and the delivery of, government services, are apparent. However, previous research demonstrates that very few e‐democracy proposals survive the stage of formal political decision‐making to become substantive e‐government projects within national or international agendas. Furthermore, the implementation of e‐democracy projects is undertaken at a much slower pace and with dramatically less support than the implementation of other, so‐called e‐administration, activities in the public sector.The research in this paper considers the notion of the ‘middleman paradox’, presenting theoretical and empirical evidence that further investigates the phenomenon associated with potential e‐democracy improvements. Specifically, the paper adds a new dimension to existing theories on the hesitant evolution of e‐democracy that clearly identifies politicians as an inhibiting factor. Proposals are made for an enhancement of these processes, and suggestions for further applicable research are demonstrated.

The demographic processes in the towns of seaside provinces in Poland during political system's transformation.

The demographic processes in the towns of seaside provinces in Poland during political system's transformation.

Observations on the Transformation of the Political Science Community in Post-Soviet Russia

For at least the past decade, the international political science community has been debating the state of the discipline, the level of its maturity, and the challenges to it from realpolitik (Goodin and Klingemann 1996, chap. 1). One of the most serious challenges came from the implosion of the USSR and subsequent transformation of political systems in Russia and Eastern Europe. Political scientists appeared unable to predict these global changes or to elaborate explanatory models of current processes. Applications of classic models to the new democracies has proven insufficient. This puts a problem of universality versus national specificity of political science on the agenda (Lecca 1997).For Russian political scientists, this problem has some specific implications. First, the practice of political science is determined by its object—politics. It is well-known that perestroika, which started more than ten years ago, had no clear aims but was guided by the intuitive desire of Russia's political elite to modernize the country. Russian leaders wished to modernize the country by remaking the government in the model of a Western democratic system. But neither in the late 1980s nor now have political scientists or politicians worked out any clear means for achieving such a transition.

Observations on the Transformation of the Political Science Community in Post-Soviet Russia

For at least the past decade, the international political science community has been debating the state of the discipline, the level of its maturity, and the challenges to it from realpolitik (Goodin and Klingemann 1996, chap. 1). One of the most serious challenges came from the implosion of the USSR and subsequent transformation of political systems in Russia and Eastern Europe. Political scientists appeared unable to predict these global changes or to elaborate explanatory models of current processes. Applications of classic models to the new democracies has proven insufficient. This puts a problem of universality versus national specificity of political science on the agenda (Lecca 1997).For Russian political scientists, this problem has some specific implications. First, the practice of political science is determined by its object—politics. It is well-known that perestroika, which started more than ten years ago, had no clear aims but was guided by the intuitive desire of Russia's political elite to modernize the country. Russian leaders wished to modernize the country by remaking the government in the model of a Western democratic system. But neither in the late 1980s nor now have political scientists or politicians worked out any clear means for achieving such a transition.

Forum. Der Weg zur Ethnisierung des Bildungsdiskurses im postsozialistischen Kroatien

No AccessForum. Der Weg zur Ethnisierung des Bildungsdiskurses im postsozialistischen KroatienBranisiava BaranovicBranisiava BaranovicSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:Jan 2019https://doi.org/10.7788/bue-1997-jg36SectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail About Previous article Next article FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Download book cover ISSN: eISSN: HistoryPublished online:January 2019 PDF download

The dynamic transformation of political systems through social contract: a game theoretic approach

We consider how the political system of the state evolves in the process of economic development. We present a dynamic public goods economy with non-overlapping generations, which confronts the free-rider problem without the state. In each generation, individuals enter under the unanimous rule a social contract of the political system, either monarchy or democracy, and then attempt to establish the state under the contracted political system. If the state is established, it provides public goods by enforcing tax on its members. Our game theoretic analysis shows: (i) the state can be established if and only if social productivity in terms of the capital stock of public goods is lower than a critical level; (ii) individuals choose democracy if social productivity is sufficiently high, while monarchy may be chosen if it is not; (iii) social productivity stochastically converges to the critical level over generations; and (iv) a simulation result shows several transformation patterns of political systems.

Democracy and Economic Development: Modernization Theory Revisited

Interest in the relationships between society and politics is as old as written history. Ecological theories, suggesting a relation between the geographic location of homelands and the personalities of the residents and their governments, were advanced by scholars such as Aristotle, Cicero, Ibn Khaldun, and Montesquieu and may be viewed as efforts to explain the contextual determinants of political systems. Such literature in the era, however, has focused on the conditions of democracy. Historical studies suggest that modem democracies can occur only under certain conditions of capitalist industrialization. Karl Marx identified the bourgeoisie as the major force behind the emergence of democracy. He argued that the capitalist class used parliamentary systems and mechanisms to capture the control of the state from the traditional elite. Similarly, Moore, in his study of major western democracies, and Soboul, in his analysis of the French Revolution, stressed the role of the middle class and urban bourgeoisie in the transformation of political systems into democracies.' Max Weber marked the importance of Protestantism in the development of western democracies. He considered individualism and a sense of individual responsibility, inherent in the Protestant ethic, as the major conditions for the development of burgher classes and a political culture. Contemporary writers, following Weber's lead, have searched for cultural requisites and the elements of a democratic A civic in Almond and Verba and a modern personality in Lerner have been identified as essentials of a participant (democratic) society.2 Tocqueville, in his study of American institutions, pointed out the virtue of voluntary associations as the basis of social pluralism, which in turn nurtures democracy. However, the sociology of knowledge, which emphasizes the influence of structure and organizational setting on the development of attitudes and behaviors, compels us to direct our attention to the structural basis of developing such a culture or personality. In this regard, aspects of modernization appear to be the common explanatory factors used in the analysis of democracy.