Transformation Laws Research Articles

Separate but Faithful: The Christian Right’s Radical Struggle to Transform Law and Legal Culture. By Amanda Hollis-Brusky and Joshua C. Wilson. New York: Oxford University Press, 2020. 312p. $29.95 cloth.

Separate but Faithful: The Christian Right’s Radical Struggle to Transform Law and Legal Culture. By Amanda Hollis-Brusky and Joshua C. Wilson. New York: Oxford University Press, 2020. 312p. $29.95 cloth. - Volume 19 Issue 2

The Law of Political Economy as Transformative Law: A New Approach to the Concept and Function of Law

This article outlines a new approach to the law of political economy as a form of transformative law, a new approach that combines a focus on the function of law with a concept of law encapsulating the triangular dialectics between the form-giving prestation of law, the material substance the law is oriented against, and the transcendence of legal forms—that is, the rendering of compatibility between forms. Transformative law thereby serves as an alternative to both law and economics and recently emerging culturalist and neo-Marxist approaches. The timing of this publication is not coincidental. The era of neoliberalism—that is, of structural liberalism, which started in the 1970s and experienced its breakthrough in the 1980s and 1990s after the collapse of structural Marxism—is ending. This makes the question of what will succeed the neoliberal episteme pertinent.

A Hierarchical Learning Model based on Deep Learning and its Application in a SPOC and Flipped Classroom

In accordance with the progressive knowledge-to-ability transformation laws, a hierarchical learning model composed of cognitive layer, application layer, and design layer was created and applied to college computer teaching. This model was used to facilitate the deep learning among students through the association establishment, step-by-step understanding, and comprehensive application of new and old knowledge. In the teaching design process, the “5-problem” teaching, which centered on “student–problem–activity–resource,” was conducted and applied to the “Small Private Online Course (SPOC) + flipped classroom.” The teaching result was assessed using the proposed hierarchical classification method. Results demonstrate that the improved teaching model remarkably enhances the ability of noncomputer major students to solve the practical problems encountered in their specialties by virtue of computational thinking through the data analysis of evaluation results and students’ survey feedback. The students obviously speak more highly of the improved teaching model than the traditional blended teaching in the aspects of teaching content organization, learning effect, integration degree with the specialty and satisfaction. The degree of their participation in the flipped classroom reached as high as 90%.

Research Progress on the Law of Nitrogen Transfer and Transformation in Sediment

The eutrophication of closed and semi-closed landscape water bodies such as lakes and rivers is one of the typical environmental problems in cities. The bottom sludge formed under long-term eutrophic water is prone to re-release of nitrogen and phosphorus elements and cause secondary pollution. While effectively intercepting and controlling external pollution, attention should be paid to the secondary release of internal pollutants. Analyzing the nitrogen exchange of eutrophic sediments in sediments-overlying water-plants and the release of internal nitrogen in sediments is conducive to the wider application and promotion of plant ecological restoration technology in sewage treatment projects.

Analysis of the practical reform of engineering thermal physics teaching based on FLUENT

Engineering thermophysics is a technical science which studies the law of energy transformation in the form of heat and its application.It studies the internal laws of various thermal phenomena and thermal processes, and can be used to guide engineering practice. FLUENT is a tool course that plays a great role in assisting with the simulation of some devices in engineering thermophysics and fluids. However, in the process of learning simulation, students have had difficulty in mastering the FLUENT software and this paper proposes some constructive suggestions for measures to increase students' mastery of this software.

A novel simulation of continuous dynamic recrystallization process for 2219 aluminium alloy using cellular automata technique

Based on the previous experiments, continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) was determined to be the main softening mechanism of Al 2219 alloy during the thermal deformation process. The mechanism of microstructural transformation for the CDRX process was firstly discussed, and the dislocation evolution model, subgrain growth nucleation model, low angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) migration model, and topological deformation model were established respectively. Using the probabilistic cellular automata technique, a two-step microstructure formation method of initial equiaxed grains + local subgrains dispersion was proposed, which can simulate the initial microstructure at any processing state. Then, according to the proposed micro-mechanism and models of CDRX, a novel simulation approach of the CDRX process for Al 2219 alloy during thermal processing was established on the Matlab platform to predict the substructure's evolution. The CA model was applied to extensively analyze the influence of deformation parameters and the transformation law of LAGBs. The results showed that high temperature, high strain, and low strain rate can effectively promote the development of continuous dynamic recrystallization, which is consistent with the experimental results.

Foundations of the innovative theory of systems transformation

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to justify the theoretical basis and methodological foundations of the systems’ transformation in the context of the influence of external and internal factors. Methodology. The results of the article were obtained through the application of such methods: analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction in the study of systems, the theory of self-organization and scientific concepts. These methods form the basis of a modern study of the self-organization of systems of living or inanimate nature of artificial or natural organic or inorganic, socio-economic, humanitarian, military, political and other origins. Systematic method – for substantiating the laws and principles of the transformation of systems, the general law of transformation of systems; modeling – for developed mathematical model of the system. Results. The author substantiates the regularities and principles of system’ transformation, determines the external and internal factors of this process, reveals their objectivity and subjectivity; the general law of transformation of systems is defined and formulated; An approach to mathematical modeling of systems is proposed on the basis of complex consideration and application of external and internal factors. Originality. The general law of systems transformation is definite for the first time. The law objectively takes into account all existing theories and concepts concerning transformation, self-organization and modernization of systems, that is quantitative, qualitative and functional changes taking place with them. The mathematical model of the system is represented by the function of the action and interaction of objective and subjective external and internal factors. Practical value. The obtained research results allow at the present stage of development of science to create a universal approach and the corresponding equipment for modeling, analysis and evaluation of the degree of transformation of systems of any origin. The determination of their productivity, stability, prevention of chaos, dissipation and corresponding corrective actions, depending on missions and goals, actions that are being persecuted and carried out or are taking place. According to the research, the way to the solution of this problem lies in the field of the most optimal representation of the action of external and internal factors by physical, social or any other nature by mathematical, functional, statistical, expert methods on the basis of the corresponding presented functions and qualimetric approaches. Key words: system, theory of self-organization, transformation, thermodynamics evolution, interaction, external factors, internal factors, model.

Determination on pore size distribution by a probabilistic porous network subjected to salt precipitation and dissolution

Pore system strongly affects durability of building materials. Therefore, representative models for pore system and evolution of the pore system during aging are important for understanding physical processes that affect durability of building materials. In this study, a porous network model was developed based on a probabilistic method to describe pore size distribution, and three transformation laws were employed to establish relationship between the initial pore sizes and modified pore sizes (after salt precipitation and dissolution) regarding the waterfront. Proposed model illustrated evolution of pore size distribution due to salt precipitation and dissolution based on overall porosity and water saturation degree. Moreover, the model can be used to implement the filling/emptying ratio of pores at vicinity of waterfront. Successive transformations were introduced into the model to illustrate evolution of pore size distribution due to long-term salt intrusion. Lastly, parametric studies on the model were performed to further elucidate the modifications on pore size distribution due to salt precipitation and dissolution.

Influence of Specimen Size on Autogenous Volume Deformation of Long-Aged MgO-Admixed Concrete

The transformation law of autogenous volume deformation of MgO-admixed concrete with specimen size was revealed through continuous observation on standard-size (Φ200 mm × 500 mm), medium-size (Φ250 mm × 500 mm), and large-size specimens (Φ250 mm × 600 mm) over 6 years. Besides, the pore parameters of concrete core samples obtained from autogenous volume deformation specimens in the 1st, 3rd, and 6th years of age were investigated. The results show that the autogenous volume deformation of MgO-admixed concrete increases with the increase in the MgO content or age. The expansion rate of the concrete specimen decreases after the age of 360 days, and the autogenous volume expansion deformation of the specimen tends to be stable after about 2 years. When the size of the specimen changes, the autogenous volume deformation of MgO-admixed concrete decreases with the increase of specimen size. During the age of 2–6 years, the expansion of medium- and large-size specimens is reduced by 6–10 and 15–20%, respectively, compared with the standard-size specimens under the same MgO content. With the condition of an appropriate MgO content, regardless of the size of the specimen, the pore structure of the concrete becomes better and better with the growth of age, the concrete becomes denser and denser, and the expansion caused by MgO hydration will not cause damage to concrete structures.

Exploring the Relationships of Atmospheric Water Vapor Contents and Different Land Surfaces in a Complex Terrain Area by Using Doppler Radar

Changes in atmospheric water vapor mainly occur in the atmospheric boundary layer. However, due to many factors, such as orography and ground thermal dynamic conditions, the change trends and transformation law of atmospheric water vapor contents above different surfaces are still unclear. In this work, a Doppler weather radar with high spatial-temporal resolution was used to monitor the variations and transformations of water vapor contents over different land surfaces for two years. The results show that the atmospheric water vapor content shows a very good positive correlation with elevation at altitudes between 600 m and 1200 m, while different land surfaces have delicate impacts on atmospheric water vapor contents, such as extreme values appearing above impervious urban surfaces, uniform distributions appearing over water body and vegetated surfaces being wet but avoiding extreme conditions. Compared with previous studies, the results and conclusions of this study are mainly derived from accurate direct observations based on high-resolution radar. Identifying the distribution and transformation of water vapor over different surfaces can enhance our understanding of the movement and variation of atmospheric water vapor over complex terrain and different land surfaces, and improve the planning and construction capacity of different surfaces, such that humankind can mitigate the severe disasters caused by drastic changes in atmospheric water vapor.

Mechanisms of producing primordial black holes by breaking the SU(2, 1)/SU(2)×U(1) symmetry

In this paper we present a class of potentials derived by no-scale supergravity in order to explain the production of primordial black holes (PBHs) in the Universe. By breaking the $\mathrm{SU}(2,1)/\mathrm{SU}(2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{U}(1)$ symmetry we fix one of the two chiral fields and we derive effective scalar potentials which are capable of generating PBHs. Specifically, we modify well-known superpotentials, which reduce to Starobinsky-like effective scalar potentials. Thus, we derive scalar potentials which, on the one hand, explain the production of PBHs and, on the other hand, they conserve the transformation laws, which yield from the parametrization of the coset $\mathrm{SU}(2,1)/\mathrm{SU}(2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{U}(1)$. Moreover, we generate PBHs by modifying the kinetic term of the Langrangian (or the K\"ahler potential) and we keep the superpotentials unmodified. In all cases we evaluate the fractional abundances of PBHs by comparing Press--Schechter approach and peak theory, while focusing on explaining the dark matter in the Universe. All models are in complete consistence with Planck constraints.

Influences of different curing methods on chemical compositions in different types of tobaccos

Whether quality can be improved and style characteristics of different types of tobaccos can be changed after being cured using different methods has not been clear yet. It is necessary to explore the influences of different curing methods on chemical compositions of different types of tobaccos. For this purpose, by taking flue-cured tobacco K326, burley tobacco Yunbai 3 and oriental tobacco Basma 14 as materials, the effects of air-curing, sun-curing and flue-curing methods on chemical compositions of these three types of tobaccos were investigated by taking the freeze-dried tobacco as the control group based on the equilibrium method of matter loss. The results show that compared with freeze-dried tobacco, (1) The air-cured, flue-cured and sun-cured were displayed in a descending order in terms of the dry matter loss and dry matter loss rate of K326, burley and oriental tobaccos thereby. (2) After performing air-cured, sun-cured and flue-cured, the starch contents in the oriental and flue-cured tobaccos greatly reduce while their contents of the total sugar and reducing sugar rose; the contents of starch and reducing sugar in the burley tobacco both decreased. (3) The contents of protein, total nitrogen and nicotine in the three types of air-cured, sun-cured and flue-cured tobaccos all significantly decreased. (4) The reduction amounts of the pigment content in the sun-dried burley and flue-cured tobaccos were the largest while that in the flue-cured oriental tobacco reaches the largest. (5) The total polyphenol contents in the three types of tobaccos all significantly reduced after being air-cured, sun-cured and flue-cured. The total polyphenol contents in the flue-cured and burley tobaccos were significantly larger than those in air-cured and sun-cured ones; the total polyphenol content in the sun-cured oriental tobacco was significantly larger than those in the groups treated with other curing methods. (6) The potassium (K) and chlorine (Cl) contents in the three types of tobaccos processed by the other curing methods were relatively stable. (7) The sensory evaluation scores of flue-cured tobaccos, burley tobacco and oriental tobacco were higher after flue-cured based on Yunnan sensory evaluation method. The study clarifies the transformation law of chemical compositions in different types of tobaccos under different curing methods. A type of tobaccos is not only limited to single curing method. It is feasible to combine multiple curing methods to enrich the style characteristics of tobaccos.

Dynamic Simulation and Analysis of the Synchronous Mechanism of High-Speed Machine Tool Protective Cover with Joint Clearance

The synchronous mechanism is the driving part of the machine tool guide rail protection device, which makes the relative speed of each cover sheet the same, which can well reduce the vibration and noise generated by the machine tool protection device. In high-speed operation, because the gap in the hinge pair of the synchronous mechanism has a great influence on its movement accuracy, this paper establishes a multibody dynamics model of the synchronous mechanism of the high-speed machine tool guide rail guard based on the Hertz theory, and uses ADAMS to The dynamic simulation analysis of the synchronous mechanism of the clearance shows that the pin near the joint between the worktable and the cover has the greatest influence on the motion accuracy of the synchronous mechanism. At the same time, the speed of the pin is analysed under different clearances. The transformation law of acceleration, contact and collision force of the kinematic pair with clearance and its influence on the performance of high-speed machine tool guards.

Rational functions, cotangent sums and Eichler integrals

With the help of so called pre-weak functions, we formulate a very general transformation law for some holomorphic functions on the upper half plane and motivate the term of a generalized Eisenstein series with real-exponent Fourier expansions. Using the transformation law in the case of negative integers k, we verify a close connection between finite cotangent sums of a specific type and generalized L-functions at integer arguments. Finally, we expand this idea to Eichler integrals and period polynomials for some types of modular forms.

On the path independence and invariant of the J-integral for a slant crack and rigid-line inclusion using degenerate kernels and the dual BEM

The J-integral and stress intensity factor (SIF) are two major parameters in linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) for the fracture criterion. In this paper, we focus on the J-integral of the slant crack and the slant rigid-line inclusion under the remote anti-plane shear. By employing the degenerate kernel, the path independence of J-integral is analytically demonstrated by using the elliptic coordinates. The positive and negative J-integrals are also analytically derived and numerically implemented by using the dual BEM for the crack and the rigid-line inclusion, respectively. It is interesting to find that the J-integral is not an invariant by using different observer systems but is one component of the vector of the first order tensor. Transformation law of the J-integral with respect to different observers is analytically proved and numerically demonstrated. Finally, the tensor property of order one is examined.

The effect of flue-curing procedure on the dynamic change of microbial diversity of tobaccos

The purpose of the study is to explore the effect of flue-curing procedure on the diversity of microbial communities in tobaccos and the dynamic change of compositions of microbial communities in the flue-curing process. It expects to provide a theoretical basis for the application of microbes in tobacco leaves and a theoretical basis and idea for optimization of the flue-curing technologies. By investigating tobacco variety K326, the tests were carried out for comparing the conventional flue-curing procedure and dry-ball temperature set and wet-ball temperature degradation flue-curing procedure. Based on the culture-independent approach and high-throughput sequencing procedure, the relationship between the flue-curing procedure for tobaccos and microbial communities in tobaccos was revealed by measuring the dynamic change of microbial communities. The results indicated that:(1) Relative to surface wiping method, washing method was more suitable for the sampling of microbes on the surface of tobacco leaves; (2) Dry-ball temperature set and wet-ball temperature degradation flue-curing procedure was more favorable for maintaining the microbial diversity of tobaccos; (3) Relative to bacteria of the tobaccos, the succession rule of the fungal communities in tobaccos was relatively steady; (4)Compared with bacterial community diversity, the fungal community diversity presented an obvious negative correlation with temperature and humidity during the flue-curing process. (5) The function of bacterial communities in tobaccos matched with the material transformation law of tobaccos, having a direct correlation on the flue-curing process. In short, Dry-ball temperature set and wet-ball temperature degradation flue-curing procedure can more favorably maintain the microbial diversity of tobaccos; moreover, the function of the tobacco system involved in microbes in tobaccos was closely related to the material transformation law of tobaccos in the flue-curing process. It validated that the bacteria in tobaccos play an important role in the flue-curing process of tobaccos.

Numerical simulation and experiment of quenching process of 35CrMnSi by disk laser

It is extremely difficult to reveal the thermo-mechanical coupling evolution mechanism of the laser quenching process by traditional experimental methods. The numerical simulation provides an effective way to obtain the dynamic evolution information of multifield coupling in the quenching process. Based on comsol multiphysics, a thermo-mechanical coupling model of the 35CrMnSi laser quenching process by a disk laser was established. In the model, the thermophysical parameters of the matrix during the quenching process were calculated by the CALPHAD method. The transient changes of temperature, phase change, and thermal stress during quenching were obtained by solving the model, revealing the transient change law of temperature field and microstructure transformation of a 35CrMnSi laser under different process parameters. The formation and transformation degree of martensite were characterized by the depth and width of the quenched transformation hardening layer. Laser quenching experiments of 35CrMnSi were carried out with a TruDisk 4002 laser. The quenching structure and phase transformation hardening rule were observed by Axioskop 2 SEM, Zeiss-ΣIGMA HD FE-SEM, and HXS-1000A micro hardness tester. Experiments show that the influence zone of laser hardening of a disk laser shows Gauss distribution. The quenching layer consists of complete quenching phase transformation zone, incomplete quenching zone, and core matrix in turn from the surface to inside. In the complete quenched zone, dense and fine acicular martensite and a small amount of retained austenite are formed, and the hardened layer is Gaussian distribution. The phase transformation layer width and the phase transformation layer depth of workpiece 1-1# are 10 352.9891 and 1091.0945 μm, respectively. The phase transformation layer width and the phase transformation layer depth of workpiece 1-2# are 6592.3963 and 754.6135 μm, respectively. The phase transformation layer width and the phase transformation layer depth of workpiece 1-3# are 4361.7892 and 416.2139 μm, respectively. The experimental results are in good agreement with the simulation results, which verifies the validity of the thermo-mechanical coupling model and provides a theoretical basis for obtaining the optimized process parameters.

Weyl covariance, and proposals for superconformal prepotentials in 10D superspaces

Proposals are made to describe the Weyl scaling transformation laws of supercovariant derivatives ∇A, the torsion supertensors TABC, and curvature supertensors RABcd in 10D superspaces. Starting from the proposal that an unconstrained supergravity prepotential for the 11D, mathcal{N} = 1 theory is described by a scalar superfield, considerations for supergravity prepotentials in the 10D theories are enumerated. We derive infinitesimal 10D superspace Weyl transformation laws and discover ten possible 10D, mathcal{N} = 1 superfield supergravity prepotentials. The first identification of all off-shell ten dimensional supergeometrical Weyl field strength tensors, constructed from respective torsions, is presented.

Integrability aspects and some abundant solutions for a new (4 + 1)-dimensional KdV-like equation

In this paper, we introduce a new (4 + 1)-dimensional KdV-like equation. By using the Bell Polynomial method, we obtain the bilinear form, bilinear Bäcklund transformation, Lax pair and infinite conservation laws. It is proved that the equation is completely integrable in Lax pair sense. Based on the Hirota bilinear method and the test function method, high-order lump solutions, high-order lump-kink type [Formula: see text]-soliton solutions, high-order lump-[Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] type soliton solutions, [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] type soliton solutions and [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] type soliton solutions [Formula: see text] for this equation are obtained with the help of symbolic computation. Via three-dimensional plots and contour plots with the help of Mathematics, analyses for the obtained solutions are presented, and their dynamic properties are discussed. Many dynamic models can be simulated by nonlinear evolution equations, and these graphical analyses are helpful to understand these models.

Gauge transformation of scalar induced tensor perturbation during matter domination

The scalar-induced secondary gravitational wave as the stochastic gravitational background is a useful tool to study the physics in the early universe. We study the scalar-induced tensor perturbations at second-order during matter domination in seven different gauges. We obtain the results in six other gauges from that in the Newtonian gauge using the gauge transformation law of the scalar-induced tensor perturbation. We find that the kernel functions ${I}_{\ensuremath{\chi}}$ in the synchronous and comoving orthogonal gauges are the same if the residual gauge modes in these two gauges are eliminated. By identifying the oscillating terms $\mathrm{sin}x$ and $\mathrm{cos}x$ in the scalar-induced tensor perturbations as the scalar-induced secondary gravitational waves, we find that its energy density is actually gauge independent. The energy density ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\mathrm{GW}}\ensuremath{\propto}{a}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$, or ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{\mathrm{GW}}\ensuremath{\propto}{a}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ in the matter-dominated era, and the scalar-induced secondary gravitational waves behave as radiation.