Transfer Capacity Research Articles

Experimental study on heat transfer and resistance of round tube with tube sheet under ultrasonic action

AbstractEnergy is vital to the survival and development of human beings. In the era of ‘carbon neutrality’, all walks of life around the world are upgrading their technological capabilities to reduce carbon emissions. As a new type of active strengthening technology to improve the comprehensive performance of heat exchangers, ultrasonic technology has attracted the attention of more and more scholars. From the actual installation situation, a set of ultrasonic enhanced heat transfer test device with tube sheet round tube was built. After experimental research and data analysis, the influence of ultrasonic sound intensity, frequency, and position on heat transfer, flow resistance, and comprehensive performance of heat exchange tube under different working conditions and without ultrasonic wave is studied. The results show that the ultrasonic enhanced heat transfer and drag reduction capacity increases with the decrease of ultrasonic frequency, and under the action of ultrasonic waves of different frequencies, the critical sound intensity of its enhanced heat transfer and drag reduction performance is different. The drag reduction performance of the ultrasonic heat exchange tube is increased by 18.41%, the heat transfer performance is increased by 36.53%, and the overall performance is increased by 20.57%.

Analysis of Acinetobacter P-type type IV secretion system-encoding plasmid diversity uncovers extensive secretion system conservation and diverse antibiotic resistance determinants.

Acinetobacter baumannii is globally recognized as a multi-drug-resistant pathogen of critical concern due to its capacity for horizontal gene transfer and resistance to antibiotics. Phylogenetically diverse Acinetobacter species mediate human infection, including many considered as important emerging pathogens. While globally recognized as a pathogen of concern, pathogenesis mechanisms are poorly understood. P-type type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) represent important drivers of pathogen evolution, responsible for horizontal gene transfer and secretion of proteins that mediate host-pathogen interactions, contributing to pathogen survival, antibiotic resistance, virulence, and biofilm formation. Genes encoding a P-type T4SS were previously identified on plasmids harboring the carbapenemase gene blaNDM-1 in several clinically problematic Acinetobacter; however, their prevalence among the genus, geographical distribution, the conservation of T4SS proteins, and full capacity for resistance genes remain unclear. Using systematic analyses, we show that these plasmids belong to a group of 53 P-type T4SS-encoding plasmids in 20 established Acinetobacter species, the majority of clinical relevance, including diverse A. baumannii sequence types and one strain of Providencia rettgeri. The strains were globally distributed in 14 countries spanning five continents, and the conjugative operon's T4SS proteins were highly conserved in most plasmids. A high proportion of plasmids harbored resistance genes, with 17 different genes spanning seven drug classes. Collectively, this demonstrates that P-type T4SS-encoding plasmids are more widespread among the Acinetobacter genus than previously anticipated, including strains of both clinical and environmental importance. This research provides insight into the spread of resistance genes among Acinetobacter and highlights a group of plasmids of importance for future surveillance.

Heat transfer and entropy generation analysis of ternary nanofluid

Abstract In light of the rising demand for improved heat transfer in thermal systems, this work offers a unique technique for boosting heat transfer capacity and reducing entropy generation using a ternary nanofluid. Moreover, constant pressure gradient, magnetic field, Joule heating, and thermal radiation also contribute to the flow dynamics. The 2D mathematical model is solved numerically using a finite difference method and the simulations are done in MATLAB. The obtained results show that ternary nanoparticles not only increase the thermal rates but are also helpful in maintaining the irreversibility of a system. It is also observed that the heat transfer of the base fluid increased by 7.5%, 8.3%, and 8.5% on adding TiO2, CuO-TiO2, and MgO-CuO-TiO2 nanoparticles, respectively.

Thermal management optimization strategy for lithium-ion battery based on phase change material and fractal fin

In order to solve the problem of temperature control of lithium-ion battery (LB) in electric vehicles, a new battery thermal management system (BTMS) based on phase change material (PCM) coupled fractal fin (FF) was proposed. The effects of latent heat, thickness, and thermal conductivity of PCM (paraffin) on the thermal properties of BTMS were investigated. Subsequently, the fin structure was added to the BTMS to improve the heat transfer capacity, and the number of fins, aspect ratio, material and structure morphology were explored. The results show that when the latent heat of PCM is 200 kJ/kg, the thickness is 2 cm, and the thermal conductivity is 0.8 W/(m·K), the temperature of LB is 34.9 K lower than that of LB without the BTMS at 4C. In addition, the BTMS has the best performance when FF-II with a fin count of 5, aspect ratio of 7:1, and material of carbon steel are used. The temperatures of LB are 301.8 K, 303.9 K, 305.4 K, and 307.3 K at 1 to 4C, respectively, and the temperature difference in BTMS can be controlled within 2.5 K. This study provides some guidance for the optimization of BTMS.

2D hollow leaf shaped mesoporous carbon derived from ZIF-L for efficient capacitive deionization

Electrochemical treatment of saline or brackish water by capacitive deionization (CDI) is a novel resource-saving solution to ensure the availability of freshwater resources in the environment. MOF (metal–organic framework) derived carbon as a novel carbonaceous material in CDI has received considerable research attention. Among them, ZIF-L-derived carbon (ZC) suffers from problems such as self-aggregation, poor mesoporous structure, and low electrical conductivity, which lead to poor CDI performance. In this paper, a strategy of ZIF-L coated with polydopamine (PDA) is proposed to solve the above problems. When the amount of PDA was 0.5 g, ZIF-L@PDA0.5-derived carbon composite (ZPC0.5) is obtained for efficient capacitive deionization. The ZPC0.5 composite not only maintains the 2D leaf shaped structure consistent with ZIF-L, exposing more active sites, but also has an elevated mesopore occupancy ratio to promote solution diffusion. Meanwhile, the interaction between PDA and ZIF-L makes the ZPC0.5 have a cavity structure, which improves the mass transfer capacity. The resulting ZPC0.5 composite has a specific capacitance (165.8F g−1) that is 3.86 times higher than that of ZC (42.9F g−1). Consequently, in 1.2 V, 500 mg/L NaCl solution, the symmetric CDI cell ZPC0.5//ZPC0.5 exhibits an excellent desalination capacity (29.6 mg/g), which is 2.69 times that of the ZC//ZC.

Enhancement of stress resistance of electroactive biofilms against hypersaline shock via exogenous electron mediator addition

Unexpected hypersaline shock from saline wastewater poses a common challenge in the biological treatment processes of WWPTs. Bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) possess an inherent advantage for treating hypersaline wastewater. The elevated salinity enhances the wastewater’s conductivity, which in turn significantly accelerates the electron and proton transfer within the system. However, excessive increases in salinity can impede electron transport capacity, potentially resulting in cell plasmolysis and system failure in severe instances. Here, we investigated the impact of electron mediator (EM) addition on the resilience of electroactive biofilms (EB) to hypersaline environments in BESs. The EB developed under anthraquinone-2,6-disulphonic disodium salt (AQDS) addition obtained preferable electrochemical properties (e.g., current output, redox peak current, conductivity, electron transfer capacity) under hypersaline shock and showed superior recovery post-hypersaline stress. Partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) analysis indicated that the enhanced secretion of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and the elevated ratio of proteins to polysaccharides are likely pivotal in the formation of EB with high electrochemical activity. Meanwhile, AQDS addition constructed more complex microbial network and enriched halotolerant bacteria (e.g., Solibacillus). Higher mean function abundance of replication & repair, stress tolerance, and biofilm formation were achieved by EM addition. The results of this study present a promising approach to augment the pressure tolerance of EBs, thereby broadening the practical applications of BESs.

Two birds with one stone: Mussel-inspired anchoring strategy enabling full-spectrum utilization and superior carriers transfer capacity for efficient photocatalytic degradation and antibacterial

Two birds with one stone: Mussel-inspired anchoring strategy enabling full-spectrum utilization and superior carriers transfer capacity for efficient photocatalytic degradation and antibacterial

Dynamics of Ag-TiO[formula omitted]water hybrid nanofluid flow over a Riga plate

This research aims to increase the heat transfer capacity of a fluid flow over a Riga plate using ( ▪ ) hybrid nanoparticles. It will also explain how the hybrid nanofluid behaves in the presence of suction/injection and thermal slip parameters. Furthermore, fluid dynamics and heat transfer across a Riga plate will be compared to a normal plate. The modeled problem is integrated numerically using the Crank–Nicolson method and the simulations are done in MATLAB. The numerical findings reveal that the drag forces can be controlled using a Riga plate over a normal plate. It was also shown that the tiny nanoparticle can control energy consumption and boost thermal performance. When considering the Riga plate, heat transmission of all fluids rises by approximately 5%. The heat transfer rate of ▪ is 4.2% and 0.2% greater than H2O and ▪ , respectively.

Influence of direct coal liquefaction residue (DCLR) on the rutting behavior of asphalt mixture with the discrete element method

The research explores the influence of direct coal liquefaction residue (DCLR) as a fine aggregate on the rutting behavior of asphalt mixtures (AMs). Four AMs were prepared and modeled, namely AM (AM-0), AM with 2.36 mm DCLR (AM-2.36), AM with 1.18 mm DCLR (AM-1.18), and AM with 0.6 mm DCLR (AM-0.6). Firstly, the rutting depth and uplift height of AMs were analyzed. Results indicated that the rutting depth and uplift height of AMs increased with rising temperatures and loads. The order of rutting depth and uplift height of AMs at different temperatures and loads was: AM-0＞AM-2.36＞AM-1.18＞AM-0.6. This suggests that DCLR replacing fine aggregates improved the high-temperature performance of AMs, and DCLR replacing 0.6 mm fine aggregate was the best alternative. Moreover, the influence mechanism of DCLR on the rutting behavior was investigated by the force chain distribution and particle movement. The results showed that the rutting deformation was caused by the movement of 0.6–2.36 mm particles. Compared with AM-0, the chain distribution of AM-2.36 was uniform and sparse, and the movement of 0.6–2.36 mm particles in AM-2.36 was small. This was due to the composite modification effect of DCLR within the AM, which increased the bonding degree of asphalt mastics. This enhancement improved connectivity between aggregates, strengthened their load transfer capacity, and raised the AM's overall self-organizing adaptability. Finally, it was also found that DCLR as fine aggregates served dual roles within the AM, acting both as a skeleton and a filler.

A 3D-Printed Bionic Membrane with Autonomously Passive Unidirectional Liquid Transfer Capability for Water Condensation, Collection, and Purification.

Interfacial solar vapor generation is a promising technology for alleviating the current global water crisis, and the evaporation rate and efficiency have approached the theoretical limit. In a practical interfacial evaporation water purification system, the collection rate of purified water is typically lower than the evaporation rate. Passive collection devices based on gravity are susceptible to environmental influences and exhibit low collection efficiency, while active collection devices consuming external energy suffer from complex device systems and extra energy consumption. Given that both collection devices are nonselective and unable to distinguish contaminants mixed in the vapor, bionic membranes with autonomously passive and unidirectional water transfer capacity are developed through 3D printing for efficient water collection. More importantly, the bionic membranes are capable of high-speed water transportation without the need for external energy or gravity drive and liquid-selective transportation for separating oily pollutants from the collected products. The directional transport property facilitates the modular assembly of the bionic membrane, extending its application to practical large-scale solar-driven seawater desalination systems.

Solar‐Driven Methanogenesis through Microbial Ecosystem Engineering on Carbon Nitride

AbstractSemi‐biological photosynthesis combines synthetic photosensitizers with microbial catalysts to produce sustainable fuels and chemicals from CO2. However, the inefficient transfer of photoexcited electrons to microbes leads to limited CO2 utilization, restricting the catalytic performance of such biohybrid assemblies. Here, we introduce a biological engineering solution to address the inherently sluggish electron uptake mechanism of a methanogen, Methanosarcina barkeri (M. barkeri), by coculturing it with an electron transport specialist, Geobacter sulfurreducens KN400 (KN400), an adapted strain rich with multiheme c‐type cytochromes (c‐Cyts) and electrically conductive protein filaments (e‐PFs) made of polymerized c‐Cyts with enhanced capacity for extracellular electron transfer (EET). Integration of this M. barkeri‐KN400 co‐culture with a synthetic photosensitizer, carbon nitride, demonstrates that c‐Cyts and e‐PFs, emanating from live KN400, transport photoexcited electrons efficiently from the carbon nitride to M. barkeri for methanogenesis with remarkable long‐term stability and selectivity. The demonstrated cooperative interaction between two microbes via direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) and the photosensitizer to assemble a semi‐biological photocatalyst introduces an ecosystem engineering strategy in solar chemistry to drive sustainable chemical reactions.

The Influence of Eccentric Muscle Actions on Concentric Muscle Strength: An Exception to the Principle of Specificity?

The principle of specificity suggests that the largest changes in strength occur when training resembles the specific strength test. A one-repetition maximum (1RM) test, which tests the maximal concentric strength, is commonly used as a surrogate for strength adaptation. When separating muscle actions into concentric or eccentric phases, multiple lines of evidence suggest that eccentric muscle actions possess several distinct physiological properties compared with concentric actions. In accordance, there are instances where the increases in 1RM strength test were similar between eccentric-only and concentric-only resistance training. This is at odds with the principle of specificity which suggests that individuals who trained with concentric actions would be expected to have an advantage in that specific task. Although the mechanistic reasons why eccentric-biased training carries over to maximal concentric strength remains to be elucidated, the lack of discernible differences in strength gains with eccentrically-biased training (e.g., eccentric-only and accentuated eccentric training) may imply that the effects of eccentric loading in training are transferable to concentric strength. Our review revisits the role of eccentric loading in enhancing concentric maximal muscle strength. We also speculate on potential physiological factors (i.e., molecular and neural factors) that may differentiate the effects of eccentric and concentric resistance training on the changes in muscle strength. Currently, the majority of the studies investigating the changes in strength have been conducted using isokinetic eccentric training. This is important as there is a viewpoint that the magnitude of chronic adaptations with different modalities of eccentric exercises (i.e., isotonic, isokinetic, and isoinertial training) may also differ from each other. While it has been suggested that eccentric action has a greater transferable capacity for strength adaptations compared to concentric actions, future investigations are warranted to investigate with different modalities of eccentric exercises. There also remains a host of unanswered questions related to the role of eccentric action for maximal concentric strength. For example, future studies may examine whether the eccentric action would be additive when the training is already maximally loaded during the concentric action for increasing concentric maximal strength. We suggested a few different designs that could be used to answer some of these questions in future studies.

Self-enhancement of bioenergy recovery from anaerobically digesting WAS with novel iron-based metal-organic framework assistance: Insights into electron transfer and metabolic pathways

Inadequate methane production and insufficient hydrolysis-acidification activity impede the practical application of anaerobic digestion (AD) of waste activated sludge (WAS). Recently, metal-organic framework (MOF) materials attains promising capability of controlling proton/electron transfer in AD processes. This study used a typical iron-based MOF and MIL-88A(Fe) to improve the methane production via digesting WAS. These materials were prepared via a one-step hydrothermal method. The findings indicated that the addition of 150 mg MIL-88A(Fe)/g WAS VS resulted in a 57.23% increase in accumulated methane production and a 43.84% increase in daily maximum methane production. The methane production rate (Rmax) also increased from 22.25 to 29.14 mL/g VS/d. The enhanced electron transfer capacity, improved hydrolysis of WAS, boosted acetate generation, and mitigated accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) collectively contributed to the better methane yield in the MIL-88A(Fe)-added system. The significant enrichment of Methanobacterium and Methanosaeta along with the up-regulation of key methanogenesis enzyme-encoding genes jointly suggested that the CO2 reduction and methanogenesis were strengthened. Moreover, MIL-88A(Fe) stimulated the production of c-type cytochrome and e-pili, facilitating direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) between norank-f-SC-I-84 and Methanobacterium. This study provided new solutions for improving methane production and offered insights into the mechanism of enhanced methanogenesis of AD in the presence of MIL-88A(Fe).

First-principles studies on the electronic and thermal transport properties of twin graphene and its analogues

The novel two-dimensional (2D) carbon allotropes with various carbon networks have provided an unprecedented platform to explore fascinating device applications beyond graphene. In this work, the electronic and thermal transport properties of the twin graphene and its structural analogues, i.e., γ-graphyne, twin T-graphene, and twin 4–8 graphene, have been systematically revealed through first-principles calculations. Our results confirm the energetic and dynamical stability of the twin graphene family, and the intrinsic semiconducting nature of these 2D carbon sheets superior to graphene. Based on the solution of the phonon Boltzmann transport equation, the evaluated thermal conductivity of the considered 2D carbon sheets indicates that the absence of acetylenic linkages in carbon networks leads to a relatively enhanced heat transfer capacity, i.e., a higher thermal conductivity in the twin graphene family than the γ-graphyne case. More interestingly, a way to effectively tune thermal transport properties in the twin graphene family has been proposed via the utilization of atom-embedded carbon nanocages. Our results indicate that a notable 63.8% reduction in thermal conductivity can be achieved for twin graphene through the embedding of Ti atoms into the nanocages, exhibiting great potential for robust thermal management in low-dimensional carbon networks.

Light and scanning electron microscope characterization of mandibular symphysis tissue as a functional adaptation in the mandible development of human fetuses.

When developing, the mandible presents great plasticity and contains condensed mesenchymal cells that develops into Meckel's cartilage, of which the anterior part forms the mandibular symphysis. Mandible human development studies focus on investigating whether the beginning of mandibular fusion in fetal period is related to symphysis ossification and the tensions imposed on it, considering that tongue movements, mouth opening, and closing can be seen in fetuses. This research analyses tissue modifications during human mandibular symphysis growth using light and scanning electron microscopy to relate them to its functional structure. The study sample consisted of 12 human fetuses distributed into two groups: Group I (GI) of 10-14 weeks old and Group II (GII) of 20-24 weeks old. Fragments of mandibular symphysis were removed en bloc together with the surrounding tissues to preserve the relation with adjacent structures. Decalcified specimens were prepared in semi-serial coronal sections 5-μm-thick and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Masson՚s trichrome, Verhoeff, and Sirius red for histological analysis with light microscopy. Collagen fibers Type I or III and elastic fibers were quantified by volume fraction (Vv). Coronal sections of the GI and GII symphyseal region were submitted to scanning electron microscopy. Comparison between groups used independent t-test. Our study presents the different endochondral ossification stages in the anterior part of Meckel's cartilage in GI. Both groups showed abundantly vascularized mesenchymal tissue with intense cellular activity forming the mandibular symphysis, such as a source of new osteoblasts adjacent to the newly deposited bone matrix. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed an invasion of the bony trabecula in the transverse direction from the hemimandible, rectilinear in GI and sinuous in GII due to interdigitating bone process, promoting its ossification. In collagen Vv analysis was verified a prevalence of type I in GII and type III in GI, indicating a proportional relation between maturation and tissue arrangement. Functionally, the collagen and elastic fibers in the mandibular symphysis were arranged in a pantographic network, and the fibrillar interconnectivity clearly contributes to resilience capacity and efficiency of the force transfer. This study inferred the functional significance of the knowledge about the tissue composition of mandibular symphysis, and the importance of this tissue for surrounding structures. The mesenchymal tissue of mandibular symphysis participates in bone growth process, revealing an adaptation mechanism of mandibular symphysis in the fetal period investigated.

Tuning local charge polarization of covalent organic frameworks for enhanced photocatalytic uranium (VI) reduction

The introduction of local charge polarization is an effective strategy to improve the electrostatic potential difference of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) photocatalysts. Herein, BPDA-COF with donor–acceptor (D-A) structure was firstly synthesized by using triphenyl-triazine and biphenyl monomers. Subsequently, the hydroxyl and bis(2-methoxyethyl)ether (PEO)-chains with increasing local charge polarization were introduced to synthesize DHBD-COF and PEO-COF, respectively. PEO-COF with electronegative and flexible PEO-chains created a strong local charge polarization to enhance the electrostatic potential differences, thus promoting the spontaneous transfer of electrons and inhibiting the recombination of electrons and holes. Furthermore, the super-hydrophilic PEO-chains provided super-strong uranium mass transfer capacity. Benefiting from these, PEO-COF exhibited excellent photocatalytic uranium reduction capabilities (1427.9 mg g−1). This work provides a novel insight to adjust the local charge polarization at the molecular level and broadens the strategy of photocatalytic reduction of U(VI) with COFs.

Preparation of continuous carbon fiber reinforced PA6 prepreg filaments with high fiber volume fraction

High-performance continuous carbon fiber prepreg filaments have been a research hotspot in the field of additive manufacturing in recent years, and are considered to be an effective option for improving the mechanical strength of thermoplastic composite parts. However, the effect of fiber volume fraction on the microstructure and tensile properties of 3D printed prepreg filaments remains miss. Therefore, this study selected suitable impregnation processes and materials to prepare prepreg filaments with different fiber volume fraction and investigated their mechanical properties and microscopic morphologies. The results show that the increase of fiber volume fraction effectively promoted the interface bonding between fiber and resin, and increased capacity for load transfer. When the fiber volume fraction was 54.0 %, the tensile strength of the prepreg filaments and specimens reached 1977 MPa and 334 MPa, respectively. This study can provide a process optimization strategy for the preparation of more types of continuous fiber prepreg filaments with high fiber volume fraction, as well as a data reference for the preparation of high-performance 3D-printed thermoplastic composites.

Evaluation of heat transfer enhancement effect at the hot/cold end of a Stirling engine using performance improvement factor

The driving force of a Stirling engine comes from the heating expansion and cooling compression of working medium. The enhancement of heat transfer capacity of the hot/cold end is the key to improve the Stirling engine performance, while how to objectively evaluate the heat transfer enhancement effect is a precondition. Herein, a polytropic model of a Stirling engine thermal cycle process was firstly established. A method for evaluating the heat transfer enhancement performance under oscillating flow was proposed based on the efficiency and power improvement of a Stirling engine. This method was further used to evaluate the heat transfer enhancement effect of a novel four-leaf helical heating tube under oscillating flow, the efficiency and power improvement factor of which was reached 13.5 % and 6.1 %, respectively. The results show that the efficiency and power improvement evaluation criterion was more comprehensive and intuitive in evaluating the heat transfer enhancement performance under oscillating flow compared with the conventional evaluation indictor like performance evaluation criterion and equivalent tube length and tube number criterion.

Material-level experimental study on utilising ionic liquid/graphene composites for sorption heat storage

Sorption heat storage technology has recently sparked an increasing interest because of its advanced heat storage capabilities. However, material-level heat and mass transfer challenges persist. This work contributes to the field by the development of new sorption composite materials that are comprised ionic liquids (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride) impregnated in 1–5 2D-layered graphene host matrix. Their sorption, heat transfer, heat storage, and charging/discharging rate properties were experimentally investigated using both water and ethanol as adsorbates. The adsorption isotherms and kinetics for both the adsorbates onto the developed composites and the parent ionic liquids were experimentally measured at different temperatures. The isosteric heat of adsorption for all the studied pairs was determined using the Clausius-Clapeyron method, showing an increasing trend with an increasing uptake. They showed that the specific heat storage capacity reached 187.5 kJ/kg when water was used as the working sorption agent. The corresponding heat charging/discharging rates are significantly higher, 69 %-78 %, than pure ionic liquids. Compared to silica gel as a baseline sorbent, ionic liquid-graphene composites’ heat storage and transfer capacities are higher by three orders of magnitude. The thermal diffusivities of the developed composites were significantly higher than the baseline silica gel. These innovative sorption composites show great potential for improving thermal energy storage efficiency, making them suitable for applications in renewable energy systems, industrial processes, waste heat recovery, and climate control solutions. However, the developed composites achieved inferior performance compared to the silica gel baseline sorbent when using ethanol as a working fluid to utilise sub-zero ambient air as a heat source because of the relatively larger molecular size of ethanol.

Enhancing Latent Heat Energy Storage With Heat Pipe–Metal Foam: An Experimental Investigation of the Partial Filling Strategy

ABSTRACTMelting and solidification of a phase change material (PCM) is investigated experimentally by applying a partial filling strategy to the hybrid enhancement of heat pipe–metal foam (HP‐MF) in a vertical cylinder. HP‐MF enhancement can improve the heat transfer capacity of the PCM system as it combines HP's efficient heat transfer capacity with MF's highly effective thermal conductivity capability. The experimental results demonstrate that the partial filling strategy in the melting and solidification of HP‐MF PCM can be optimized for effective MF utilization in the HP‐MF PCM system. A filling ratio of 83% of MF in HP‐MF PCM shows almost identical total melting and solidification along with a temperature distribution to that of an HP‐MF PCM (95% porosity, 20 pore density [PPI]). It is plausible to conclude that the removal of 33% or less mass had no significant effect on the overall melting process of HP‐MF PCM. It should be noted that the HP‐MF PCM system's HP heat transfer efficiency significantly decreased during the melting process when the MF filling ratio was 37.5% and 12.5%.