Transesterification Procedure Research Articles

RGO@SnO2/ZnO nanocomposite as a highly reactive heterogeneous catalyst toward biodiesel synthesis by electrolysis procedure: Central composite design optimization

This paper highlights the incorporation of catalyst choice, feedstock type, and production technique for biodiesel production, thereby addressing existing gaps in the current research. In this sense, the rGO@SnO2/ZnO nanocomposite as a novel heterogeneous catalyst was prepared and employed to generate biodiesel from waste frying oil (WFO) by electrolysis approach for the first time. The structural attributes of rGO@SnO2/ZnO nanocatalyst were evaluated by several analyses. According to these analyses, rGO@SnO2/ZnO nanocomposite has a specific area of 61.428 g/m2 and appropriate functional groups. Additionally, a CCD-based RSM approach was employed for achieving the highest biodiesel yield in optimal conditions (MeOH/WFO molar proportion=12:1, reaction time= 40 min, voltage=40 V, and catalyst concentration= 3.5 wt%) was 96.47 %. Likewise, the yield of biodiesel decreased from 96.58 % to 88.36 % after seven reuse cycles, which reveals the substantial stability of rGO@SnO2/ZnO nanocomposite in the transesterification procedure. Moreover, the thermodynamic behavior of biodiesel synthesis indicated that the transesterification employing rGO@SnO2/ZnO nanocomposite is endothermic. The activation energy and Arrhenius factor for the transesterification of WFO to biodiesel utilizing rGO@SnO2/ZnO nanocatalysts were determined to be 51.59 kJ/mol and 6.67×105 min−1, respectively. Due to the high biodiesel yield and remarkable reusability, rGO@SnO2/ZnO nanocomposite is strongly recommended for the transesterification procedure.

Combined production of biofuel precursors, platform chemicals, and catalyst material from the integral processing of rice bran

This research reports first-time results regarding the complete processing of rice bran through the combination of extraction, processing hydrothermal, sulfonation, and trans-esterification procedures, generating biofuel precursors – fermentable sugars, bio-oil, hydro-char, and methyl esters – platform chemicals, and a catalyst material. Analyzes of XRD, FTIR, BET, SEM, EDS, calorific power, GC, and HPLC were employed for the product characterizations. Concerning the hydrothermal processing, the “temperature” and “biomass/water mass ratio” demonstrated an interesting influence on the results, where the thermal parameter had a greater impact on directing the process to obtain products resulting from the biomass polysaccharides thermal decomposition. At 260 °C, 11.98 and 11.40 g (100 g biomass)−1 of fermentable sugars and platform chemicals were obtained, respectively. At 300 °C, the production of bio-oil and hydro-char were benefited, yielding 10.48 and 30.19 g (100 g biomass)−1 of each component, respectively. The hydro-char-sulfonated catalyst demonstrated an attractive catalytic capacity in esterifying the free fatty acids of the rice bran oil, while simultaneously presenting some difficulty in transesterifying its triglycerides, indicating limitations in the mass transfer of the heterogeneous reaction. Using 4 wt% of catalyst, 90.1 % of the free fatty acids and 60.3 % of the triglycerides contained in the oil were trans-esterified into methyl esters after 6 h, respectively, with no decrease in its catalytic activity being observed after four reuses. This process combination presents an alternative arrangement for the full processing of lignocellulosic and oily biomasses, in addition to representing an approach matchless for the rice bran.

Utilising magnetite and heteropoly acid to modify silica foam and consider catalytic activity for esterification and transesterification procedure

Silica foam can be helpful substrate to tailoring heterogenous catalyst in various shapes and size. In this work, we have successfully prepared and modified Silica Foam that modified by magnetite nanoparticle (FM) and heteropoly acid (FMH). These new composites were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SEM, TGA, DTG, NH3-TPD, and VSM. The result confirms that fine dispersity of magnetite nano particle and heteropoly acid into silica foam and without any significant change in structure of materials. The synthesized composites FM and FMH were used as catalysts for the esterification reaction of acetic acid with five different alcohols and the transesterification reaction of sunflower, animal fats, and waste oils. The results show that the efficiency of the esterification reaction for the FMH catalyst is about 98.8 % and 78.8 % for the transesterification reaction.

Performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine with hemp biodiesel blends

The increased population in the world has resulted in excessive use of conventional fossil fuel resources especially petroleum diesel over the world wide which in turn made every nation to find out the possible alternate energy sources for replacement of petroleum diesel. This article investigates the suitability of hemp biodiesel blends generated from hemp vegetable oil can be used as a fuel a single-cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine. The conventional transesterification procedure is used to transform hemp vegetable oil to hemp biodiesel. The fuel qualities of biodiesel and its blends have been analyzed and determined to be equivalent to those of petroleum diesel, in accordance with the criteria set by ASTM. The purpose of this work was to examine the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine employing hemp biodiesel blends and compare them with those corresponding to conventional diesel fuel which was employed as a reference fuel. The results showed that as the load on the diesel engine increased, the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) decreases, however the brake thermal efficacy (BTE) as well as exhaust gas temperatures (EGT) increased for the blends of hemp biodiesel. In the emission test, as load increases, there is an increase in the emissions of CO2, UBHC and NOX but decreases in CO. Additionally, the emission of smoke exhibits an inverse relationship with load, increasing at lower loads as well as decreasing at higher loads. Hemp biodiesel blends provide diesel engine efficiency and emission characteristics that are comparable to those produced by diesel engine utilizing standard diesel fuel.

Biodiesel production from Sisymbrium irio as a potential novel biomass waste feedstock using homemade titania catalyst

Biomass waste streams are a possible feedstock for a range of eco-friendly products and a crucial alternative energy source for achieving carbon neutrality; therefore, the efficient management of biomass waste has taken on a greater significance in recent years. Due to its well-comparable physic-chemical properties with fossil diesel, biodiesel is a potential substitute for fossil fuel. This study aimed to synthesize biodiesel from the widely available non-edible seed oil of Sisymbrium irio L. (a member of the Brassicaceae family) via a transesterification procedure over a homemade TiO2 catalyst. At 1:16 oil to methanol ratio, 93% biodiesel yield was obtained over 20 mg catalyst at 60 °C and 60 min. The ASTM methods were used to analyze the fuel properties. The quantitative and qualitative analysis was performed by FT-IR, GC-MS, and NMR spectroscopy. GC-MS study confirms 16 different types of fatty acids of methyl esters. FT-IR analysis showed important peaks that confirm the successful occurrence of biodiesel. 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR showed important peaks for converting triglycerides into corresponding FAMEs. The acid value (0.42 mg KOH/mg/kg), flash point (106 °C), and water content (0.034) of biodiesel are below the specified limit of ASTM D6751 whereas kinetic viscosity (3.72 mm2/s), density (0.874 kg/L), cloud point (− 4.3 °C) and pour point (− 9.6 °C) and high heating value (41.62 MJ/kg) fall within the specified range of ASTM D6751 test limit. The Unsaturation degree and oxidative stability of biodiesel are above ASTM D6751 test limit. The physic-chemical properties of the SIB confirm that it is eco-friendly fuel and a competitive source for manufacturing biodiesel on a commercial scale. Furthermore, the SIB is engine friendly and has good fuel efficacy.

Investigation on characteristics discrepancy through MWCNT nano particle blend of coconut oil

Due to their outstanding qualities, nanoparticles have proven effective in all engineering applications. The goal of the current work is to use the Multi walled Carbon Nano Tubes (MWCNT) to improve in engine performance and decrease in exhaust emissions caused by the addition of nanosized fuel additives to both diesel and blended diesel fuel. It has been discovered that adding gasoline additives improves combustion characteristics and promotes thermo-physical qualities. The fuel additive's addition accelerated burning and decreased the ignition delay. The ability to blend biodiesel with diesel was made possible by the enhancement of fuel characteristics brought about by nanoparticles used as fuel additives. It has been shown that adding the right amount of fuel additive improves ignition characteristics and decreases. In this investigation predominantly concentrated on characteristics discrepancy through MWCNT mixed blend of biodiesel of coconut oil (BCO). The biodiesel produced from the coconut oil through the transesterification procedure. For the improvement of the biodiesel properties by means of the involvement of the nano particles of MWCNT of size 30 to 40 nm. There are four combination of the nanoparticles added fuels such as were created to compare the properties. The variations were created with the amount of MWCNT mixing such as 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 150 ppm and 200 ppm in every liter of the fuel. BCO mixed with 200 ppm MWCNT mixed blend shows best performance as Calorific Value increased by 22.22%, Kinematic viscosity @ 40°C improved by 7.71%, percentage of Cetane number increased by 21.43%, The percentage of decreased the Carbon residue percentage by 7.67%, and the percentage of decreased Flash point by 8% than the base fuel BCO.

Investigating Catalyzed Transesterification for Castor Oil Ethyl Ester Production: A Promising Biodiesel Substitute

Abstract: This study investigates the catalysed transesterification method for producing castor oil ethyl ester (COEE), a biodiesel substitute. The research looks at a number of variables that impact the reaction, including temperature, the ratio of alcohol to oil, the concentration of the catalyst, the amount of mixing, and the purity of the reactant. In the experimental setting, biodiesel is created in a lab and tested on a diesel engine. The outcomes show that the transesterification procedure successfully lowers castor oil's viscosity and raises the fuel's cetane number. According to engine testing, a 20% blend of COEE demonstrates promising performance with conventional diesel fuel-like energy consumption and thermal efficiency. The study emphasises COEE's potential as a superior biodiesel alternative with viability.

Preparation and characterization analysis of biofuel derived through seed extracts of Ricinus communis (castor oil plant)

The current study assesses the prospect of using R. Communis seed oil as a substitute fuel for diesel engines. Biodiesel is prepared from the R. Communis plant seed oil by a single-step base catalytic transesterification procedure. The investigation deals with the Physico-chemical characteristics of R. Communis biodiesel and has been associated with the base diesel. It has been perceived that the characteristics of biodiesel are well-matched with the base diesel under the ASTM D6751 limits correspondingly. R. Communis biodiesel is blended in different proportions with base diesel such as D10, D20, D30, D40, D50 and D100 and is tested in a Kirloskar TV1 single-cylinder, 4 blows DI engine under altered loading conditions. Outcomes demonstrate that BTE and BSFC for D10 as well as D20 are similar to base diesel. BSFC indicates that the precise BSFC of base diesel, D10, D20, D30, D40 and D50 was 0.87, 1.70, 2.60, 3.0, 3.4, and 3.5 kg/kW-hr, respectively. The extreme BTE at full load condition for base diesel, D10, D20, D30, D40, D50 and D100 are 28.2%, 28.1%, 27.9%, 25.5%, 24.1%, and 23.6% , respectively. In the case of engine emissions, R. Communis biodiesel blends provided an average decrease in hydrocarbon (HC), Carbon-monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) associated with base diesel. Nevertheless, R. Communis biodiesel blends discharged high stages of nitrogen oxide (NOx) compares to base diesel. Base diesel, D10, D20, D30, D40, D50, and D100 had UBHC emissions of 45 ppm, 40 ppm, 44 ppm, 46 ppm, 41 ppm, and 43 ppm, respectively. The reduction in CO emissions for D10, D20, D30, D40, D50 and D100 are 0.13%, 0.14%, 0.17%, 0.18% and 0.21% respectively. The dissimilarity in NOx attentiveness within brake powers for D10, D20, D30, D40, and D50 and base diesel are 50-ppm, 100 ppm, 150 ppm, 250 ppm, 350 ppm, and 500 ppm, respectively. The dissimilarity of CO2 emanation with reverence to break powers for the base-diesel, D10, D20, D30, D40, D50, and D100 are 4.8%, 4.9%, 4.8%, 4.56%, 4.9% and 5.1%, respectively. The present research provides a way for renewable petrol blends to substitute diesel for powering diesel engines in that way dropping the reliance on fossil fuels.

Synthesis and Characterization of Bio-Glycerol from Cameroon Palm Kernel Seed Oil

Bio-glycerol was synthesized from Cameroon palm kernel oil (PKO) through the transesterification procedure. Palm kernel oil extracted from palm kernel seeds using mechanical expression and solvent extraction was purified and characterized by physico-chemical methods and used in the transesterification process to give biodiesel and bio-glycerol. The biodiesel was purified and characterized as reported in previous articles. Our focus in this article is on glycerol, an important by-product of the transesterification process which has potential pharmaceutical, cosmetic and engineering applications. The bio-glycerol was purified by acidification and the purified glycerol was subjected to physical and chemical characterization. The specific gravity of glycerol was obtained as 1.2 kg/L, viscosity at 40&degC gave 1500 cSt and 500 cSt at 100&degC; pH was 7.4; the flash point was 160&degC, and the ASTM color was 2.0 before purification and zero after purification. The sulfur content was 0.016%w/v. This sulfur content is low thus posing no environment threat. The chemical composition of the synthesized bio-glycerol determined using IR spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) confirmed the known chemical structure of glycerol. The purification and analysis of bio-glycerol is important as it can find applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries inter alia.

Expedient approach for trans-esterification of β-keto esters under solvent free conditions using silica supported boric acid (SiO2-H3BO3) as a recyclable catalyst.

A highly efficient trans-esterification of β-keto methyl/ethyl esters with primary, secondary, allylic, benzylic and chiral alcohols has been carried out in excellent yields under solvent-free conditions using silica supported boric acid as a heterogeneous catalyst. The surface morphology of the silica-boric acid catalyst (fresh and recycled) has been characterized by SEM and EDX techniques. This sustainable protocol resulted in a remarkable enhancement in the synthetic efficiency (87–95% yield) with high purity and eliminating the use of an environmentally toxic solvent. The work up procedure is very simple and the catalyst has been successfully recovered and recycled. The present methodology is also applicable for trans-esterification with chiral alcohols on a multi-gram scale without compromising the yield. Noteworthy features of this protocol are simple operational procedure, minimizing production of chemical waste, mild reaction conditions, easy preparation of the catalyst and its recyclability up to five cycles without any appreciable loss of catalytic activity.

The influence of injection timings on performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of compression ignition engine fueled with milk scum oil biodiesel

ABSTRACT The present study involves the investigation of the suitability of methyl esters of milk scum oil (MESO) as a substitute fuel for a compression ignition (CI) engine. The MESO was synthesized by transesterification procedure and the engine characteristics (performance, emission, and combustion) are studied at retard, standard, and advanced injection timings (IT) conditions with 20 (v/v%) biodiesel blend. The study revealed an improvement in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) for MESO fuel blend with an injection time of 21º bTDC (before top dead center) in comparison with fossil diesel. The emission characteristics such as HC, CO, and NOx were also showed improvement at 21º bTDC and were almost in line with the emissions of fossil diesel. This study infers that implementing the IT of 21º bTDC induces significant enhancement in the performance and emission characteristics of the CI engine when fueled with 20 (v/v %) of MESO.

WITHDRAWN: Augmentation of performance and Emission distinctiveness of heavy duty constant pressure combustion engine supplemented through n-butanol-mustard oil-diesel composition

Abstract With the effect of diminution of gasoline yields as well as deadly secretions from the tail pipe of Compression Ignition engines it has become a essential to purse for the substitute for gasoline yields for extended usage. Presently, investigators as well as specialists have come to the decision that biodiesel mixed to the advanced alcohols can be a suitable auxiliary for present condition. Previous surveys have represented that bio diesel as well as advanced alcohol will support for developing the performance as well as disparaging destructive dissipate gases in C.I engine. Present exploration is based on the mixtures of Diesel, Mustard oil and Butanol which are arranged to verify the consequences of mixture towards the performance and Emission features for a C.I engine. In this study, biofuel has been made through solitary phase alkaline transesterification procedure and mixtures of Diesel-Mustard oil and Diesel-Mustard oil-Butanol has been indicated as D90-M10, D80-M20, D80-M10-nB10 and D60-M20-nB20. After this process, the mixtures are examined in a single cylinder, heavy duty C.I engine having graded power yield of 3.93 kW and the output has been compared with pure Diesel. Investigational explorations establishes that mixtures of Mustard oil as well as Butanol can be utilized as a fuel for a heavy duty C.I engine without any modification to the engine.

Extraction of lipids and production of biodiesel from secondary tannery sludge by in situ transesterification

The aim of present study is to investigate the effect of different solvent on lipids extraction efficiency and biodiesel production under optimized process parameters from tannery sludge. Results have revealed that standard chloroform-methanol method has a higher lipid yield of 22.8% (w/v), corresponding to 98.5% (w/v) of lipid extraction efficiency at optimal conditions. The optimized conditions for in-situ transesterification procedure were: catalyst concentration of 3% (v/v), sludge solid to methanol ratio of 1: 25 (w/v), reaction temperature of 60 °C, and time of 12 h, achieving 89.7% yield of biodiesel. Further, the FAME profile of biodiesel analyzed by FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR, and GC–MS showed the purity of higher than 97.12%. The physicochemical properties of 5% blended biodiesel were found to be within the ASTM standards. This work concluded the production of biodiesel from sludge could be techno-economically viable due to extremely high lipids yield and low-cost of this feedstock.

Maximization of biodiesel production from sunflower and soybean oils and prediction of diesel engine performance and emission characteristics through response surface methodology

Production of methyl ester from sunflower and soybean oil mixture is performed throughout a catalyzed transesterification procedure. The significance of the four reaction parameters such as methanol to oil ratio, catalyst concentration, mixing speed, and reaction time and their combined effect on biodiesel yield is investigated through twenty-nine of the pre-designed and performed experiments. Box-Behnken design (BBD) based on response surface methodology (RSM) was applied for process optimization. A quadratic regression model was established for biodiesel yield prediction with a coefficient of determination R2 of 0.9861. An maximum biodiesel yield of 93.38% is accomplished at 203.5:1 ml:l methanol to oil ratio, 0.57 wt% catalyst concentration, 52 min reaction time and 530 rpm mixing. Obtained results show that there is a superior compatibility among the calculated yield of 93.38% and the experimental data of 93.2%. The estimated biodiesel fuel properties met with the American society for testing and materials (ASTM) D6751 standards. Engine operating parameters optimization have been executed using central composite design method (CCD) to achieve an optimum break thermal efficiency of a lone cylinder DI-engine fueled by biodiesel/diesel mixtures. Engine input parameters were considered as engine load and blends percentage for the optimization of engine response represented in break thermal efficiency (BTE), unburned hydrocarbon (UHC), and Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. Examination of inconsistency (analysis of variance) ANOVA indicated that the quadratic representation were statistically important. RSM optimizer results indicated that the best possible values of BTE, UHC, and NOx were 13.656%, 120.7748 ppm, and 234.8926 ppm, respectively, at the maximum value of biodiesel mixture of 70% and break power of 2.05 kW. A validation test was performed and the error percentage is found to be within the range of 5%. The error percentage for BTE, UHC, and NOx was found to be 3.34%, 1.35%, and 2.31%, respectively.

Influence of Metal Oxide Additives on Cotton Seed Biodiesel Fueled in CI Diesel Engine

Biodiesel is a standout amongst the most encouraging sustainable, elective and ecologically well disposed bio fuels that can be utilized in diesel engine without any modification. The exploratory work has been led on a four-chamber, four - stroke, direct infusion (DI) diesel motor. In this examination, biodiesel (Produced from cotton seed oil by transesterification procedure) and typical diesel have been utilized as a reference fuel. In this examination, two diverse nanoparticle fuel added substances in particularMgO2 and CeO2 were added to biodiesel at the option measurement of 250 and 500ppm. An experimental analysis of performance and emission for present of metal oxide nano-particles with cotton seed biodiesel used as a fuel in CI diesel engine and also optimized the quantity of dosing metal oxide can be effective for better performance. In this investigation could be done with present and absent of metal oxide additives are likewise displayed. The present of MgO2 nano-particles has been increased the flash point and viscosity of the biodiesel. It was clearly noticed that the Expansion ofMgO2 nanoparicles resulted lower HC and NOx outflows.

Biodiesel Production Using Bauxite in Low-Cost Solid Base Catalyst Precursors

Investigation was conducted on bauxite mixed with Li2CO3 as alkali metal catalysts for biodiesel production. Bauxite contains a high percentage of Si and Al compounds among products. Because of the high expense of commercial materials (SiO2, Al2O3) that makes them not economical, the method was very recently improved by replacing commercial materials with Si and Al from bauxite. This is one of the easiest methods for preparing heterogeneous transesterification catalysts, through one-pot blending, grinding bauxite with Li2CO3, and heating at 800 °C for 4 h. The prepared solid-base alkali metal catalyst was characterized in terms of its physical and chemical properties using X-ray powder diffraction and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The optimal conditions for the transesterification procedure are to mix methanol oil by molar ratio 9:1, under 65 °C, with catalyst amount 3 wt.%. The procedure is suitable for transesterifying oil to fatty acid methyl ester in the 96% range.

Evaluation of the oxidation stability of jatropha biodiesel/diesel blends

One of the major technical issues facing biodiesel is its susceptibility to oxidation which is due to its content of unsaturated fatty acid chains, especially those with bis–allylic methylene moieties. In addition to the presence of air, various other factors influence the oxidation process of biodiesel including presence of light, elevated temperature, as well as extraneous materials such as metals which may be even present in the container material. The overall goal of this work is to evaluate the oxidation stability of Jatropha biodiesel/diesel blends. To achieve this goal, an acid–catalyzed pretreatment followed by a standard transesterification procedure with methanol and potassium methoxide catalyst was untaken to produce Jatropha methyl ester (JME) from Jatropha curcas L. oil (JO) with high acid value of 16.25 mg KOH/g. Analysis of the physicochemical properties has shown JME demonstrated potential as a good candidate for feedstock in biodiesel production because the studied physicochemical properties of JME adequately satisfied the relevant standards for biodiesel quality, with the exception of the kinematic viscosity at 40oC. Also, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analytical result showed that fatty acid composition of JO was quite similar to that of conventional oils. Especially, the evaluation of oxidation stability of Jatropha biodiesel/diesel blends was accomplished with respect to the change in the quality after oxidation by bubbling oxygen at elevated temperature as well as oxidation of blend fuels in contact with copper plate. The results demonstrated a strong correlation between biodiesel concentration and blend stability; i.e., the increase in biodiesel concentration results in the lower stability in both cases of the copper strip corrosion test and the accelerated oxidation.

Evaluation of in-situ fatty acid extraction protocols for the analysis of staphylococcal cell membrane associated fatty acids by gas chromatography

The composition and integrity of the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane is critical to the survival of staphylococci in dynamic environments and it is important to investigate how the cell membrane responds to changes in the environmental conditions. The staphylococcal membrane differs from eukaryotic and many other bacterial cell membranes by having a high abundance of branch fatty acids and relatively few unsaturated fatty acids. The range of available methods for extraction and efficient analyses of staphylococcal fatty acids was initially appraised to identify the best potential procedures for appraisal. Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus Rosenbach (ATCC® 29213) was grown under optimal conditions to generate a cell biomass to compare the efficiencies of three approaches to extract and prepare methyl esters of the membrane fatty acids: (1) acidic direct transesterification of lipids, (2) modified basic direct transesterification of membrane lipids with adjusted reaction times and temperatures, and (3) base catalysed hydrolysis followed by acid catalysed esterification in two separate chemical reactions (MIDI process). All methods were able to extract fatty acids from the cell mass effectively where these lipids represented approximately 5% of the cellular dry mass. The acidic transesterification method had the least number of steps, the lowest coefficient of variation at 6.7% and good resistance to tolerating water. Basic transesterification was the least accurate method showing the highest coefficient of variation (26%). The MIDI method showed good recoveries, but had twice the number of steps and a coefficient of variation of 16%. It was also found that there was no need to use an anti-oxidant such as BHT for the protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids when the GC–MS injection liner was clean. It was concluded that the acidic transesterification procedures formed the most efficient and reproducible method for the analyses of staphylococcal membrane fatty acids.

Production of biodiesel from unused algal biomass in Punjab, India

Biodiesel from inedible sources has become prominent in last few decades. But it is economically incompatible with petroleum diesel. At the same time, both petro-diesel and biodiesels are concerned with environmental pollution, global warming, etc. Algae, on the other hand, utilize CO2 for their growth and can minimize some sort of pollution level and results in carbon credit for a country. In Punjab, India, algae are seen to grow in many water bodies. But all those are taken away and dumped in vats. Some of this huge biomass was used for production of biodiesel in this work. Extraction of oil from algae was conducted by using Soxtherm (solvent extraction). An amount of 9 wt% of algal oil was extracted by comparatively costly hexane, whereas 8% extraction was done by cheaper acetone. In the transesterification reaction, molar ratio (methanol: oil) of 6:1, catalyst (KOH) concentration of 3 wt%, reaction temperature of 60 °C, 60 min reaction time and a settling time of 2.5 h were found to be optimum conditions to get maximum ester with minimum free fatty acid content and viscosity. A statistical analysis for the transesterification procedure also showed a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 6:1 and catalyst concentration of 3 wt% to be the optimum. Characterization of biodiesel was done and compared with ASTM/BIS standards. Most important properties of biodiesel ester like viscosity (3.12 cSt or 3.12 mm2/s), cloud and pour point (−1 and −6 °C, respectively), flash and fire point (153 and 158 °C), carbon residue content (0.03%), acid number (0.36 mg of KOH/gm) were within the range of concerned standards.

Exhaust Emission Reduction from Compression Ignition Engine by Using Palm Biodiesel Blended with Nano Zinc Oxide Additive

Biofuel modifications play a major role in a substitution for fossil fuel to be used in diesel engines and reducing exhaust emission. The most amounts of crude palm oil produced from Asian region can be an alternative fuel, sustainably. By the modifying crude palm oil into pure palm oil biodiesel (POB100), alkali trans-esterification procedure was operated. In the present, the high-quality POB products have been investigated considerably for alternative fuel in 4-cylinders high-speed diesel engine. The aim of this paper is to study in the improvement of POB quality by repeated-distillation and blending POB with nanoZnO additive. The high-speed engine combustion from consuming blended POB fuel were investigated the influences of exhaust emission under speed engine operation of 2,000 rpm and 3,000 rpm. The experimental results were shown that the POB fuel yielded at 84.54% from using 400 g. of raw materials. Both of redistilled POB and POB blended with nanoZnO additive showed the improvement of physical properties including viscosity, specific gravity and cetane number values being under ASTM standard values for high-speed engine. In addition, the results of exhaust emission from the engine showed the effective decrease of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) around 13% due to using redistilled POB and POB blended nanoZnO additive compared with diesel fuel. Unburned hydrocarbon (HC) and nitric oxide (NOx) emissions of the diesel fuel condition. Therefore, this study suggests that nanoZnO blending POB in the small fraction about 0.005 wt% is able to provide the high potentiality for as a clean and alternative fuel.