Transactive Energy Systems Research Articles

A Two-Tier Distributed Market Clearing Scheme for Peer-to-Peer Energy Sharing in Smart Grid

This article presents a novel two-tier peer-to-peer (P2P) market paradigm for energy sharing between multiregional proactive prosumers (producer+consumer) in transactive energy systems. In the proposed approach, interactions between prosumers can be achieved in inter-area markets as well as intra-area markets. A dual decomposition based and a consensus-based distributed market-clearing approaches are designed for the proposed double-layered hierarchical intra- and inter-area markets. The proposed approach preserves prosumers’ privacy by sharing only partial information with the fellow prosumers while settling the trade. Compared to the conventional P2P approaches, the proposed two-tier market-clearing scheme allows more prosumer participation in energy trading and significantly enhances their economic benefits in certain situations. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated through software simulations.

On anomaly detection for transactive energy systems with competitive market

In this paper, two approaches are proposed for transactive energy systems with competitive market in order to detect anomalies that occur in the process of information exchange during market interactions. The first approach fully exploits the property of monotonicity associated with the supply or demand curves of rational market participants. It only relies on the data that are normally exchanged through market interaction and does not require any extra information. Therefore, it can be easily adopted by existing system implementation. When the gradients of the supply (or demand) curves have positive lower (or negative upper) bounds, a second approach can be further developed for more accurate anomaly detection if the knowledge of these bounds become available. For both approaches, the impacts of power flow constraints are also taken into account. The detailed simulation studies illustrate the performance and effectiveness of the proposed approaches in detecting anomalies caused by cyberattacks.

A Real-World Test Distribution System With Appliance-Level Load Data for Demand Response and Transactive Energy Studies

Research on demand response and transactive energy systems often require granular, appliance-level demand data. However, there is no existing test system with such appliance-level data with proper temporospatial diversity in a realistic distribution system. This paper develops a 240-node real distribution test system with appliance-level demand data for responsive loads. The residential appliance-level demand data are derived from smart meters connected to 1,120 homes in a real distribution system from Iowa State, hereafter called Midwest 240-Node test distribution system. A queueing load model was used to derive the appliance-level data from the smart meter data. The Midwest 240-Node test distribution system provides granular appliance-level information for all homes in the distribution system (i.e., individual appliances that constitute the home load), and the aggregate of all customer load emulates the actual smart meter data. The performance of the Midwest 240-Node test distribution system is evaluated by comparing the aggregated appliance-level demand with the actual measured smart meter data from the utility. The one-year appliance data has a mean absolute percentage error of 2.58% compared to the measured smart meter data. The test system is modeled in OpenDSS and GridLAB-D and is openly available to researchers to enable demand response and transactive energy studies with active end-users.

Transactive Energy: State-of-the-Art in Control Strategies, Architectures, and Simulators

The concept of transactive energy (TE) in smart grid systems is gaining increased research attention for its potential to optimize distributed energy resources, improve system reliability, as well as provide a balanced ecosystem for fair economic transaction between prosumers. TE is defined by the GridWise Architecture Council as a system of economic and control mechanisms that allows the dynamic balance of supply and demand across the entire electrical infrastructure using value as a key operational parameter. With control mechanisms being a key part of TE systems, in this article, we discuss the state-of-the-art in TE control strategies, architectures, and relevant simulators for designing, evaluating, and analysing TE systems. Most importantly, existing TE control strategies are examined and discussed via a hierarchical structure comprising four different levels wherein TE control strategies/controllers can be deployed. Architecture-wise, we highlight the different types of TE architectures including the centralized, decentralized, distributed, and hierarchical architecture. In terms of existing and potential simulators for designing and evaluating TE models, we discuss and compare notable software across different characteristics of interest. We conclude this article by highlighting the basic components of a typical TE controller and other future research directions spanning across security concerns, privacy issues, communication challenges, simulation and validation demands. As a main contribution, different from existing survey articles, this article presents a synthesis of existing works regarding TE control strategies, architectures, and TE-based simulators for the benefit of the budding researcher whose interest may lie in the study of TE systems.

Blockchain-based peer-to-peer transactive energy system for community microgrid with demand response management

Blockchain-based peer-to-peer transactive energy system for community microgrid with demand response management

Designing a Transactive Energy System for Future Distribution Networks with Prosumers

Designing a Transactive Energy System for Future Distribution Networks with Prosumers

The Role of Blockchains in Multi-Stakeholder Transactive Energy Systems

Power grids are undergoing major changes due to rapid growth in renewable energy and improvements in battery technology. Prompted by the increasing complexity of power systems, decentralized solutions are emerging that arrange local communities into transactive microgrids. This paper addresses the problem of implementing transactive energy mechanisms in a distributed setting, providing both privacy and safety. Specifically, we design and implement an automated auction and matching system that ensures safety (e.g., satisfaction of line capacity constraints), preserves privacy, and promotes local trade and market efficiency for transactive energy systems. This design problem is challenging because safety, market efficiency, and privacy are competing objectives. We implement our solution as a decentralized trading platform built on blockchain technology and smart contracts. To demonstrate the viability of our platform, we analyze the results of experiments with dozens of embedded devices and energy production and consumption profiles using an actual dataset from the transactive energy domain.

Transaction-Tracing Based Loss Allocation in Distribution Networks Under TE System

With distributed energy resources momentum undoubtedly underway at the distribution level, there is a call for new flexible coordination mechanisms that permit the prosumers to engage in the local transactions. The transactive energy system is posited to afford such energy marketplace in the retail zone that facilitates the energy transactions between local entities through peer-to-peer contracts. Under such agreement, prosumer can sell its excess power to consumers by participating in energy trading. However, significant losses will incur in the distribution network due to energy transport between the buyers and sellers. This calls for an efficient and fair loss allocation framework. Moreover, the adopted allocation mechanism must consider the unbalanced nature of power flow allied to the distribution system for effective recovery. With this view, this article presents a transaction-tracing based loss allocation scheme for assigning the network losses incurred due to the transactions occurring between peers in a dynamic environment. The transaction paths of a 3Phase-4Wire system are derived using a graph-based method. The analysis is executed on a 33-bus distribution network and the results are compared with the branch current decomposition method to confirm the impartiality of the proposed approach. The result shows that the devised method performs well under different loadings and allocates the losses fairly between the network participants during all transactions.

Transactive energy markets for managing energy exchanges in power distribution systems

Transactive energy (TE) is considered a promising solution towards addressing the challenges with modern grid management. In this paper, we introduce TE systems and their benefits towards the optimization of grid functionality. We also discuss various some existing TE control techniques and frameworks under development. We conclude by examining a specific TE system architecture for power exchange in power distribution systems.

Blockchain-Empowered Socially Optimal Transactive Energy System: Framework and Implementation

Transactive energy plays a key role in the operation and energy management of future power systems. However, the conventional operational mechanism, which follows a centralized design, is often less secure, vulnerable to malicious behaviors, and suffers from privacy leakage. In this article, we introduce blockchain technology in transactive energy to address these challenges. Specifically, we develop a novel blockchain-based transactive energy framework for prosumers and design a decentralized energy trading algorithm that matches the operation of the underlying blockchain system. We prove that the trading algorithm improves the individual benefit and guarantees the socially optimal performance, and thus, incentivizes prosumers to join the transactive energy platform. Moreover, we evaluate the feasibility of the transactive energy platform throughout the implementation of a small-scale network of Internet of Things devices and extensive simulations using real-world data. Our results show that this blockchain-based transactive energy platform is feasible in practice, and the decentralized trading algorithm reduces the user's individual cost by up to 77% and lowers the overall cost by 24%.

The challenges of implementing transactive energy: A comparative analysis of experimental projects

This study examines the results of field experiments of transactive energy systems (TESs) in order to identify challenges that occur with the integration of TESs with existing software, hardware, appliances, and customer practices. Three types of challenges, and potential responses and solutions, are identified for the implementation phase of TESs: systematic risk to existing building functions, lack of readiness of users and connected systems, and lack of competitiveness with existing demand-management systems and products.

Transactive Energy Market Mechanism With Loss Implication

Electric distribution network is undergoing fundamental transition from conventional top-down structure to an environment where local prosumers, as transactive agents, are able to form peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trades among themselves. One of the challenges in such networks is allocating the incurred losses to the peers of the transactive market through a transparent and fair framework. In this article, it is demonstrated that the existing methods of loss allocation may cause a cross-subsidization problem when it comes to transactive energy systems, and a solution is offered to the problem. Furthermore, a novel transactive market mechanism is proposed which deploys the loss allocated to each transaction as a criterion to match the peers of the market for energy trading. It will be shown that the presented mechanism will help in diminishing the cross-subsidization problem. More importantly, our method will encourage the agents of the transactive market to trade energy with others located at a shorter distance, rather than farther ones in the network. This is indeed a salient goal of the smart grid concept and will give rise to prominent technical and administrative benefits regarding the transactive energy market and its players.

Blockchains for Transactive Energy Systems: Opportunities, Challenges, and Approaches

The emergence of blockchains and smart contracts has renewed interest in electrical cyberphysical systems, especially transactive energy systems. To address the associated challenges, we present TRANSAX, a blockchain-based transactive energy system that provides an efficient, safe, and privacy-preserving market built on smart contracts.

Preface

The Virtual Conference on Recent trends on Renewable Energy, Smart Grid, and Electric Vehicle Charging is a platform for researchers, academics as well as professionals from all over the world to present, discuss and promote advances in knowledge, research, and practice in the field of Smartgrid, Renewable Energy Integration, Energy Storage System, Power Quality in Smart Grid, Transactive Energy Systems. RESGEVT-20 offered fantastic opportunity to all the global researchers to share their view through digital platform without any restrictions due to COVID-19.RESGEVT-20 focuses on renewable energy, smart grid, and electric vehicle charging technology. Renewable energy, and smart grid technology has a way for a solution for better generation of electric power and an efficient way for transmission and distribution of this power. Due to its versatility it can be more easily installed and required less space as compared to traditional grids. Concept of Smart Grid design is aimed for grid observability, create controllability of assets, enhance performance and security of power system and specially the economic aspects of operations, maintenance and planning. That’s why it is also consider that smart grid technology can be used to micro-grid level which eventually connect to all other micro-grids to form a large network of Smart Grid. These smart grids have a huge potential and could be a solution of reliability of power transmission and distribution in developing countries which lack infrastructure. In US only 20% of the all carbon dioxide is been emitted by transportation while generation of electricity has 40% of the carbon dioxide emitting share in it. This is due to the high demand rise of electricity. Smart Grids are been considering as a key role to address this problem by distributing electric power in an efficient way and ultimately reduce greenhouse gasses and pollutants like NOx and Sox.The virtual conference RESGEVT 20 was organized by Centre for Smart grid Technologies, School of Electrical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India. In Association with CEMR-RUDN University, Russia; Victoria University, Australia; Aalborg University, Denmark; and Prince Sultan University, Riyadh. Editorial Board Dr. K. Palanisamy, School of Electrical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. Dr. R. Sitharthan, School of Electrical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. Dr. Umashankar Subramaniam, Renewable Energy Lab, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen, Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Esbjerg, Esbjerg Energy Section, Denmark. Dr. Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Esbjerg, Esbjerg Energy Section, Denmark. Dr. Prof. Akhtar Kalam, Head of External Engagement, Leader-Smart Energy Research Unit, College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, Australia. Dr. Konstantin Gomonov, Department of economic and mathematical modelling, RUDN University, Russia.

Potential impacts of blockchain based equity crowdfunding on the economic feasibility of offshore wind energy investments

This paper explores the potential to reduce the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of offshore wind technology through the use of digitalized financial innovations made possible by Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT). Specifically, this paper proposed a novel application of DLT to crowdsource project finance for clean energy projects. An introduction to DLT technology and some of its potential applications is provided first. Next, the potential to move from a more centralized, top-down energy system to a more decentralized, two-way transactive energy system enabled by DLT is discussed. Within this new energy system framework, the idea of crowd-sourced equity funding of the capital cost of renewable energy is introduced. The impact of crowdfunded equity on the LCOE is then explored via the creation of a theoretical offshore wind installation off the coast of New Jersey. An existing offshore wind capital cost model is modified for use in the U.S., and an existing wind annual energy production model is utilized to provide inputs into a LCOE model. Finally, the potential impacts that DLT based crowdfunded equity may have on cost of debt, debt tenor, and debt-to-equity ratio are also input into the LCOE model in order to examine the range of potential impacts it may have on offshore wind LCOE.

A Customer-Centric Approach to Bid-Based Transactive Energy System Design

This study demonstrates how bid-based transactive energy system designs can be formulated from a customer-centric vantage point to encourage voluntary customer participation. Supportive evidence is provided for distribution systems populated by households with smart electric heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems. The optimal form of a household’s bid function is first derived from dynamic programming principles, based solely on the household’s general thermal dynamic and welfare attributes. The quantitative form of this optimal bid function is then explicitly derived, given quantitative forms for these attributes. A method is also developed for the systematic construction of household types based on these attributes. Bid comparison, peak load reduction, and target load matching test cases conducted for a 123-bus distribution system illustrate the usefulness of these methods for ensuring bid-based transactive energy system designs are able to align system goals and constraints with local customer goals and constraints.

Transactive Energy Systems: The Market-Based Coordination of Distributed Energy Resources

Due to pressing environmental concerns, there is a global consensus to commit to a sustainable energy future. Germany has embraced Energiewende, a bold sustainable energy policy of no operational nuclear plants by 2022. California has set an ambitious goal that mandates 50% renewable penetration by 2025, 60% by 2030, and 100% by 2045 [1]. The vast integration of renewable energy into the power grid imposes daunting challenges on the conventional supply-side control paradigm. First, renewable energy is intermittent and uncertain. Integrating renewable energy will reduce the system inertia, inject undesirable variability, and substantially increase the need for system reserves. These reserves are typically provided by conventional generators. However, conventional generators have limited capacity and ramping rate, and they produce carbon emissions that defeat the carbon benefit of renewable integration. On the other hand, the increasing penetration of renewable energy also squeezes the response time needed to balance the power grid. That is, the time required to make critical operating decisions is decreasing from minutes to seconds and, in some cases, even subseconds due to the increasing variability of supply and demand. The shorter response time for decision making places significant challenges on the conventional power grid, which requires human interaction.

A novel energy-reliability market framework for participation of microgrids in transactive energy system

This paper proposes a novel framework for a distribution level transactive energy system in order to facilitate energy transaction among microgrids while improving efficiency and reliability of distribution system. The proposed market mechanism simultaneously considers competition among participants, distribution network reliability and operation conditions. To improve the reliability of supply, a reputation system is proposed, which ranks energy suppliers according to a reputation index based on their long term energy transaction history. A demand-oriented approach is utilized for extracting local energy prices. The local energy pricing scheme is based on combination of reputation scores, loss reduction indices and demand-side offering prices. A secondary market is proposed to use the capacity of energy suppliers for reliability support service in distribution network. The local pricing scheme for the reliability market is based on outage scenarios and customer interruption penalties. It is shown that the proposed model enforces energy suppliers to honor their generation commitments and prevents them from greedy behavior in the market. The energy market mechanism improves the reliability of supply and intensifies competition among participants. This mechanism directly reduces active power losses in distribution network and indirectly improves nodal voltage and branch loading profile. Moreover, utilizing the capacity of microgrids in improving the reliability of network, postpones network reinforcement investments needed for keeping the service continuity indices in acceptable range.

Blockchain based transactive energy systems for voltage regulation in active distribution networks

Transactive energy systems (TES) are modern mechanisms in electric power systems that allow disparate control agents to utilise distributed generation units to engage in energy transactions and provide ancillary services to the grid. Although voltage regulation is a crucial ancillary grid service within active distribution networks (ADNs), previous work has not adequately explored how this service can be offered in terms of its incentivisation, contract auditability, and enforcement. Blockchain technology shows promise in being a key enabler of TES, allowing agents to engage in trustless, persistent transactions that are both enforceable and auditable. To that end, this study proposes a blockchain based TES that enables agents to receive incentives for providing voltage regulation services by (i) maintaining an auditable reputation rating for each agent that is increased proportionately with each mitigation of a voltage violation, (ii) utilising smart contracts to enforce the validity of each transaction and penalise reputation ratings in case of a mitigation failure, and (iii) automating the negotiation and bidding of agent services by implementing the contract net protocol as a smart contract. Experimental results on both simulated and real-world ADNs are executed to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed system.

Islanded DC Microgrid Architecture with Dual Active Bridge Converter‐Based Power Management Units and Time Slot‐Based Control Interface

AbstractThis article presents an efficient design architecture of an islanded and scalable DC microgrid comprising several power management units (PMUs) and a time slot‐based control interface. There are two primary sections in this manuscript—performance analysis of a microgrid design with phase shift modulation (PSM)‐controlled dual active bridge (DAB) converter‐based PMUs to charge Li‐ion battery energy systems and design of a time slot‐based control scheme to regulate the operation of PMUs for future applications. The batteries can act as the power sources in home energy management systems, transactive energy systems and so on. The PMUs are connected in parallel to a capacitive bus, which is supplied power by a photovoltaic (PV) energy source. There is a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control block, which is constituted by a perturb and observe (P & O) algorithm and boost converter average model. For performance evaluations, the DAB‐based microgrid design is developed and tested in MATLAB/Simulink [textregistered]. In the second section, the control interface design is illustrated and explained with the constituent algorithms. © 2020 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.