Transactional Approach Research Articles

Perception of social entrepreneurship competence in university business students

The ability to transform social and environmental problems into strategic actions to face the challenges of a changing environment in a creative and innovative way drives the need to train social entrepreneurs who anticipate new scenarios. Society needs social entrepreneurs who create business opportunities by bringing resources to impoverished places and using technology to generate social inclusion for people with disabilities; These ventures apply innovation to improve people's standard of living. The objective of this research was to determine the level of perception of the social entrepreneurship competence in business students of a private university in Lima, capital of Peru. The methodology used was quantitative, with a transactional approach, the sample was random considering 185 business students, the data collected was analyzed using the statistical program SPSS. The results show that 94.1% have a high level of perception of competence in social entrepreneurship; in social and personal traits they present 91.4% and 96.2% respectively; however, a lower level in innovative traits with 76.2%. The investigation concluded in the determination of a high level of competence in social entrepreneurship, however, the innovative traits must be reinforced and for this the innovation component can be included in the courses, to generate viable products and services that contribute to the creation of sustainable organizations improving their value proposition, competitiveness and economic growth. Likewise, it is advisable to reinforce personal and social traits in the training of professionals to face an environment of high uncertainty. This work will contribute to other scientific research to compare the level of competence in social entrepreneurship in other national and international contexts.

Ripeness obscured: inductive lessons from Türkiye’s (transactional) mediation in the Russia–Ukraine war

PurposeConventional wisdom tells us that mediation without ripeness is a fool’s errand (Zartman and Touval, 1985). What, then, is Türkiye’s motivation for mediating the war in Ukraine in lieu of ripeness – and what can its behavior as a mediator tell us about that motivation? In pursuit of this question, this paper inductively analyzes Turkish mediation in the Ukraine war to unpack the relationship between a contextual (ripeness) and actor-level (motivation) variable. Of particular interest is the decision-making and behavior of third parties (like Türkiye in Ukraine) who elect to mediate highly complex conflicts in which ripeness is indiscernible. The purpose of this research is not to propose or test a causal relationship between obscured ripeness and mediation, but rather to examine mediation behavior in situations where ripeness is obscured.Design/methodology/approachThe impact of weaponized information on ripeness and third-party mediation is evaluated through an original, systematic and inductive case study analysis of Turkish mediation in the Russia–Ukraine war. As an intense theater of operations for information warfare for well over a decade, the war in Ukraine serves as an especially apt choice for an analysis of “obscured ripeness.” Likewise, Türkiye’s anomalous position as the only substantive source of mediation in the conflict lends significance to an empirical examination of its motivation and behavior as a mediator.FindingsThis research reveals that the pervasive use of weaponized information in the Russia–Ukraine war has distorted and disordered the information environment, thereby obscuring the ability of third parties to determine if the conflict is or could be ripe for mediation. However, the condition of obscured ripeness that prevails in the conflict has not proven a deterrent for mediation by Türkiye, which, as the only mediator in the conflict, has used a transactional approach to mediation motivated by self-regarding interests and animated by a manipulative mediation strategy. In sum, this inductive analysis of Turkish mediation in Ukraine reveals that the use of weaponized information in a conflict indirectly selects on transactional mediation (and mediators). The significance of this finding is magnified by the widespread use of weaponized information in contemporary conflicts as well as the declining frequency of third-party mediation.Originality/valueThere have been few, if any, systematic assessments in Turkish mediation of the Russia–Ukraine war, and none specifically concerned with the effects of weaponized information. Additionally, the paper proposes a typology of mediator motivation that is used to structure that assessment, while also introducing a new concept (“obscured ripeness”) and linking that concept both to the existing literature on ripeness and to the use of weaponized information in contemporary armed conflicts. As such, this manuscript represents an important contribution both to the empirical and theoretical landscape with respect to the study of mediation and international conflict management.

On Habit and Organizing: A Transactional Perspective Relating Firms, Consumers, and Social Institutions

Habits and routines are foundational to several organizational theories. Considering organizational members to be predominately employees, established habit-based models recognize how these members’ habits help build organizations and are shaped by them. Departing from this traditional, internal focus, our paper highlights an important aspect of organizing, which has been relatively overlooked by established habit-based models, namely, how firms engineer consumer habits to their advantage and, by extension, strategically shape the habits of other key resource providers. To better theorize consumer habits and their engineering, and to integrate these phenomena within extant organizational theory, we develop a new habit-based perspective relating firms, consumers, and social institutions. Inspired by Dewey’s transactional approach and drawing on modern habit science, our transactional framework helps illuminate habit engineering, promotes a richer and more integrated view of organizing, and opens new possibilities for habit-based organizational theories. Our paper also offers several implications for firms’ managers, individual consumers, and broader society.

The unified process interaction worldview

ABSTRACT The process interaction worldview (PI) provides a description of a simulation model based on the life cycles of its entities. PI has traditionally been described under two perspectives: active resource and active transaction. While many simulation languages support the active transaction approach, the active resource has generally been adopted by M&S formalisms aimed to support modular models. In this paper we introduce the Unified Process Interaction Worldview (UPI) as a representation enabling the benefits of both active resource and active transaction perspectives. UPI is based on HyFlow, a formalism for representing hybrid systems using the process interaction worldview. To show UPI capabilities, we provide a simplified model of an oven with unbounded capacity. The solution of the ordinary differential equations (ODEs) describing oven and inside items temperatures, is computed by exponential time differentiating (ETD) integrators that are also represented in the HyFlow formalism.

The Allure of Transactional Intimacy in Sugar Dating

The proliferation of “sugar dating” websites, facilitating transactional relationships between a “sugar baby” and a “sugar daddy,” raises new questions about the reconfigured relationship between intimacy and economy in the contemporary Global North. By encouraging people to approach sex and intimacy through a logic of exchange, sugar dating has been claimed to represent the culmination of a broader trend towards a ”marketization” of intimacy. Based on semi-structured interviews, this article analyzes Swedish “sugar babies”’ investment in a transactional approach to intimate interactions with men, focusing on the emotional rewards that they associate with the transactional setup of sugar dating. While the participants’ transactional approach to intimacy is bolstered by the cultural dispersal of a neoliberal rationality into ever more domains of life, I argue that its deeper roots need to be sought in the precarious conditions of contemporary intimacy. Drawing in particular on the work of Eva Illouz, I claim that the women’s embracement of a transactional approach to heterosexual sex and intimacy may be read as a defensive tactic of seeking to gain control over the flows of intimate interaction in light of the (gendered) insecurities and vulnerabilities of the contemporary market of intimacy.

Agency in action: Towards a transactional approach for analyzing agency in sustainability transitions

This article formulates a conceptual and analytical contribution to investigations of agency in transitions. Transition studies often assume, rather than assess, structure-agency dynamics through conceptions of a ‘nested hierarchy’ between, or a ‘structuration continuum’ within, niches and regimes. Neo-institutionalist and practice theoretical approaches have provided tools for more precise investigations of this interplay, like institutional logics, institutional work, and the de-and re-routinization of habits. Yet, both also struggle to adequately reveal how structures enable or constrain action and how actors build structures. We introduce transactional pragmatism, with its focus on how actors and their context are in constant functional coordination, to further develop the concept of habits as a central mechanism through which the process of de- and re-routinization takes shape in action. We draw on Practical Epistemology Analysis and the concept of privileging to suggest analytical concepts and questions for facilitating future research on the topic.

DEVELOPMENT OF CLUSTER PARTNERSHIP SYSTEMS AS AN OBJECT OF STATE REGULATION

The article provides a thorough analysis of evolutionary research on the development of cluster formations and their global connections as an object of state administration. In the course of the study, the growing interconnection of cluster partnership systems is reflected, where resources and competences are combined, access to target markets and know-how becomes open, information and experience are exchanged between clusters, network systems are created using special technology, it becomes possible to use sources of knowledge with of the whole world and the development of a new field of knowledge. The existing approaches of scientists in terms of interregional and intercluster partnership are emphasized, it is highlighted that a significant number of authors describe systems of interaction in partnership, but do not explain the purpose of this process. However, eliminating the fact that researchers do not have a single opinion about the quintessence of cluster partnership systems both at the level of regions, industries, and clusters, it is justified that the researched ideas of scientists can be used in the development of the author's interpretation of the category of "cluster partnership systems". It is emphasized that all the considered approaches are complementary to the studied category. Each approach brings its own understanding of this concept. Accordingly, the author emphasized that the consideration of cluster partnership systems from the standpoint of only one approach does not give a complete idea of their essence and, when developing state programs for the development of cluster partnership systems, it is necessary to use these scientific concepts in various combinations, which will allow to objectively evaluate the activities of all economic partnership entities that provide innovative development of the national economy and will create a synergistic effect of the interaction of participants from the standpoint of strategic and transactional approaches.

(Not) Paying for Diversity: Repugnant Market Concerns Associated with Transactional Approaches to Diversity Recruitment

In a 20-month ethnographic study, I examine how a technology firm, ShopCo (a pseudonym), considered 13 different recruitment platforms to attract racial minority engineering candidates. I find that when choosing whether to adopt recruitment platforms focused on racial minority candidates (targeted recruitment platforms) but not when choosing whether to adopt recruitment platforms on which the modal candidate was White (traditional recruitment platforms), ShopCo managers expressed distaste for what they perceived to be the objectification, exploitation, and race-based targeting of racial minorities. These managers’ repugnant market concerns influenced which types of platforms ShopCo adopted. To recruit racial minorities, ShopCo eschewed recruitment platforms taking a transactional approach that emphasized speed, quantity, efficiency, opportunity, and compensation, in favor of platforms taking a developmental approach that emphasized individuality, ethics, equity, community, and commitment. I show that ShopCo managers had different relational models for recruiting based on the race of the candidate. By exploring the new mechanism of repugnant market concerns, I aim to increase understanding of employees’ resistance to DEI initiatives, which can create barriers to workplace reforms even when organizations are committed to change.

Advance Care Planning in Brazil

Brazil is a country of continental size marked by extreme social inequalities. Its regulation of Advance Directives (AD) was not enacted by law but within the scope of the norms that govern the relationships between patients and physicians, as a resolution of the Federal Medical Council without any specific requirement for notarization. Despite this innovative starting point, most of the debate regarding Advance Care Planning (ACP) in Brazil has been dominated by a legal transactional approach focused on making decisions in advance and the creation of AD. Yet, other novel ACP models have recently emerged in the country with a focus on the creation of a specific quality of relationship between patients, families, and physicians aiming at the facilitating future decision-making. Most of the education on ACP in Brazil happens in the context of palliative care courses. As such, most ACP conversations are performed within palliative care services or by healthcare professionals with training in that area. Hence, the scarce access to palliative care services in the country means that ACP is still rare and that those conversations usually happen late in the course of disease. The authors posit that the existing paternalistic healthcare culture is one of the most important barriers to ACP in Brazil and envision with great concern the risk that its combination with extreme health inequalities and the lack of healthcare professionals’ education on shared decision-making could lead to the misuse of ACP as a form of coercive practice to reduce healthcare use by vulnerable populations.

Blockchain-based application for NC machining process decision and transaction

In the field of NC process design, a large number of designers or manufacturing enterprises have provided a wealth of crowd intelligence resources. However, the lack of organizational methods for the knowledge contained in a large number of machining process data makes it impossible to effectively utilize the machining process knowledge. At the same time, due to the intellectual property protection of machining process, process knowledge cannot be freely shared among designers and manufacturing enterprises, which makes the process design system limited in knowledge that can be applied and difficult to break through and improve. To counter this problem, a blockchain-based NC machining process decision and transaction approach is proposed. First, the process knowledge repositories in the process design consortium are structurally characterized by the probability graph structure to support the automatic decision-making of process schemes; Then, process design requirements are transmitted to each process design node in the consortium through the blockchain; Then, according to the process design requirements, the process scheme is determined in each node with the process design capability of such parts through depth first search and probability calculation; Finally, the process schemes are fed back to the demander through the blockchain to achieve the purpose of transaction and knowledge protection. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by the test of actual parts.

Gravity from transactions: fulfilling the entropic gravity program

This is a comprehensive review of new developments in entropic gravity in light of the Relativistic Transactional Interpretation (RTI). A transactional approach to spacetime events can give rise in a natural way to entropic gravity (in the way originally proposed by Eric Verlinde) while also overcoming extant objections to that research program. The theory also naturally gives rise to a Cosmological Constant and to Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) and thus provides a physical explanation for the phenomena historically attributed to ‘dark energy’ and ‘dark matter’.

A novel blockchain tumbling scalability framework in a bitcoin network

SummaryBitcoin is a decentralized digital currency system that uses a distributed data structure called blockchain, a log that lists all transaction details accomplished with the currency. The bitcoin network delivers a promising infrastructure for one who makes use of e‐currency in e‐commerce. However, the transaction of bitcoin is highly suffered with some scalability issues that could not be overwhelmed with the prior methodologies. Hence, a novel scalability blockchain tumbling framework is proposed to tackle the scalability issues in which a rake interior blockchain etiquette is designed to increase the number of bitcoin transactions in which peer faction algorithm groups blocks that reduces propagation delay and ravenous algorithm ensure higher credibility of transaction with tamper resistant. However, transaction size of the record is high hence, to manage transaction record a novel batch payment into one transaction approach is utilized to limit the size of the transaction records by initiating a precise block using block summing‐up and chagrin algorithms that collects all trust information about blocks. Thus the proposed framework attains 550 bitcoin transaction within 2 min and latency of proposed model is reduced below 60 s.

Living ‘poor’, learning ‘well’: Dewey’s pragmatic transactional approach for rethinking poverty and education

ABSTRACT Research and Policy on education and poverty tend to assign causality to “external” factors (i.e., family, peers, schooling) which impact young people’s educational outcomes and hence, become the focal point for moderating interventions. We argue that such ideas overlook the social complexity and fluidity of young people’s evolving lives. To better understand and respond to young people’s living and learning through poverty, we present a Deweyan-Pragmatist exploration of the evolving experiencing of a young person living poverty and associated adversity and yet “doing well” through schooling, one that focuses on a transactionally-oriented understanding of the human condition.

Deal-making, diplomacy and transactional forced migration

Abstract Former US President Donald J. Trump was infamous for his nakedly transactional approach to politics. However, as we demonstrate in this article through the lens of migration politics, this kind of unabashedly transactional approach is less an outlier than a common feature of contemporary international politics. Drawing in part upon initial findings from our ongoing Diplomacy of Forced Migration Dataset Project, we explore historical and contemporary cases to illustrate how transactional migration management ‘deals’ such as the 2022 UK–Rwanda Migration and Economic Development Partnership are not particularly new, unusual, or revolutionary. In this exploration of the long history of deal-making in the realm of forced migration management, we first define the phenomenon—which we term transactional forced migration (TFM)—and situate it within the growing literature on migration diplomacy, externalization and what is known as the instrumentalization and/or weaponization of migration. We then highlight illustrative historical precedents that presage what we are witnessing today. We additionally identify and unpack several of the under-appreciated connections between TFM schemes and other dimensions of diplomacy and international politics. We conclude with a summary of our argument, its implications for contemporary policy and a few thoughts about what current trends suggest the future is likely to hold.

Value magic

The urban process encompasses vast structures and practices engaged in creating, extracting, and accumulating value in and from the urban landscape. But what is value and how does it attain its coercive power over urban life? The unreflective deployment of axiomatic assumptions regarding the source and substance of value constitutes a form of magical thinking conjuring something out of nothing and transforming an immaterial abstraction into a material force that is real in its consequences. Unpacking the concept of value reveals a contentious debate regarding the ontological status of value as a driver of the urban process. Alternative formulations posit value as intrinsic or extrinsic, objective or subjective, residing in the world or constructed in the mind, driven by universal law or spatially and temporally contingent. Transcending all such dualisms, a transactional approach drawn from Deweyan pragmatism understands value as a co-constitutive interrelation among a valuing subject, an object of valuation, and the enveloping context in which valuation occurs. The delineation of value's ontology is fraught with political consequences for reproducing or altering the urban status quo. The move toward desired outcomes begins with articulating the foundational assumptions that underlie the value practices propelling the urban process in specific situations. Pluralizing value assumptions focuses the problem on the political question concerning whose value(s) prevail in a given situation. This redefinition shifts the focus from ameliorating current practices of extracting value to politically contesting the value commitments at work in the world.

Imbalanced Incentives: A Content Analysis of research Participant Incentive Structures in Clinical and Translational Science.

In conducting research with underserved and vulnerable populations, incentives for research participants can improve recruitment efforts. However, incentives lose influence if researchers treat them as merely transactional. This study seeks to identify how researchers describe research participant incentives and incentive structures, with a focus on populations that experience health disparities. This study is a content analysis of research publications from peer-reviewed clinical journals. Although researchers share information about procedures through conference proceedings and grey literature, the most common mechanism for disseminating details about research studies is peer-reviewed literature. Sampling included research manuscripts from four journals (Annals of Family Medicine, Annals of Internal Medicine, American Journal of Emergency Medicine, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology) within 2017-19. Within each issue, coders coded all manuscripts that the journal categorized as research. Using a deductive coding scheme, four authors sorted papers by research that enrolled participants versus other methods and then coded papers for variables of interest. Of 519 articles reviewed, 204 reported results to studies that enrolled human participants. Nine of these targeted populations that were vulnerable or experience disparities. Of 204 studies, 12 (5.9%) described an incentive for research participation. Participant type was significantly associated with offering a participant incentive, p < .001. Healthcare workers and online participants were more likely to receive an incentive than clinical research participants. Funding was also significantly associated with offering a participant incentive, p < .001, regardless of funding source. Of the 12 papers that disclosed incentive information, two focused on vulnerable populations. Findings here show few publications describe incentive structures, which indicates that either 1) incentives are underutilized in recruitment efforts or 2) studies are not publishing incentive information. Furthermore, incentives are more frequently used to recruit healthcare worker populations than community or clinical participants, which may indicate a transactional approach in contrast to a community or patient-oriented approach to research participation. A standardized approach to describing incentives could help researchers and clinicians contextualize a study's findings.

РАЗРАБОТКА ПОДХОДА К СОЗДАНИЮ ИМИТАЦИОННЫХ МОДЕЛЕЙ ПОТОКОВ ДАННЫХ НА ОСНОВЕ МЕТОДОЛОГИИ DFD С ПРИМЕНЕНИЕМ ТЕОРИИ СЕТЕЙ ПЕТРИ

This article is devoted to the development of approaches aimed at creating simulation models of data flows for modeling business processes using the Data Flow Diagram (DFD) methodology. The use of the mathematical apparatus of the theory of Petri nets is proposed as the main tool in the development of simulation models. The article discusses the main components of the DFD notation and the modeling rules laid down by the developers of this methodology and evaluates the possibility of using the theory of Petri nets to solve the problem of developing simulation models that work in accordance with these rules and notation objects. The theory of Petri nets allows you to simulate both discrete and continuous processes, which is relevant when working with data streams. Taking into account the specifics of the subject area, the mathematical apparatus used has all the functional properties that will allow the implementation of simulation modeling of DFD diagrams. As a data stream, this study proposes the use of labels; if there is a need to introduce control labels, processing of process functionality; it is possible to use color networks that allow you to separate data streams and control signals using color characteristics: labels, arcs and transitions. When implementing decomposition, it is proposed to use hierarchical Petri nets, which allow you to use transitions as your own model based on Petri nets, thus achieving the required detail in simulation models of data flows. To generate and analyze data flow transactions, this study proposes the use of achievable labeling trees, which allow the analyst to analyze the correctness of working with data within the framework of the developed model, as well as evaluate the possibilities of process reengineering using graph theory or using machine learning tools. The article provides an approach to modeling the components of the DFD notation, as well as an example of a business process simulation model using Petri net theory, and a tree of achievable markings has been constructed that describes the transactional approach used in the studied notation.

Employee Relations: Shifting Sands!

Employee relations (ER) is under the spotlight again! One of the dynamic concepts in the management literature, its definition has followed organisations’ evolution, nature of work, the role of employees and their relationship with their companies. The uncertain business landscape has created myriad factors like talent shortage, technological advancements, demand for new skills and multigenerational workforce, as a result, organisations are witnessing a tectonic shift in their employment model, thus, persuading them to revisit their employee value proposition and philosophy in managing ER. Using a case study as a reference point, the article highlights that ER is assuming a new mould and big shift—from a transactional approach to job and job roles to a rounded view on employee’s overall development and growth in the organisation, which includes consideration, importance of relationship and humaneness.

Periodical studies: історія становлення напряму та перспективи розвитку

Periodical studies is a common name for a huge trend in cultural and media studies, launched by Latham’s and Scholes’s publication “The Rise of Periodical Studies” in PMLA in 2006. The article highlights the history of the formation of periodical studies as a separate field of interdisciplinary research in Western Europe and the USA, in which periodicals are the object. The connection between periodical studies and press studies in Ukraine was established, the evolution of approaches to the study of periodicals from an autonomous object of research The main directions of the study of periodicals at the current stage are outlined. The change in research methodology is traced, taking into account relational, transactional approaches, gender studies and achievements of cultural studies, as well as digital technologies and methods of processing large data sets. The article contains factual information about the organizational and institutional support of the industry, as well as the corpus of English-language scientific periodicals, in which the research results are tested. Based on the materials of foreign publications, the prospects for the development of the field, as well as its interactions with other areas of humanitarian research, are summarized. Keywords: press, periodicals, journalism, press studies, periodical studies, journalism studies.

Exploring behaviour change in general practice consultations: A realist approach.

While general practice involves supporting patients to modify their behaviour, General Practitioners (GPs) vary in their approach to behaviour change during consultations. We aimed to identify mechanisms supporting GPs to undertake successful behaviour change in consultations for people with T2DM by exploring (a) the role of GPs in behaviour change, (b) what happens in GP consultations that supports or impedes behaviour change and (c) how context moderates the behaviour change consultation. Semi-structured interviews with academic clinicians (n = 13), GPs (n = 7) and patients with T2DM (n = 16) across Australia. Data were analysed thematically using a realist evaluation approach. Perspectives about the role of GPs were highly variable, ranging from the provision of test results and information to a relational approach towards shared goals. A GP-patient relationship that includes collaboration, continuity and patient-driven care may contribute to a sense of successful change. Different patient and GP characteristics were perceived to moderate the effectiveness and experience of behaviour change consultations. When patient factors are recognised in consultations, a relational approach becomes possible and priorities around behaviour change, that might be missed in a transactional approach, can be identified. Therefore, GP skills for engaging patients are linked to a person-centred approach.