Transactional Perspective Research Articles

Ethnicity and work-related stress in Eastern European care workers for the elderly: an application of a proposed multi-dimensional model

The present study aims to test the application of a multidimensional model of stress that takes as a framework of reference the DRIVE (Demands, Resources, and Individual Effects) model and previous studies on occupational health and cultural aspects in a sample of Eastern European eldercare workers. This model integrated ethnicity and work-related stress dimensions in a transactional perspective combining individual differences, ethnicity aspects, work characteristics in the prediction of psychophysical health giving closer attention to specific associations between cultural dimensions such as cultural identity, acculturation strategies and health outcomes. Therefore the study hypothesized significant profiles of associations between individual differences, work characteristics, ethnicity dimensions, perceived job satisfaction/stress and health outcomes among these workers. A questionnaire measuring the following dimensions was submitted to 250 Eastern European eldercare workers in Southern Italy: coping strategies, personality behaviours, acculturation strategies, perceived work demands, resources/ rewards, perceived job stress/satisfaction, psychological disorders and general health. Around one third (38.6%) lived in Italy from more than 5 years, all were women (Age Mean=43.18; SD=4.25) and most of them were married (94.8 %), with a high level of education (94.4 %), worked full-time (93.2 %) and had fixed contracts (97.2 %). Data were analysed using LR logistic regression to evaluate the effects of all the dimensions reported on the risk of suffering health problems. Results showed that work demands, type A and negative affectivity behavioural patterns significantly associated with high levels of anxious-depressive disorders, relational disorders and general health. Moreover positive coping strategies, specific acculturation strategies and perceived job satisfaction significantly associated with low levels of psychophysical disorders. Findings supported different aspects of the proposed stress model and will be helpful in defining psychological interventions to support this particular type of migrant workers.

Re-instating the Amateur: Holding Space for the Core Purpose of Art in the Classroom

The methods and objectives for art education in public and post-secondary schools are often aimed towards the development of a professional fine arts or academic career. However, reflecting on the reasons humans originally turned to the arts can have profound effects on how we frame the role of the artist, art educator, student, and classroom. 
 This paper traces perspectives on the core purpose of art from fields ranging from biology and anthropology to education and literary theory, noting how they converge on notions of art as an evolutionary form of social bonding, and open-ended life inquiry for personal and social transformation. Drawing from these theories, it discusses how these transactional perspectives on art reinforce the value of exposing students to both creative and interpretative forms of aesthetic inquiry. 
 Further it proposes that the figure of the amateur artist—as opposed to that of the professional artist or renowned academic—can serve as an embodiment of the core purpose of art and our educational goals in the art classroom, encouraging students from diverse career paths to actively seek out meaningful and transformative art-making and appreciating experiences.

Transactional Analysis Derivatives An Approach to Organizational Change and Development

TA theory explains human behavior from the perspective of understanding transactions that take place based on the programmed experiences in the childhood. Transactional analysis theory and approach is given a fresh interpretation in the context of the organizational processes of change and development. The ego states of Parent, Adult and Child are further understood with its different components. Similarly analysis of transactions, script analysis, life positions and game analysis become the focal themes in the realm of organizational change and development. Finally a TA model of organizational change and development is suggested that can be effectively utilized to accelerate the process.

Loyalty to rural tourism destinations: a causal study of determinants using a transactional and relational marketing approach

Goal and objectives of the dissertationRural tourism is a multidisciplinary research field of significant import that has seen a quantitative increase in its literature, although causal studies in destination marketing are still missing. A deepening of this subarea of research can result in a better understanding of the behaviour of rural tourists, resulting in a more effective and efficient management and marketing of rural tourism destinations and associated companies.In the current context of competitive markets, relationship marketing stands out as a strategy capable of ensuring the continuity of organisations through strategies based on establishing long-term relationships, which seek to foster customer loyalty. This research studies the determinants of loyalty to rural tourism destinations, based on a literature review and previous studies (Campon et al., 2012, 2013a, 2013b), which found that past researches lacked a relational marketing approach. For this reason, this research seeks to integrate a transactional marketing focus with a relational approach, in a structural model.The general objective (GO) of this doctoral thesis is: 'the proposal of a research model of the factors that generate loyalty to rural tourism destinations. It seeks to enrich a transactional perspective on marketing with a relational approach, based on theoretical justifications'. The specific objectives (SO), arising from the general objective, are:SO1. To reach a deep knowledge of the scientific literature related to this topic.SO2. To identify the methodologies and causal models used for this type of studies.SO3. To study a structural model proposed on the basis of the literature review.SO4. To empirically test the structural model and the research hypotheses proposed.SO5. To highlight the theoretical and practical implications of the results.SO6. To offer recommendations to develop rural tourism destination loyalty.This thesis offers a proposed model that seeks to be comprehensive and integrative. Within this model, a transactional submodel is delineated, which includes the variables 'image', 'quality' and 'value'. In addition, the model incorporates a relational submodel, which contains 'trust', 'attachment' and 'mixed satisfaction'. This last variable encompasses satisfaction with relationships with tourism providers and local residents, as well as satisfaction with destination attributes. The results of both submodels point to the result variables of marketing as overall satisfaction with, and loyalty to, rural tourism destinations. The main novelty of this proposal is its focus on filling an important gap in the literature by including a relational perspective in this kind of model, which has mainly been approached through transactional marketing.MethodologyThe study was developed in Spain, a country where rural tourism has experienced exceptional growth in recent years from the supply and demand point of view (Hernandez et al., 2011). A quantitative methodology through on-line survey was used. The sample universe was composed of people who engage in rural tourism with some frequency (i.e. at least once every two or three years). The fieldwork was carried out from April to June 2013, gathering a non-probabilistic convenience sample of 464 rural tourists.The theoretical model assessment was conducted using structural equation modelling (SEM). SEM is configured as the only multivariate statistical method that allows researchers to test causal relationships between dependent and independent variables simultaneously (Martinez-Lopez et al., 2009). Given that this study is exploratory - since it introduces some novelties that need to be tested - and has a complex structure, the use of Partial Least Squares (PLS) was identified as a suitable technique for its resolution, according to Hair et al.'s (2011) specifications.ResultsThe results of the proposed model indicate a moderate to substantial explanatory power for overall satisfaction and moderate power for loyalty. …

A Transactional Way of Analysing the Learning of ‘Tacit Knowledge’

Methodological challenges point to a reconceptualization of ‘tacit knowledge’ to ‘tacit knowing’. The paper outlines the concept of ‘tacit knowing’ and explores the need for educational research to reformulate questions about tacit knowledge as a practical learning concern. Using John Dewey’s transactional perspective on learning ‘tacit knowing’ is analysed as embodiment of knowledge. An approach of ‘body pedagogics’ is used to frame this analysis. From a perspective of ‘body pedagogics’ our bodily being and the actions we perform as such beings cannot be reduced to neither cultural nor subjective experience. Rather, we are in a continuing educating process when it comes to our bodies (Shilling and Mellor 2007, p. 533). On the background of this a transactional model of learning is developed that recognises educative bodily experiences in relation to ‘tacit knowing’. A sailing vignette is used to show that ‘tacit knowing’ becomes visible in a sailor’s embodied inquiry of which situated epistemic relations it is necessary to embody to acquire a certain ‘body technique’. Empirical focus lies on how dinghy sailors grow into purposeful ‘body techniques’ (Mauss, Econ Soc 2(1):70–88, 1973) by taking the measure of their ongoing, continuous experience while coordinating their movements with the environment. The analysis show how understandings and bodily skills are simultaneously used in the educational situation where the dinghy sailor has to handle both the environment and various instructions given by the trainer. Thus, ‘tacit knowing’ in dinghy sailing is not merely a collection of motor skills, but rather the grasping, in the practical embodied way, of physical principles.

Exploring absorptive capacity in cross-sector social partnerships

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore cross-sector partnerships (CSSPs) from a strategic perspective to consider collaborations that are long lasting and transcend initial objectives. The authors integrate the concept of absorptive capacity (ACAP) with the CSSP literature and derive two new antecedents of ACAP, trust and goal interdependency, with relevance to this context. This work responds to a call from ACAP scholars to consider the construct in alternative settings and from collaboration scholars to employ strategy research that approaches CSSPs from a viewpoint beyond a mere transactional approach. Design/methodology/approach – This manuscript presents a thorough analysis of the process literature regarding CSSPs and the construct of ACAP to consider the importance of knowledge sharing and participatory decision making in the success of collaboration efforts. The combination of these research streams results in a refined model of ACAP to be used in the CSSP context. Findings – This manuscript provides conceptual and theoretical insights into how knowledge is acquired and exploited within CSSPs. A model for ACAP in CSSPs is proposed and suggests that two new antecedents of ACAP, trust and goal interdependence, be explored in this context through subsequent empirical research. Research limitations/implications – This type of conceptual work can benefit greatly from subsequent empirical research to test the developed propositions. This model shows considerable promise for future testing, however, and has the potential to encourage additional research into knowledge sharing and long-term success of cross-sector collaborations. Practical implications – This paper fulfills the need to apply a strategic lens to CSSPs and invites future research into the mutual organizational benefits derived from collaborations that cross economic sectors. It suggests that internal organizational mechanisms exist to be developed by managers that have the potential to enhance a firms ability to recognize the value of external knowledge, acquire it, and transform it for commercial and/or social objectives. Social implications – As collaborations across economic sectors are proving vital for addressing complex social needs, this manuscript provides a new model to serve as a guidepost for successful partnerships. Originality/value – This manuscript fulfills a need to integrate strategy scholarship with CSSPs that transcends the heretofore transactional perspective. Through an exploration of the literature, a new model for ACAP is proposed including two new antecedents, trust and goal interdependence, with application to the context of cross-sector collaborations.

Service value exchange in B2B electronic marketplaces

Purpose – This paper aims to explore what aspects of organisational value can be realised through taking a service exchange perspective of e-marketplaces as opposed to a product transaction perspective Marketing is increasingly concerned with the notion of service value in business-to-business markets. Electronic marketplaces (e-marketplaces) have been used in B2B exchanges for many years and continually evolve as the understanding of e-marketplace participation and the technologies develop. Design/methodology/approach – A case study approach is taken using three large e-marketplace organisations and interviews with senior managers from each company. Findings – The paper argues that e-marketplaces should not be thought of solely as a product transaction mechanism but rather as a digital marketing and communication network where service, rather than products, forms the basis of a value creating exchange. Practical implications – Organisations can co-create value within an e-marketplace network but must market services value across organisational boundaries. Originality/value – The paper extends the literature in the area of e-marketplace trading and recognises the importance of the digital communication network in enabling service exchange between the e-marketplace, buyers and suppliers.

Event System Theory of Instrumental Leadership: The Case of General Nathanael Greene

Significant scholarly research suggests that leaders are a key component in ensuring organizational success through their strategic decision making and social influence (Kaiser et al., 2008). Indeed, because leaders are such an integral piece of the organization, scores of academic studies are devoted to increasing our understanding of leadership theory (Avolio et al., 2009). However, scholars argue that not all leadership theory is created equal; the most important leadership theories explore the influence leaders have on the underlying processes that lead to organizational success (Dinh et al., 2014). Effective leadership entails both interpersonal interaction and strategic objectives and task accomplishment (Fleishman et al., 1992). Transformational and transactional perspectives of the theory put forth by Bass (1985) primarily explain interpersonal or consideration behaviors but explain little of the strategic and task focus of initiating structure behaviors (Judge et al., 2004). Accordingly, Antonakis and House (2014) suggest that critical components of leadership missing from the theory include identifying organizational strategies and goals, providing task direction and resources, monitoring and adapting to the external environment, and evaluating individual performance and offering quality feedback. As such, these scholars suggest an extended, full-range theory in which instrumental leadership complements transformational and transactional leadership forms by accounting for important strategic leader activities that require leader expert task-related knowledge (Antonakis & House, 2002).The instrumental leadership perspective highlights the importance of leaders accounting for the environment in their strategic decisions (Antonakis & House, 2014). Instrumental leaders monitor their internal and external environments and examine the impact of environmental occurrences on leadership and organizations at the event-level (Hoffmann & Lord, 2013). This research stream is grounded in event system theory. The event systems theory (Morgeson et al., 2015) suggests that individual leaders are shaped as their knowledge and expertise are affected by the events which occur over time. Thus, instrumental leaders closely scan and react to environmental events and, as a result, acquire expertise about these very events. We seek to approach such event-level theorizing by examining the instrumental leadership of Major General Nathanael Green through the events of diverse features that occurred during his time in the American Revolutionary War.Nathanael Greene rose through the ranks of the resource-strapped Continental Army and became one of the most reputable of George Washington's generals by experiencing both successes and failures while being exposed to a flux of specific defining events to which he instrumentally responded in his military career. Grounding our examination of his instrumental leadership in event system theory (Morgeson et al., 2015), we analyze these defining events through the lens of an event taxonomy and extreme event typology. Guided by this lens, we perform an analytically structured archival search to identify the most salient events of diverse features and assess how General Greene exhibited instrumental leadership effectiveness across these events.We begin by providing the historical background and events of Greene's military life, which serve as the basis of our further event driven analysis. Next, we explain in greater depth the perspective of instrumental leadership and the event systems theory used to guide our archival analysis. Finally, we present our archival analysis and conclude with the implications of our research.The military life of Nathanael GreeneNathanael Greene rose through the ranks of the Continental Army with seemingly great speed. Greene's involvement and ascent in the affairs of the blossoming country began with his service in 1770 with the Rhode Island legislature (Siry, 2006). …

Situational Analysis: A Visual Analytic Approach that Unpacks the Complexity of Occupation

Concurrent with the development of a transactional perspective, the notion of “the situation” has increasingly been taken up in occupational science scholarship. Accordingly, research methodologies and approaches that capture the multifaceted elements of situations need to be explored. Situational analysis, pioneered by sociologist and grounded theorist Adele Clarke, shows promise for facilitating inquiries into situations of occupational engagement. In this article we review the situational analysis approach and provide an example of its application to research on the situation of long-term unemployment. In this application, situational mapping illuminated the contradiction of simultaneously being “activated” and “stuck”. Situational analysis helped unpack how this contradiction was shaped within North American contexts. Based on this example and others outside the occupational science literature, we discuss how situational analysis can be a useful tool for fostering critical, socially-responsive, and community-engaged occupational science research.

From specialist to generalist: Developmental transformations in the genetic structure of early child abilities.

The heritability of abilities increases substantially over development, and much of heritable variation in abilities is shared with other abilities. No study, however, has formally tested the extent to which developmental increases in heritability occur on shared versus unique variation in child abilities. A transactional perspective predicts that the relative proportion of shared to total genetic variance will increase with age, whereas an endogenous perspective predicts that such proportion will be invariant with age. We tested these competing predictions using data from a sample of 292 twins providing a total of 578 cross-sectional and longitudinal observations between ages 0 and 6 years on measures of Communication, Gross Motor, Fine Motor, Problem-Solving, and Personal-Social abilities. Consistent with predictions of the transactional perspective, developmental increases in heritability were localized to variance shared across abilities.

Relational Patterns Between Caregivers With PTSD and Their Nonexposed Children

The question as to whether or not children can be affected by the traumatization of their parents has been the topic of a long-standing debate. This article provides a critical review of 72 research studies on traumatized parents with symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the parent–child interaction, and the impact on their nonexposed child (0–18 years). The evidence suggests that traumatization can cause parenting limitations, and these limitations can disrupt the development of the young child. From the studies reviewed several patterns emerged: Relational patterns of traumatized parents who are observed to be emotionally less available and who perceive their children more negatively than parents without symptoms of PTSD; relational patterns of children who at a young age are easily deregulated or distressed and at an older age are reported to face more difficulties in their psychosocial development than children of parents without symptoms of PTSD; and relational patterns that show remarkable similarities to relational patterns between depressed or anxious parents and their children. Mechanisms such as mentalization, attachment, physiological factors, and the cycle of abuse offer a valuable perspective to further our understanding of the relational patterns. This article builds on previous work by discussing the emerged patterns between traumatized parents and their nonexposed children from a relational and transactional perspective.

Research Note: Relationship versus Transactional Marketing in Travel and Tourism Trade Shows

The hypothetical mix of relationship marketing and transactional marketing perspectives is a major theme in the general literature that should be researched in relation to tourism and travel shows. This issue is addressed in the present paper which analyses the effect of managing relationships among three partners (trade organizer, exhibitor and end customer) on the exhibitor's performance during the fair, and comparing that effect with the influence of transactional marketing management, in which business performance depends on conventional tools. The results point to an overbalance on the side of transactional marketing in the case of tourism and travel exhibitors. By contrast, in the case of the business-to-business relationship between trade show organizers and exhibitors, the weight of relationship marketing seems to be comparatively higher and, most relevant, to affect the exhibitor's performance in terms of their business with end customers during the show.

Influencing factors of trust in consumer-to-consumer electronic commerce with gender and age

Even though consumer-to-consumer (C2C) electronic commerce (e-commerce) has been found to be more popular, mainstream scholarship tends to focus on B2C e-commerce area without making a distinction between C2C and B2C e-commerce. In this study, a trust model in C2C e-commerce was developed, which incorporates four perspectives, namely, (1) natural propensity to trust (NPT) as a personality perspective, (2) perception of website quality (PWSQ) as a website feature perspective, (3) other's trust of buyers/sellers (OTBS) as an interpersonal transaction perspective, and (4) third party recognition (TPR) as an institutional feature perspective. This study also investigated the role of gender and age toward trust in C2C e-commerce. The results show that PWSQ and TPR influenced trust in C2C e-commerce in general. However, as far as those who are 40's and older than 40's go, only OTBS might influence trust in C2C e-commerce. Therefore, we found that trust in C2C e-commerce can be moderated by age factor. Overall, the model helps to increase our understanding of trust in C2C e-commerce. In particular, a deep understanding of this can be very useful to determine those strategies and actions leading the Internet users to become real online purchasers.

Le workaholisme dans une université française : une perspective transactionnelle

The aim of this research is to examine the phenomenon of workaholism with the staff of a French University. Three hundred and four employees completed measures of workaholism, personality and working conditions in order to study this phenomenon from a transactional perspective. Data analysis confirms the four hypotheses. Personality–in particular neuroticism–appears associated with workaholism. Working conditions also explain an additional proportion of variance of the phenomenon. In addition, workaholism does not appear to have serious consequences in terms of adaptation or professional medical and psychological disorders. Finally, interest is noted in direction of a differentiated study of the publics: if professors and teachers have higher level of workaholism than the technical and administrative staff, the origin is more for the professors and the teachers in individual characteristics expressed. The discussion raises some limitations of the research and outlines future prospects.

Teaching Corporations Law from a Transactional Perspective and Through the Use of Experiental Technique

Law Schools throughout the Commonwealth face increasing pressure to attract international students for postgraduate study. This paper focuses on the taught LLM program, which in many Law Schools will account for the largest enrolment of postgraduate students. Some views will be advanced regarding the international dimensions of legal education and its significance in marketing an LLM by coursework. There are several strands to the enquiry. First, it must be asked: who are the lead players, and why? A significant factor is a Law School’s reputation and international ranking. There is a selfperpetuating synergy between institutions of similar reputation and standing. Such entities have greater leverage in negotiating academic alliances and student focused schemes, as well as attracting external funding and philanthropy. This leads to the principal research question: what are the elements for a successful LLM programme, both generally, and for universities that do not enjoy the same cachet and operate with limited resources? This will be analysed from a comparative perspective, recognising that Law Schools are functioning in an increasingly competitive global market.

Boosting Law Graduate Employability: Using a Pro Bono Teaching Clinic to Facilitate Experiential Learning in Commercial Law Subjects

This paper considers the benefits of teaching corporations law from a transactional perspective and through the use of experiential techniques; namely, using such techniques to examine corporations law and its application and relevance to business transactions. Drawing on the extensive literature in this area, particularly by scholars in the United States, and also his experience in teaching transactional law subjects, the writer suggests ways in which the transactional aspects of corporations law could be strengthened within the law school curriculum in Australia and identifies experiential techniques for this purpose. These include client-based problems, client interviews, drafting and negotiation simulations and facilitated reflection.

Syndrom Syzyfa a wynik sportowy. Perspektywa analizy transakcyjnej

Syndrom Syzyfa a wynik sportowy. Perspektywa analizy transakcyjnej

Strukturalizacja czasu w relacjach szkolnych – perspektywa analizy transakcyjnej

Strukturalizacja czasu w relacjach szkolnych – perspektywa analizy transakcyjnej

Typology and Effects of Co-opetition in Buyer-Supplier Relationships: Evidence from the Chinese Home Appliance Industry. 供应链关系中竞合分类及其影响：来自中国家电业的实证研究

Building on the co-opetition perspective, this study takes a unified approach to examine relationship benefits and transaction costs in buyer–supplier relationships. We argue that buyer–supplier vertical dyads fall into one of four distinct co-opetition types based on their respective degrees of cooperation and competition. Each co-opetition situation then corresponds to unique levels of relationship benefits and transaction costs. A sample of 225 supplier–buyer dyads from the Chinese home appliance industry confirms that competition has a positive effect on transaction costs and a negative effect on relationship benefits, while cooperation stimulates greater relationship benefits but affects transaction costs mainly at low competition levels. The results advance prior research on buyer–supplier relationships and co-opetition and offer valuable avenues for future research. 摘要 基于竞合的观点，本文采用了一个整合的模型对供应链关系中的关系收益和交易成本进行了研究。本文认为，依据双方合作和竞争程度的不同，买卖双方间的交易关系可以划分为四种不同的竞合关系类型，且每种竞合类型分别对应不同的关系收益和交易成本水平。利用来自中国家电行业225对买卖双方的配对样本，本文发现，买卖双方间的竞争对交易成本有正向作用，对关系收益有负面影响；而双方间的合作会促进关系收益的提高，但只在竞争水平较低时，合作才会对交易成本产生影响。本文研究发展了以往关于买卖双方关系和竞合的相关文献，并指明了有价值的未来研究发展方向。

Von Interaktion zu Transaktion – Konsequenzen eines pragmatischen Mensch-Umwelt-Verständnisses für eine Geographie der Mitwelt

Abstract. Questions about how human-environment-relations can be conceptualized in a non-dualistic way have been intensively discussed throughout the last decades. The majority of the established realist and constructivist perspectives aim at explaining a given situation by analytically dissecting it. Unfortunately, such an interactionist perspective systematically reproduces the dualistic division between humans, environment and nature. In contrast, this paper offers a transactive perspective origin in classical pragmatism and discusses its meta-theoretical consequences for human-environment-research. A transactionist perspective interprets the world as a flow of unique and entangled events. Instead of ontologically separating humans and environment, it advocates to look at their relations as being part of a "connatural world". Such a point of view raises new ethical and political questions for geographical human-environment research, argues for a renaissance of ideographic methodologies and hints to a fruitful unity of geographical inquiry.