Transactional Analysis Research Articles

Transactional Analysis and Solution-Focused Brief Therapy on Marital Satisfaction: Implications for Christian Couples’ Counselling

Marital satisfaction may be the sole key to a couple’s happiness. Thus, this study explores the application of Transactional Analysis and Solution-Focused Brief Therapy in relation to the improvement of marital satisfaction in Christian couples. The study adopted the non-randomised control group pretest-post-test quasi-experimental. The sample size of 400 was purposively drawn from a population of 34,518 for the study. Based on the analysis of the 400 inventories, 15 ‘dissatisfied couples’ (making a total of 30 respondents) were selected and placed into control and experimental groups. The research instrument used was the Marital Satisfaction Inventory (MSI) with a Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient (r) of .89. The finding showed a significant difference in marital satisfaction of couples before and after intervention with regard to transactional analysis theory and solution-focused brief therapy on all the scales of the MSI. Respondents reported improved marital satisfaction, a change from being dissatisfied before intervention and becoming satisfied after intervention. Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that counselling theories such as transactional analysis and solution-focused brief therapy are effective in improving the marital satisfaction levels of couples. To this, it was recommended that marriage counselling practitioners should learn more about the two theories and apply them in helping their clients out of their relationship challenges

LEGAL GYMNASTICS: AN EVALUATION OF THE JUDGMENT IN Z v Z [2022] ZASCA 113

The South African Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA) recently considered an appeal (Z v Z [2022] ZASCA 113) against an order of the Eastern Cape Division of the High Court, Port Elizabeth (ECD). The ECD upheld a special plea and confirmed that a parent lacks locus standi in judicio to claim maintenance from the other parent, for and on behalf of adult dependent children, during divorce proceedings (Z v Z supra par 2). The SCA, however, reasoned that the obligations of a divorce court set out in section 6 of the Divorce Act (70 of 1970) (the Act) by implication made provision for a parent to apply on behalf of an adult child for maintenance. The SCA, accordingly, dismissed the special plea and the appeal was upheld with costs.The SCA judgment is noteworthy as several previous High Court judgments found that adult dependent children must pursue claims for maintenance against their parents in their own name. Interestingly, most courts of first instance have reasoned that adult dependent children should be before the court when applying for maintenance. However, the SCA did not share the same position. In its reasoning, the SCA emphasised convenience and stressed that all the matters relevant to the divorce, including maintenance of dependent children, should and could be disposed of at the hearing of the main action. The SCA confirmed that both parents have a duty to maintain their dependent children and that this duty, at times, persists after the child attains majority age. The SCA further commented that children, including adult children, should be removed from the conflict between the divorcing parents as far as possible. The SCA, therefore, held that the requirements of section 6 of the Act provide the basis for admitting a claim by a parent for maintenance for and on behalf of an adult dependent child. It is submitted that the reasoning of the SCA and the precedent created could undermine the ability of a court to make an order of parental support for adult dependent children, and may ultimately result in outcomes that do not effectively provide for the needs of the adult child. This case note evaluates the facts of the matter together with the reasoning of the High Court and the SCA. The previous judgments on parents representing their adult dependent children during divorce proceedings are then evaluated. The specific intent of the case note is to establish whether section 6 of the Act confers locus standi on a parent to apply for maintenance for and on behalf of their adult dependent children during divorce proceedings. The benefits and challenges of conferring locus standi on parents of adult children are also considered. The last relevant issue that is evaluated, and on which the courts did not have to adjudicate, relates to the termination of a parent’s duty to provide financial support for their adult children. This case note ultimately aims to establish what obligations and powers are inherent in the application of section 6 of the Act and what procedures may, therefore, be employed by a Divorce Court when an adult dependent child applies for parental support.

IMPLEMENTASI ALGORITMA APRIORI UNTUK MENENTUKAN PRODUK TERLARIS PADA TOKO I_DOCRAFT

The sales of pajama products on i_docraft have not yet leveraged data mining algorithms to analyze transactional data for optimizing sales. To avoid underperforming pajama models and determine which pajama models sell well, the utilization of the Apriori algorithm is necessary. The Apriori algorithm can discern these patterns based on transactional data. This study conducts a transactional data analysis using data mining with the Apriori algorithm. By employing this algorithm, the most frequently sold pajama products can be identified, allowing for prioritization of these models and the development of marketing strategies for other types of pajamas based on a comparison of their strengths and commonly high sales figures. The processed data yields associations rules for concurrently sold pajama items. Based on the results of the final association rules meeting both predetermined minimum support and confidence criteria, for instance, if a product with item code 7 (Cherrypie Nightdress) is purchased, then a product with item code 17 (3 in 1 Lotso Set) will likely be bought with a support value of 22.58% and a confidence value of 100%.

The Psychodrama Method of Group Psychotherapy

The article presents a theoretical-methodological analysis of the psychodrama method of group psychotherapy. It examines the aim, objectives, advantages, peculiarities and structure of classical psychodrama as a method of group psychotherapy. Also, the article attempts to define psychodrama as a group psychotherapy process. It studies the links between psychodrama and methods of various psychological approaches. Importantly, the article suggests a phenomenological approach to studying the interaction among the participants in psychodramatic psychotherapy groups to develop effective technologies for implementing psychodramatic techniques. It justifies the methodological and methodical essence of psychodramatic technologies in group psychotherapy, its main characteristics and goals. From the perspective of an integrative approach, psychodramatic technologies in group psychotherapy ensure the interrelation and interdependence of its psychodiagnostic and psychodevelopmental components. Meanwhile, the article considers the organizational, methodical and structural-dynamic features of using the interactive and role-playing method in group psychotherapy depending on the type of psychodrama. It shows how one can practically apply the “mirroring” psychotechnique in combination with the fairy tale metaphor (the method of enacting a fairy tale) in all types of psychodrama, along with an analysis of the advantages of its use and resourcefulness. Finally, the article discusses a methodical combination of psychodrama and transactional analysis within the “psychodramatic triangle” technique. It provides methodical recommendations for emotional disorder correction using the psychodrama method. The relevant indicators of the effectiveness and efficiency of the psychodrama method in group psychotherapy include catharsis, insight, expressions of trust and a sense of comfort in the space of group interaction and feedback, as an existing objective reality.

The Educator’s Vulnerability: Systemic Oppression From an Indian Frame of Reference

The author explores the impact of the Indian Cultural Parent on education in India, particularly the possible impact on transactional analysis (TA) training through the experience of both trainers and trainees. The article touches on the author’s personal exploration and considers relevant philosophical ideas and political systems and systemic processes. She aims to understand the educator’s role through the experience in the Indian cultural context of having a rich heritage with ancestral influences that contribute to academic rigidity and a dogmatic approach. She asks from a systemic perspective what influences academic rigidity in the Indian TA community and what unconscious process has been part of the Indian psyche for the TA educator. Instances are given of issues that inhibit the educator’s flexibility unconsciously and the learner’s culture shock experiences that can result in chaos and confusion. The article concludes with a perspective on the learning space using Cupsa’s stages of change, which learners and educators can contribute to in the process of becoming.

Love Addiction: From Attachment Theory to Affective Dependency. A Transactional Analysis Perspective and Treatment Protocol

The authors briefly describe the etiopathogenetic origins of love addiction, including how they relate to the concepts of script protocol, symbiosis, and the stroke economy. They also consider the connection between attachment and love addiction and the various forms of love addiction. Finally, they propose a protocol for working with love addiction using transactional analysis.

Transactional Analysis and Burnout: For Individuals and Organizations

In this article the authors share with a wider readership some of the core concepts from a book they published in Dutch about a transactional analysis perspective on the interactions between the organization and the individual in cases of burnout. Burnout has taken on epidemic proportions in the Western world. Some theories on burnout focus on individual vulnerabilities, whereas others suggest burnout is the fault of organizations. The authors combine the two approaches and view burnout as the result of interlocking scripts of individual and organization: two script circles intertwining to the detriment of both. They present an analysis and an action model with which organizations and individuals together can prevent burnout. Setting firm, clear boundaries is essential in this model.

War: A Transactional Group Analysis

This article offers a brief review of Berne’s application of group theory to the topic of war. Stimulated by the responses of governments and the governed to the coronavirus pandemic (from 2020) and the invasion of Ukraine by Russia (in 2022), the author considers how this specific aspect of Bernean group theory may be used to understand these and other examples of violations of group structure. The article and its analysis are first positioned as a transactional analysis contribution to social psychology. Following this, the article provides a review of the TA literature on war and a brief discussion of group structure and leadership; highlights the six ways Berne identified by which a group’s existence can be terminated; and finally, suggests a certain sequence to these processes.

Does the role of personal academic tutor have an impact on staff wellbeing?

ABSTRACT This paper explores the experience of acting as a personal academic tutor (PAT) at a medium sized University in the West Midlands. The researchers aimed to establish the robustness of the PAT system, with a focus on wellbeing of both staff and students. This research took place within the context of growing concerns for student and staff wellbeing. A thematic analysis (n) 26 full time employees with at least 1-year PAT experience identified 3 key themes; self, others/ systems and resilience. Subordinate themes within each include; Burden, self as context, mental health, resilience, boundaries, deployment, experience systems and support. The researchers then re-examined the thematic data through the lens of Transactional Analysis. Karpmans’ (1968, 40-42) drama triangle became evident in the development within the PAT student relationship and its incumbent complexity. The effects on staff wellbeing were discussed and found to have both positive and negative consequences. As part of future PAT training the researchers would suggest using the drama triangle for staff to reflect honestly on current positions in their PAT relationships. This should present possibilities in each relationship of movement towards the winner's triangle and reduce the emotional burden of the PAT while increasing student self-efficacy.

Evaluasi Implementasi Analisis Kesebandingan atas Sengketa Transfer Pricing PT OCI

Transfer pricing is one of the most popular drivers of tax disputes between taxpayers and tax authorities around the world. To lessen the probability of disputes, the OECD proposes procedures for comparability analysis. These procedures help taxpayers and tax authorities to determine the arm's length values of related-party transaction, which is the main cause of many transfer pricing disputes. This study uses a case study method, focusing on PT OCI, to evaluate a firm’s comparative analysis practice and its conformity to OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines. Data collection through interviews and documentation. The results of this study indicate that PT OCI had conducted a comparability analysis of transfer pricing transactions in conformity with the OECD guidelines, while the tax authorities have not carried out a comparability analysis in carrying out transfer pricing audits. However, specifically for trademark utilization transactions, PT OCI must accept the results of inspection corrections. Fulfillment of the arm’s length principle for transactions utilizing intangible assets must comply with two additional provisions, namely related to the existence of transactions and economic benefits from the utilization of intangible assets. With the results of the benefit test, it was concluded that the trademark used by PT OCI did not contribute to increasing the success of PT OCI's sales so that transactions for the use of intangible assets did not meet the arm’s length principles.

A Tale of Two Identities: The Value, Attitude, and Behavior of Adult Children towards Family Tourism Experiences

Adult children accompanying their parents on trips is a particular form of family tourism. During family travel, adult children assume two roles: as tourists, they pursue personal hedonic experiences, while as children, they also bear the responsibility of showing filial piety towards their parents. These two roles entail inherent contradictions. How this conflict influences the formation of family tourism values between adult children and their parents, and ultimately impacts adult children’s intention to accompany their parents on future trips (re-travel intention), requires further in-depth analysis. Based on the perspective of tourist-to-tourist interaction and role conflict theory, this study applied a “value–attitude–behavior” model to empirically analyze the relationship between the interactions of adult children and parents during the tourism and their re-travel intention. An empirical investigation was conducted with 566 adult children from Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Shanghai. The result of the structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis indicates that both positive interactions and role conflict have significant impacts on the formation of family tourism values, and these impacts are moderated by self-efficacy. Furthermore, these two variables influence attitude through the values of filial piety and family connection, which, in turn, affect the re-travel intentions of adult children. This study confirmed that the higher the self-efficacy of adult children, the better effect the positive interaction has and the less impact the role conflict has, which ultimately affects adult children’s re-travel intention. At the theoretical level, this study reveals the process of the formation of “adult children–parents” family tourism values, and provides practical insights for family tourism marketing.

Investigation effectiveness of the integrated educational approach on obsessive-compulsive disorder

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is one of the most common and debilitating psychological disorders. This quasi-experimental study aimed to investigate the effect of three psychological interventions, including cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), existential therapy (ET), and transactional analysis (TA), which have been performed simultaneously on Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) patients in Milad Hospital. In this study, 60 patients were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The measures used included the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. The intervention program of cognitive-behavioral therapy, existentialism, and interaction behavior analysis consisted of eight 60-minute sessions performed only on the experimental group. The results of covariance analysis showed that the combined program of CBT, ET, and TA is effective in the obsessive-compulsive beliefs of patients with OCD (P <0.01). According to the results of the present study on the effectiveness of the intervention program, training can be combined with CBT, ET, and TA as suitable option in designing psychological treatment plans for patients with OCD.

Psychological Analysis of Games Citizens Play

Aim. The research aim is to present the most common games citizens play, a description of the main game theses and roles, psychological gains and rewards, paradigms of relations between the citizen and the state, which determine the emergence of the game, as well as opportunities to quit the game. Methods. To achieve the goal, a system of general scientific methods was used: analysis and generalisation of the main provisions of source studies regarding citizenship and the social role of the citizen, systematisation and generalisation of scientific provisions about games, as well as methodological provisions of Berne's transactional analysis. Results. 43% of Ukrainian citizens engage in "game" interaction with the state. The most common games citizens play are: "Persecution" ("The state oppresses me"), "Offended" ("If it wasn’t for this state…"), "Parasite" ("The state owes me and should keep me"), "Patriot" ("Only I love Ukraine, all others are traitors"), "Exemplary citizen" ("I perform my civic duties better than anyone"). Conclusions. Implementation of the role of a Citizen can lead to both constructive relations with the state and surrogate relations, which lead to various psychological games-manipulations. The developed system of psychological consulting practices for the prevention of civic identity "game" deformations can be used in the process of psychological support of civic identity formation in the development of complex training, and corrective activities, as well as in the educational process when creating programs of civic education and the development of civic competencies.

Juridical Review of the Role of Notaries in the Implementation of Anti Money Laundering Programs

The Notary profession is always guided by the prevailing laws and regulations including Law Number 30 of 2004 as amended by Law Number 2 of 2014 concerning Notary Positions. This study aims to illustrate the role of Notaries in the implementation of anti-money laundering programs as stipulated in Government Regulation Number 43 of 2015 concerning Reporting Parties in the Prevention and Delivery of Anti-Money Laundering Crimes submitted to the Center for Financial Transaction Reporting and Analysis (PPATK). Based on this description, this study uses the Normative Juridical research method

The Influence of Family Communication on Experienced Relief and Burden at the End of Life—An Explorative Analysis of Qualitative Data of Parent–Adult Child Dyads

Interview data from the Dy@EoL project reveal changes in parent–adult child communication in end-of-life situations (Gawinski et al., 2021). The present study investigated the presence of commonly known facilitating and inhibiting factors for relieving communication in interviews of dyads comprised of: (a) terminally ill adult children and their parents and (b) terminally ill parents and their adult children. Additionally, the research examined the extent to which participants experienced the dyadic communication as burdensome or relieving, and compared the experiences of dyad partners. Study participants were interviewed as part of the Dy@EoL project, using semistructured interviews. The interviews of 9 dyads and 14 dyads were analyzed using qualitative content analysis in MAXQDA. Both dyad partners took part. All facilitating factors and some inhibiting factors, as identified in the literature, were evident in the interviews. Some dyads reported the presence of facilitating factors prior to the end-of-life situation, while others began to employ them (or employed them more intensively) in the end-of-life situation. Dyads showed similar experiences of burden and relief, through communication. Both parties should be offered psychosocial support, even when a burden is reported on only one side.

Food Craving Increases Unhealthy Food Purchases: A Study of SNAP Households

Analysis of actual transactions in a grocery store shows that households enrolled in the U.S. government's Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program (SNAP) purchase more unhealthy hedonic food, compared with households that do not receive SNAP benefits. SNAP households purchased more unhealthy hedonic food regardless of whether they used government funds or cash to pay for their purchases. Three follow-up simulated grocery shopping studies were designed to understand the mechanisms underlying this food consumption pattern by SNAP households. SNAP households, compared with households that do not receive SNAP benefits, reported stronger food craving. Stronger food craving was associated with lower unhealthiness perception of hedonic food. Overall, the results suggest that food cravings can reduce perceptions of unhealthiness and thus increase unhealthy food purchases. Interventions that reduce the effect of food cravings on shopping decisions might reduce unhealthy consumption.

Notary Efforts in the Prevention of Money Laundering

In addition to having rights and obligations as stipulated in the Notary Office Law, notaries are also given additional obligations in the context of preventing and eradicating money laundering, namely as reporting party and must report deeds that tend to be a process of money laundering. However, there is a legal issue of conflicting norms because as we know that a Notary is obliged to maintain the confidentiality of the deeds of service users. So that the purpose of this legal scientific research article is to find out whether all deeds must be reported by a Notary in the prevention of Money Laundering Crimes and how the position of a Notary as a reporter is seen from the point of view of the principle of confidentiality in his position. The results of this legal scientific research article state that first, Deeds that must be reported by a Notary to the authorized official are the Financial Transaction Reports and Analysis Center, namely Sale and Purchase Agreements, Deeds of Sale and Purchase of Shares, Deed of Sale and Purchase of Assets, Deed of Establishment of a Limited Liability Company, Deed of Binding of Sale and Purchase, Deed of Establishment of Foundations, Deed of Establishment of Cooperatives, also Authorization of Selling and Authorization of Directors, which are in essence closely related to the crime of money laundering. Second, the principle or principle of secrecy as stipulated in Article 16 paragraph (1) letter f does not have absolute force, because there is a norm which explains that "unless the law determines otherwise". Notaries are expected to be able to identify authentic deeds that have a high risk or tendency of money laundering and for deeds that have allegations of money laundering. Notaries are expected not to hesitate to report to Indonesian Financial Transaction Reports and Analysis Center or INTRAC to prevent money laundering.

UCDM: A User-Centric Data Model in Power Blockchain

Background: As innovative information technology, blockchain has combined the advantages of decentralization, immutability, data provenance, and contract operation automatically, which can be used to solve the issues of single point failure, high trading cost, low effectiveness, and data potential risk in power trading. However, in the traditional power blockchain, the design of functional components in blockchain, such as the data structure of the block, does not take the actual features of power into account, thus leading to a performance bottleneck in practical application. Motivated by business characteristics of power trading, a user-centric data model UCDM in consortium blockchain is proposed to achieve efficient data storage and quick data retrieval. Methods: The proposed UCDM is designed by considering the requirements of transaction retrieval and analysis, thus supporting the requirements of concurrent data requests and mass data storage. The ID of each user will independently form its own chain over the blockchain. Results: Compared with the traditional data model, the extensive experimental results demonstrate that the proposed UCDM has shorter processing delay, higher throughput, and shorter response latency, thus having practical value. Conclusion: UCDM is an effective solution to the transaction retrieval and analysis in power blockchain. Furthermore, the participant of the blockchain network has a unique identity over the world, which ensures high security during trading.

Gray divorce and parent–child disconnectedness: Implications for depressive symptoms

AbstractObjectiveDrawing on the divorce‐stress‐adjustment framework, the authors assessed whether parent–adult child relationship dynamics, including disconnectedness from an adult child, exacerbates the negative impact of gray divorce on parental well‐being.BackgroundDivorce after age 50 is increasingly common but the role of parent–child relationships in parents' adjustment to gray divorce is largely unknown.MethodUsing panel data from 1998 to 2018 Health and Retirement Study in the US, the authors estimated growth curve models to track depressive symptoms prior to, during, and after gray divorce among 930 gray divorced individuals. The authors examined whether the lack of any contact with an adult child in the past 12 months (i.e., parent–child disconnectedness) was associated with depressive symptoms trajectories surrounding divorce and subsequent repartnering.ResultsHaving no contact with at least one adult child aggravated the negative effect of divorce on parent's mental health. This association was robust for mothers and fathers. Having no contact with at least one child, however, did not diminish the temporarily positive effect of subsequent repartnering on mental health.ConclusionThe study contributes to the literature by showing that parent–child disconnectedness adds another blow to parents who are convalescing from divorce.

Digital technology patents in China: an integrated analysis of patent distribution and transactions

Digital technology patents in China: an integrated analysis of patent distribution and transactions