Types Of Transactions Research Articles

Economic determinants of Ethereum transaction fees in the priority fee and proof of stake periods

ABSTRACT We analyse the economic determinants and dynamics of transaction fees in the Ethereum blockchain before and after two significant platform updates. The first is the August 2021 EIP-1559 ‘London’ upgrade, a switch from user-bid gas price (transaction fee per unit of complexity) to a fee model in which the gas price is the sum of an algorithmically determined base fee and an optional priority fee (tip) chosen by the user. The second update (‘the Merge’) is the switch from proof-of-work to proof-of-stake transactions validation in September 2022. We estimate the impact on Ethereum transaction fees of both demand factors (block utilization, transaction type, ETH price in USD) and algorithmic supply-side factors (the block gas limit and base fee). Using data from nearly 900 million blockchain transactions, we find that the gas price is statistically significantly positively associated with the block utilization rate. A larger share of contract call transactions or legacy (user-bid gas price) transactions is linked with higher gas prices on average. On the supply side, a higher block gas limit is statistically significantly associated with lower gas prices.

Client Satisfaction and Quality of Rendered Services of Landbank San Pablo Rizal Avenue Branch: A Basis for Strategic Plan

The study was about client satisfaction and service quality using the SERVQUAL Model at Landbank San Pablo Rizal Avenue Branch, which served as the basis for the strategic plan. The study uses a descriptive correlation design complemented by a quantitative approach and a multi-staged stratified sampling technique to analyze 200 bank clients. Moreover, the research used a modified adapted survey instrument for data gathering. The frequency count and percentage were utilized to ascertain the client's demographic profile. Mean and standard deviation were employed to assess client satisfaction and service quality. ANOVA was used to identify significant differences in satisfaction and the quality of rendered service. Post Hoc Tukey's test was used to determine the significance of group mean pairings. The relationship between client satisfaction and the quality of rendered services was analyzed using the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. The study reveals that Landbank's client base is predominantly young and middle-aged, with 0–5 years of experience. The satisfaction level is slightly lower than expected, with tangibility being the top factor. The quality of services is satisfactory, with investment services receiving the highest score. However, satisfaction levels vary based on transaction types, with e-banking clients showing higher satisfaction. A weak negative correlation exists between satisfaction and perceived service quality, suggesting clients still perceive Landbank's service quality as satisfactory. The strategic plan includes tailored services for investment clients, improved e-banking features, consistent employee training, and targeted communication strategies.

The Contractual Basis of the Assignment of Contractual Rights

There exist two popular conceptions of the assignment of contractual rights in common law jurisdictions. On the first view, the assignment operates as a conveyance of contractual rights from the assignor to the assignee. Under the second, the assignment is analogized to a trust. The original parties to the contract remain the same, but the assignee acquires an equitable or beneficial interest in the contract. This article examines the limits of these two conceptualizations, and proposes that assignments should instead be viewed as a separate contract to assign the rights owed under the initial contract. This approach provides both a normative grounding for the law of assignment in the principles governing the enforcement of contracts, and accounts for the unique effects generated by this type of transaction.

The Adequacy of the UAE Commercial Law in 2023 in Regulating Artificial Intelligence as a Subject of the Contract

The study aims to identify the adequacy of the UAE Commercial Law in 2023 in regulating artificial intelligence as a subject of the contract, This will be done by searching for the way in which the UAE legislator intervened to control the good and effective use of artificial intelligence, whether it was able to reconcile between protecting the interests of the parties to the transaction and encouraging technological development and investment in artificial intelligence to achieve the goals of the National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence. Then, the cases of using artificial intelligence as a subject for commercial transactions will be highlighted, because artificial intelligence is considered one of the funds and products that can be the subject of commercial transactions between professional traders, which remain subject to the applicable legislation, even those that link the trader to the consumer due to the availability of the elements of the consumer process in this type of transaction, which is concerned with protecting the consumer because the consumer transaction must be carried out with transparency and responsibility. However, as a result of the privacy of such transactions, the current legislation does not appear sufficient, but rather work must be done to establish legislative provisions to control dealings in artificial intelligence at the local and international levels to govern artificial intelligence.

Legal regulation of fraudulent transactions in Ukraine

The relevance of the issue under study in this article is due to the rapid development of social relations, which leads to the constant emergence of new types of transactions, their formalization and regulation. A transaction is a basic category for the regulation of civil legal relations, including such a type of transaction such as a fraudulent transaction. A comprehensive study of the institute of fraudulent transactions in Ukraine will be a significant basis for further improvement of the current not only civil legislation, but also administrative legislation, and will unify the judicial practice of applying legislation on fraudulent transactions. The following methods were used in the study of scientific cognition, such as: systemic and structural; comparative; and the method of analysis. Based on the analysis of the current legislation of Ukraine in the field of application of fraudulent transactions the author emphasizes that there is no clear definition of a fraudulent transaction, its features, and the consequences of its conclusion. However, the absence of a regulatory definition of a fraudulent transaction in the current legislation of Ukraine causes conflicts in court decisions, as evidenced by the analysis of court practice, including that of the Supreme Court of Ukraine analysis of court practice, including that of the Supreme Court. This legislative gap should be regulated, since the legal regulation of fraudulent transactions in Ukraine plays an important role in the administration of justice and protection of participants whose interests are violated by such transactions. The author reviews of the key categories of this scientific article, including “legal regulation” “fraudulence”, ‘fraudulent transaction’. The author proposes to define a fraudulent transaction as to understand the action of a debtor or a party to a legal relationship which exists at the time of or has a high probability of becoming a party to a legal relationship, which can be expressed by both active and passive legal behavior aimed at avoidance of undesirable consequences for the debtor or a person (probable party to the legal relationship) Consequences aimed at avoiding civil liability, non-occurrence of undesirable civil status, or obtaining a benefit in an unfair manner. The author concludes that it is necessary to improve the legal regulation of a fraudulent transaction in Ukraine in the context of defining its essence, features essential terms of the contract, and legal consequences of its application.

Корпоративный договор: гражданско-правовая сделка или публично-правовое дозволение?

This article considers the problems of determining the subject matter of a corporate contract, assesses the cor-relation between a corporate contract and the charter of a business company according to Russian law and foreign legal orders. The corporate contract should be considered as a civil-law deal concluded on the basis of public-law permissions. The subject matter of a corporate contract is corporate rights and obligations, the pro-cedure for the exercise or non-exercise of which is established by agreement of the parties, and it is permissi-ble to include in the contract elements of other types of transactions than those expressly provided for by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Under Russian law, a corporate contract is not subordinate to the compa-ny’s charter. Compliance with the imperative requirements of the law is sufficient to recognize a corporate agreement as valid regardless of its relation to the company’s charter.

REFORMULANDO O JOGO TRIBUTÁRIO: DESAFIOS E SOLUÇÕES NAS TRANSAÇÕES DE GAMES ON-LINE

In recent years, computer games have gained widespread popularity, driven by technological advancements and internet expansion, leading to the prevalence of on-line gaming and the decline of physical media. The taxation of these games has become a debated issue, particularly regarding the differentiation between off-the-shelf and custom software. In 2021, the Brazilian Supreme Federal Court deemed software taxable as services. Uncertainties have arisen regarding in-game transactions, encompassing the acquisition of goods, rights, or financial operations. This article aims to understand whether transactions in on-line games qualify as the acquisition of goods or services, determining the applicable taxes, considering the Brazilian legal landscape post-Tax Reform. Specific objectives include grasping technical distinctions between goods, commodities, and services; conceptualizing and distinguishing software and on-line games from a technological perspective; outlining types of transactions in on-line games to support their legal classification; understanding the Supreme Court's rationale on software as services; and analyzing the impact of the Tax Reform on the taxation of in-game transactions. The research, characterized as pure and explanatory, employs a qualitative approach, deductive method, and bibliographic/documentary procedures. It concludes that the accurate taxation of on-line gaming transactions is a significant source of legal uncertainty, stemming from the classification and legality of tax incidence. The Tax Reform, by instituting a single tax for operations involving goods, services, and rights, holds the potential to resolve these uncertainties, rendering unnecessary the determination of the nature of operations for tax purposes.

Creating and Managing Transactions and Budgets: Analysis of Marketplace Descriptions and Functionality Review of Budgeting Apps

Abstract While financial practises permeate our lives, the effective management of personal finance is not trivial, as indicated in the increasing number of commercial apps aimed to support budgeting. Such apps however have been limitedly explored, despite the growing HCI interest in financial practises. To address this gap, we present the functionality review of 45 top-rated budgeting apps from Google Play and Apple Store, together with an analysis of their descriptions on marketplaces. Findings indicate the value of richer, multimodal app descriptions, support for budgeting literacy and for stronger theoretical underpinning of these apps. They also highlight main functionalities for supporting different types of transactions and accounts, for entering and managing transactions, securing data, as well as for creating and managing budgets. We conclude with five design implications to better support each of these functionalities.

Combating Counterfeit Products with Blockchain Technology to Enhance Trust and Authenticity in Consumer Markets

Objectives: Counterfeit products are becoming a global problem where consumers are fooled into buying fake goods without being able to verify their authenticity. By taking advantage of the secure and transparent nature of blockchain, this work aims to establish a system for consumers to verify the authenticity of products. Methods: Recently, blockchain has become more popular because it fosters trust between untrusted participants. A blockchain is a decentralized, distributed, and digital ledger that records transactions by means of blocks. It is a security technology that does not allow anyone to change or hack the block. Using blockchain technology, customers do not have to rely on third parties to confirm product originality. Findings: This work will show the effectiveness of blockchain. Blockchain creates a more secure and transparent system for product authentication. It helps in identifying counterfeit products entering the market and increases consumer confidence during purchase. The comparison of the transaction send rate and the average latency for each type of transaction is elaborated. The CPU consumption for each transaction type Add, Query, and Query-all are 1.81%, 1.11% and 1.27% respectively. The memory consumption by add, Query and Query all are respectively 53MB, 45MB and 92 MB. Novelty: Blockchain technology helps manufacturers to add real product serial numbers into the ledgers. The serial number stored in the ledger is protected from tampering. The stored serial number helps consumers check the authenticity of a product before buying it. To verify that a manufacturer or trader is genuine, consumers may also submit reviews of the products they purchase. The deeper integration of consumer reviews within the system offers a novel approach to enhancing trust and transparency in the verification process. We have also developed a user-friendly interface for manufacturers, sellers, and customers, enhancing the novelty of our solution. Keywords: Counterfeit product, Blockchain, Supply chain, Product Authenticity, Trust

BARTER TRANSACTIONS IN THE FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF RUSSIAN COMPANIES UNDER SANCTIONS

The article examines the reasons for the return to barter transactions in the context of the application of economic sanctions to business operations in modern Russia, concerning difficulties with settlements in national currencies, difficulties with logistics and others. The results of the analysis of publications on the topic of barter transactions in difficult economic conditions are presented, which showed the ambiguity of scientists' opinions regarding barter transactions: some believe that this situation is associated with a shortage of funds and high inflation, others with non-payments in credit chains and the lack of the possibility of selling counter goods. The authors believe that in any case, it is advisable to take into account the specifics of barter transactions. The article provides an assessment of the dynamics of foreign trade, the trends of which in terms of exports and imports are characteristic, including for barter transactions. The advantages of barter transactions in terms of circumventing difficulties in international settlements and the lack of barter transactions related to determining the equivalent value of exchanged goods are investigated. The advantages of barter transactions are revealed, consisting in demonstrating the flexibility of conducting foreign trade in difficult economic conditions. The risks in barter transactions and the possibilities of their insurance have been identified. The results of the study can be used in the process of developing and conducting various types of barter transactions that contribute to strengthening international relations to maintain commodity exchange in difficult conditions of economic sanctions against Russia.

Getting to Know Cross-Border Lease

A cross-border lease is a leasing or rental and financing transaction carried out outside the borders of a country where the lessor is domiciled in a different country from the lessee's country. This type of leasing transaction is sometimes referred to as cross-border leasing or international leasing transaction because it involves two different countries. An introduction to this type of leasing includes the advantages and risks of cross-border leasing businesses, an overview of taxes and laws, and implementation and development trends of cross-border leasing businesses. The research methodology used in this study includes a comprehensive analysis of existing literature, case studies of current cross-border lease practices, and interviews with industry experts to understand the practical implications and challenges. Additionally, statistical data on global leasing trends were analyzed to project future developments. It is estimated that cross-border leasing will become increasingly popular, driven by economic globalization and companies' need for financing flexibility. However, stringent regulations will continue to be a challenge for this practice.

Rancang Bangun Aplikasi (Point of Sales) Berbasis Website Menggunakan Framework Laravel dengan Metode Menggunakan Prototype

BO'Coffee is a business in the culinary sector where every day there are buying and selling transactions which of course record all types of sales transactions. The operational system used still uses manual methods which are considered vulnerable to errors in ordering and payment. This research uses the Laravel framework based on the prototype method. The aim is to increase operational efficiency through digitizing transaction processes and stock management. The prototype method was chosen because of its ability to develop iteratively and be responsive to user needs. The designed application offers convenience in managing transactions, monitoring inventory and real-time financial reporting. Test results show significant improvements in transaction time efficiency and data accuracy, supporting more effective decision-making, the application functions well in all aspects tested, and all expected features can operate in accordance with the design and specifications that have been determined.

Вопросы применения медианного значения рыночного интервала в регулировании трансфертных цен

Material changes in the tax regulation of transfer pricing have occurred in the early 2024, such changes include the introduction of the median value of the market price interval (financial parameters). This is a new instrument in the regulation of transfer pricing, its introduction was not justified in the bill discussion period, but its effect is significant for tax obligations of Russian companies. The new instrument in the transfer pricing system creates additional risks for taxpayers, as well as for the state in terms of economic relations with regard to timely and full calculation and payment of taxes, as well as for parties to international economic activities and internal relations. This predetermines the research subject: the conditions of and procedure for applying the median value for the purposes of tax control of intracompany transaction prices. The research methodology is based on an analysis of transfer pricing recommendations of the ОECD in АННОТАЦИИ Налоги № 2-2024 47 АННОТАЦИИ terms of applying statistical tools to determine the price of the transaction under analysis, provisions of foreign regulations that determine the pricing procedure in transactions between related entities. Special attention is paid to an analysis of foreign court judgments on determination of the market price of intracompany transactions. An analysis of the ОECD recommendations has given an opportunity to single out obligatory conditions for the application of the median value. The author has identified a tendency towards harmonization of approaches to using the median value in foreign countries and the general trend to clarifying regulations in 2022-2024. The judicial practice shows that irrespective of the activity type or type of transactions performed by group subdivisions, courts award uniform judgments in terms of applying the median value and take into account the ОECD recommendations when passing a judgment. The paper concludes that Russian taxpayers face an additional tax risk rooted in the differences in the approach towards the application of the median value in the Tax Code of the Russian Federation and the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines for transnational corporations and tax administrations used to regulate taxation of transactions between related entities in explanations of tax authorities and the judicial practice. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the determination of tendencies towards applying the median value for transfer pricing purposes, evaluation of tax consequences of the novelty for Russian taxpayers.

Goals, Effects and Challenges of the Financial Transaction Tax: A Comparative Law Study in France, Italy and Spain

The Preamble of the Spanish Financial Transactions Tax Law establishes that “[t]he shaping of the tax follows the line taken by our neighbouring countries, including France and Italy, thus contributing to greater coordination of these taxes across Europe.” In this sense, the Spanish tax shows important similarities with those established in France and Italy in relation to the levy on the acquisition of certain shares and securities representing the capital of a company for consideration. Nevertheless, both the French and the Italian taxes apply to other types of transactions, not covered by the Spanish Law, which is why it is necessary to carry out the corresponding comparative study. Furthermore, the effects that have arisen from the application of this kind of taxes to financial transactions merited a proper analysis in order to determine if the main goals pursued by these taxes have been achieved in an efficient way. In any case, there are emerging tax challenges in financial markets connected, on the one hand, to the use of crypto-assets and distributed ledger technology, and, on the other hand, to the implementation of artificial intelligence and machine learning and the fair taxation of these operations. In this sense, the Spanish tax presents important similarities with those established in France and Italy in relation to the levy of acquisition for consideration of certain shares and securities representing the capital of a company. Nevertheless, both the French and the Italian taxes subject other types of transactions, out of scope of the Spanish Law, which is why it is necessary to carry out the corresponding comparative study. Furthermore, the effects that have arisen from the application of this kind of taxes on financial transactions merited a proper analysis in order to determine if the main goals persuaded by theses taxes have been achieved in an efficient way. In any case, there are emerging tax challenges in financial markets connected, by the one hand, to the use of crypto-assets and distributed ledger technology; by the other one, to the implementation of artificial intelligence and machine-learning and the fair taxation of these operations.

Enhancing the security of web applications through innovative patterns of integration of artificial intelligence

Ensuring the security of digital operations, especially in the areas of e-commerce and financial transactions, remains increasingly relevant. Therefore, the subject of research is the development of a specialized software library. This library aims to improve the security of web applications. The purpose of this study is to develop a software library that uses artificial intelligence and machine learning methods to analyze and improve the level of security of financial transactions. The use of these advanced technologies helps automate the detection of potentially fraudulent or risky transactions, thereby providing a higher level of user protection. The following tasks are solved in the article: analysis of modern methods of processing financial transactions and identification of possible security threats; development of a UML diagram of library classes for processing and analyzing financial transactions; testing and validation of the developed artificial intelligence model for assessing the security of financial transactions on real financial data. Machine learning methods were defined and applied using the scikit-learn library in Python, the algorithms of which are capable of analyzing large volumes of data and identifying potential risks with high accuracy. This ensures effective integration of artificial intelligence technologies. The following results were obtained in the work: the criteria for assessing the riskiness of financial transactions for the identification of potential risks are defined; the program operation algorithm is described, which includes procedures for determining and classifying transaction risks; pseudocode is presented, which illustrates the structure of classes and methods of the model, opening opportunities for its adaptation and scaling; methods of generating test data reproducing realistic scenarios of financial transactions have been developed; an analysis of the results was carried out to assess the effectiveness of the developed model. In conclusion, the results of research and testing allow us to evaluate the model's response to various data and its effectiveness in real conditions, as the work presents examples of processing various types of transactions. In addition, the study presents not only the development and validation of the developed model, but also the prospects of its use on a larger scale, integration with existing web applications.

Pengaruh Penggunaan Mobile Banking Terhadap Efektivitas Dalam Pembayaran Uang Kuliah Tunggal UIN SMH Banten

Mobile banking is a service provided by banks that allows customers to conduct various types of service transactions anytime and anywhere through smartphone devices. This service is not only utilized by customers at large, but UIN students have also utilized the service in making single tuition payments. However, there are still many students who have not utilized the convenience of this service. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the effectiveness and instruments of using mobile banking on customer satisfaction. This research uses a quantitative approach.

Anomaly Detection in Blockchain Transactions: A Machine Learning Approach within the Open Metaverse

This study investigates the application of machine learning models for anomaly detection and fraud analysis in blockchain transactions within the Open Metaverse, amid the growing complexity of digital transactions in virtual spaces. Utilizing a dataset of 78,600 transactions that reflect a broad spectrum of user behaviors and transaction types, we evaluated the efficacy of several predictive models, including RandomForest, LinearRegression, SVR, DecisionTree, KNeighbors, GradientBoosting, AdaBoost, Bagging, XGB, and LightGBM, based on their Mean Cross-Validation Mean Squared Error (Mean CV MSE). Our analysis revealed that ensemble methods, particularly RandomForest and Bagging, demonstrated superior performance with Mean CV MSEs of -0.00445 and -0.00415, respectively, thereby highlighting their robustness in the complex transaction dataset. In contrast, LinearRegression and SVR were among the least effective, with Mean CV MSEs of -224.67 and -468.57, indicating a potential misalignment with the dataset's characteristics. This research underlines the importance of selecting appropriate machine learning strategies in the context of blockchain transactions within the Open Metaverse, showcasing the need for advanced, adaptable approaches. The findings contribute significantly to the financial technology field, particularly in enhancing security and integrity within virtual economic systems, and advocate for a nuanced approach to anomaly detection and fraud analysis in blockchain environments.

The Responsibilities of Business Actors and The Legal Implications of Minors Purchasing Online Mobile Game Credits

Children’s interactions and lifestyles worldwide have greatly benefited from the expansion of the internet gaming sector. However, the practice of minors purchasing and reselling online game certificates has prompted concerns about the accountability of corporate operators and potential legal repercussions. In the context of minors purchasing online game vouchers, this study investigates the responsibilities of commercial actors and the legal implications. This research methodology uses a normative legal approach to gather data from the literature, relevant judicial judgments, statutes, and regulations. This analysis aims to comprehend corporate actors' accountability, legal ramifications, and parents' function in this type of transaction. The findings demonstrated that business actors who offer online game vouchers have a duty to uphold the legitimacy of transactions. Businesses have a responsibility to make sure that such transactions adhere to ethical and legal standards, even though many laws forbid minors from engaging in transactions without their parent's permission. The legal ramifications of minors purchasing and selling online game vouchers may include possible violations of consumer rights, the protection of personal data, and provisions of contracts that may be void owing to age restrictions. Monitoring and limiting their children's access to these kinds of transactions is a crucial responsibility for parents. Collaboration between commercial actors, the government, and parents is required to maintain the integrity and protection of children in online game voucher purchasing and selling operations.

On the form of granting a license to use copyright and related rights objects in certain ways on the Internet

Introduction. The high pace of development of the Internet and globalization of processes necessitate the introduction of new approaches to the regulation of relations in the field of intellectual property. The transition of business to online, the use of the Internet as a tool for advertising and promotion of goods and services, including the use of content of other parties, creates new challenges related to the efficient and, at the same time, legal transfer of intellectual property rights between the parties. The purpose of the paper is to highlight the aspects of national legislation that complicate the transfer of rights to copyright and related rights on the Internet and to find solutions to overcome them by enshrining special rules. Results. The paper reveals the need to introduce an individual approach by adopting special rules to determine the forms of transactions for the disposal of intellectual property rights in respect of certain objects in certain ways. In particular, this applies to granting permission (license) to use copyright and related rights objects in certain ways on the Internet. The paper provides examples of the already implemented individual approach to the regulation of intellectual property rights in the national legislation of Ukraine with regard to certain categories of objects. The author analyzes the forms of transactions enshrined in the legislation, the methods of their execution and the consequences of non-compliance with such forms, namely, the written form, in particular, with regard to transactions on disposal of intellectual property rights. The author recognizes the need to introduce alternative methods of granting permission (license) for the use of copyright and related rights objects on the Internet in order to eliminate formal obstacles, which will simplify the process of making such transactions and meet the needs of users of Internet resources who are interested in distributing user-generated content of others. Conclusion. It is proposed to amend the Law of Ukraine "On Copyright and Related Rights" to establish a new type of transaction on the basis of which intellectual property rights are disposed of, namely, a license for reproduction and interactive provision of access to a copyrighted work or a related work on the Internet, and to define the terms and conditions of such a license and the form (method) of its transfer.

MOVIEMATE: MOVIE RECOMMENDATION SYSTEM

Abstract— Nowadays, recommendation systems have revolutionized the way we search for things of interest. These systems employ an information filtering approach to anticipate user preferences. Commonly applied in areas such as books, news, articles, music, videos, and movies, recommendation systems play a pivotal role. In this study, we introduce MOVIEMATE, a movie recommendation system. Using content-based approach, MOVIEMATE examines information provided by users to recommend movies customized to their individual preferences. MOVIEMATE streamlines the movie selection process, leveraging the collective movie experiences of other users to efficiently deliver personalized recommendations. Developed in Python using Jupyter Notebook and Streamlit, this system harnesses various types of user data, item information, and past transactions stored in dedicated databases to generate recommendations. Navigating through these recommendations, users can effortlessly discover movies that align with their preferences. Keywords – recommendation system, recommender system, movies, Content-based filtering