Transaction Sector Research Articles

Enhancing Signature Forgery Detection System Using CNN-SVM

Handwritten signatures are widely used as a means of personal identification and authentication. Many documents like bank cheques and legal transactions require signature verification. But considering a large number of documents, it is a very difficult and time-consuming task. Therefore, ensuring the necessity for a robust automatic signature verification tool that aims to reduce fraud in all related financial transaction sectors. The current visual verification depends mainly on the experience, mood, and working environment of the verifier which ultimately wastes both time and money. Moreover, it is difficult for the eyes of any experts to precisely verify the ratios between lines and angles of a genuine signature to a fraud signature. Therefore, we propose an automatic signature verification technique using the recent advances in image processing and machine learning.

Analisis Penggunaan E-Wallet Terhadap Mahasiswa Universitas Islam Sumatera Utara Tahun 2022

The background of this thesis research is that the development of the digitalization era is getting faster and faster, demanding changes in the transaction sector using digital applications (E-Wallets) that are increasingly modern and efficient. The times have given rise to various payment methods through digital applications such as OVO and DANA.The use of e-wallets in big cities in Indonesia is increasing every year. Most users of e-wallets are millennials, especially students. This study examines the use of e-wallets among students, especially at the Islamic University of North Sumatra, such as how students know about e-wallets, the impact of using e-wallets, and problems using e-wallets in transactions. This research method uses a quantitative research type. The data source used is primary data obtained from questionnaires distributed to respondents, namely students of the Islamic University of North Sumatra, as many as 100 respondents. The sampling technique used in this study is the stratified random sampling technique. Questionnaire data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0 by carrying out several stages of data analysis test, validity test, reliability test, classical assumption test, multiple linear regression test, hypothesis test (t and F test) and the coefficient of determination (R2). Based on the results of the study with the partial test (t), there is a positive and significant effect in the OVO and DANA (X1) E-Wallet application on students as evidenced by the value obtained by t-count t-table, namely 2.124 1.984 and a significance value of 0.308 0.05, then H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted, and there is no positive and significant effect on the impact of using E-Wallet (X2) and problems using E-Wallet on students (Y ) as evidenced by the financial literacy value (X2) obtained by t-count t-table, namely 2.475 1.984 and a significance value of 0.720 0.05 then H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted. While using the simultaneous test (F) it is known that the F-count value is 0.391 F- table of 1.984 and Prob α = 0.760 0.05 so that it can be said simultaneously that variables X1 (OVO E-Wallet and DANA), X2 (Effects of using E-Wallet), and X3 (Problems using E-Wallet) have a significant and significant effect on Y (UISU Student). The coefficient of determination R2 shows 0.112 with a percentage of 11.2%.

THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON BANKS IN INDONESIA: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

This study aimed to determine the conditions of the digital transaction sector, financial system stability, financial inclusion, and bank health ratios before and after the COVID-19 pandemic and their impact on digital transactions, financial system stability, financial inclusion, and banking health ratios in Indonesia. The research method used is the descriptive comparative analysis method. The analysis used in this study is the average difference test analysis using the paired samples t-test. The results of the study show that digital transactions during the COVID-19 pandemic did not have a significant impact on reducing electronic money. The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted lowering average inflation and interest rates (BI7DRR). Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic substantially affected reducing average public savings. However, it did not considerably influence the decrease in the average public loan. The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly reduced the average bank soundness ratio as measured by Return on Assets (ROA) and Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR).

Pengaruh Pemungutan Pajak atas Transaksi Cryptocurrency dan Literasi Keuangan terhadap Niat Berinvestasi pada Cryptocurrency

The transformation of information technology gave birth to the latest innovations, one example of which is public access to the financial transaction sector. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of tax collection on cryptocurrency transactions and financial literacy on the intention to invest in cryptocurrency. This research uses a type of research using quantitative methods whose data uses statistical analysis and uses numbering. The population used in this study is all millennial generation in the istmewa area of Yogyakarta. The sample used for this study was a millennial generation with an age range of 18-50 years totaling 114 people. Sample collection technique with snowball sampling model where the distribution of questionnaires to resonence is carried out online, how to distribute questionnaires using social media (WhatsApp, Twitter, and Instagram). The study used multiple linear regression analysis. In the research that has been done, it can be concluded that tax collection on cryptocurrency transactions does not have an influence on investment intentions. Financial literacy has a positive influence on the intention to invest in cryptocurrencies. The results of research and discussion of each variable illustrate that financial literacy has an influence on the intention to invest in cryptocurrency for respondents, most of whom are students. This proves that financial literacy such as understanding and skills in managing finances have been applied well by students when deciding to invest.

Pengaruh Perkembangan Sektor Teknologi Informasi Terhadap Perkembangan Sektor E-Commerce (Studi Kasus: Negara-Negara Asean 2015-2019)

This study aims to determine the effect of the development of the information technology sector on the development of the e-commerce transaction sector, analyze the variables that support the use of information technology such as the number of mobile phone users, the number of internet users and the number of broadband telephone users on the value of e-commerce transactions in countries. in ASEAN. This study uses secondary data. This research uses Fixed Effect Model (FEM) approach. The data analysis model used is panel data regression.
 The results of this study indicate that the variable number of internet users and the number of mobile phone users has a positive and significant effect on the value of e-commerce transactions in ASEAN countries. While the number of broadband telephone users has a positive but not significant effect on the value of e-commerce transactions in ASEAN countries.

ТРАНСАКЦІЙНІ ВИТРАТИ ПРОМИСЛОВОГО СЕКТОРУ ТА ЇХ ВПЛИВ НА ПРОМИСЛОВУ МОДЕРНІЗАЦІЮ

Introduction. Preventing the industrial degradation and transition to a new quality of industrial development require the ensuring of effective institutional relations between industrial sector actors and other stakeholders, which today due to excessive bureaucratization of economic regulation compared to developed countries, corruption, judicial opacity systems, mismatches of market mechanisms exaggerated by excessive transaction costs reducing market flexibility and leading to the consolidation of inefficient business models of industrial enterprises. In this regard, in the study the estimations of the industrial sector transaction costs to determine their impact on industrial development are made and the recommendations for public policy to form effective institutional mechanisms for the industrial sector modernization are developed to stimulate progressive technological and innovative development of industrial production. Materials and methods. To estimate the transaction costs of the industrial sector of Ukraine the approach of J. Wallis and D. North, who estimated the transaction costs in the American economy for the period 1870-1970 by direct calculation of wages of transactional sector employees in GNP, was used. The basic premise of measuring transaction costs has been the assumption of limited rationality when individuals are unable to fully predict the behavior of their counterparties. Such costs are considered as costs of labor, land, capital, and entrepreneurial skills used for exchange. The amount of transaction costs of the industrial sector included intra-firm labor costs of “transactional” professions and external costs of transactional sectors services. For calculation of transaction costs, the data of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine for 2012, 2016 and 2018 years were used. Results and discussion. The results of the assessment of transaction costs in the industrial sector showed a twofold increase in their size and as a share in GDP in 2016 compared to 2012. In addition, the assessment of transaction costs by type of industrial activity in 2012, 2016 and 2018 showed their significant growth except for the raw materials sectors, as well as furniture production, other production and repair and installation of machinery and equipment. It is determined that these dynamics correlates with the rate of deindustrialization. In order to overcome the negative trends of transaction costs dynamics, recommendations to improve the institutional environment for technological modernization of industrial production, including market deregulation, promoting the development of network structures, including digital clusters, creating digital platforms for crosssectoral cooperation, boosting institutions for investments attraction and support were developed. Conclusions. Thus, the transaction costs can be considered as a measure of the quality of the industrial modernization institutional environment. The dynamics of their growth suggests a significant role in the deindustrialization of the national economy. To prevent these trends, it is important to facilitate market exchange to attract new technologies and promote industrial modernization. The study proposes mechanisms that can be included in the basis of state industrial policy aimed at industrial modernization of the national economy.

ПІДПРИЄМНИЦТВО УКРАЇНИ В УМОВАХ ІНСТИТУЦІЙНИХ ЗМІН

The paper analyzes the trends of entrepreneurship in Ukraine during 2010-2020. Qualitative indicators are given to calculate the level of entrepreneurship development, in particular the value of gross domestic product, dynamics of change and indices of physical volume of gross domestic product, value of gross domestic product per capita, dynamics of change and indices of physical volume of gross domestic product per capita people. It is concluded that the current state and trends of entrepreneurship in Ukraine do not meet the potential of the state, do not ensure the proper level of well-being of society as a whole and each member of society. One of the reasons for this situation is the constant falling of domestic entrepreneurs into the so-called institutional traps. It is concluded that the institutional transformations that took place in Ukraine during all the years of independence failed to take into account the complexity of Ukraine's transition to a market path of development and therefore led to a large number of institutional traps that hinder entrepreneurship. In particular, such institutional traps as the dependence of Ukraine's economic development on the country's previous development trajectory have been identified and carefully analyzed; imperfection of the created legal system; the absence in many cases of an "effective" owner who could competently conduct economic activities, bring the state significant income in terms of taxes, etc .; the presence in Ukraine of a huge transactional sector of the economy; the country's legislature and executive ignored much of the advice of institutionalists, who believed that economic reforms could not weaken social role of the state, it is impossible to carry out incompatible measures at the same time, and it is possible to copy foreign experience of carrying out reforms only when these countries are at approximately the same level of development with our country. It is concluded that in order to prevent domestic entrepreneurship from falling into institutional traps, the state needs to plan from the very beginning the gradual dismantling of an outdated institution (system of rules of conduct or so-called "game" rules) and its replacement with a new one that would meet new, market business conditions.

A two-stage factorial-analysis-based input-output model for virtual-water quantification and metabolic-network identification in Kyrgyzstan

In this study, a two-stage factorial-analysis-based input-output model (TFA-IOM) is advanced for virtual water assessment, which integrates techniques of factorial analysis (FA) and ecological network analysis (ENA) into input-output model (IOM). TFA-IOM can not only identify the crucial water transaction sectors and the associated integral utility relationships, but also investigate the individual and interactive effects of multiple factors on virtual water metabolic network (VWMN) through measuring water consumptions of different sectors. The developed TFA-IOM is applied to Kyrgyzstan in Central Asia to quantify its virtual water and identify its metabolic network, where agricultural and animal husbandry sectors are the main water consumers. Our major findings are: (i) Kyrgyzstan is a country relying on net virtual water import (reaching up to 3,242 × 106 m3); (ii) WHT (wheat) is the main virtual water supplier (with 349 × 106 m3 virtual water to others); (iii) WHT, VGF (vegetables, fruit, and nuts), PFB (plant-based fibers), CTL (bovine cattle) and RMK (raw milk) are the main sectors affecting the VWMN (e.g., utility relationship and integral virtual water recycling index). From a long-term and sustainable development point view, stimulating Kyrgyzstan’s domestic WHT and RMK productions and improving VGF, PFB and CTL water-use efficiencies can facilitate reducing net virtual water import and promoting the mutualism degree of the national VWMN.

Transaction costs: essence and dynamics in the ukrainian economy

Methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is the scientific development of domestic and foreign scientists related to the definition of the essence, classification, role of transaction costs and the transaction sector in the processes of market transformation of the economy, the formation of its institutional organization and the study of materials from specialized scientific conferences and symposia. During the study, the following methods were used: groupings – in forming the levels of the transactional sector of the economy, based on its scale; generalization – in determining the transactional branches and the transactional sector of the economy and in determining the reasons for the increase in the transactional sector in Ukraine in recent years. Results. The essence of transaction costs is investigated and their assessment is carried out at the macroeconomic level. The specifics of the branches of a transactional nature and their relationship with the branches of the transformational sector have been determined. The theoretical and methodological basis of the three-sector representation of the national economy in the form of an aggregate of three sectors – transformational, transactional and public sectors has been studied. A quantitative assessment of the size of the transaction sector in dynamics in Ukraine has been carried out. The macro-, meso- and microinstitutions of the transactional sector of the economy are analyzed. The structural features of the transactional sector of the Ukrainian economy are revealed and the need to modernize both the sector itself and the economy as a whole is substantiated. Novelty. The scientific originality of the study lies in identifying the main trends in the development of the transactional sector in Ukraine and also outlined possible ways to improve the development of this sector. Practical value. The practical significance of the research results obtained is the assessment of the share of the transactional sector in the gross domestic product in conjunction with proposals for its improvement within the framework of economic policy implementation.

Path of sustainable development of agricultural ecosystems in the context of digitalization

Digitalization provides new opportunities for determining the path of sustainable development of agricultural and ecological systems. The article attempts to consider the problems related to the emerging digital divide and the possibility of their leveling accompanying this process both at the international and national levels. Digital transformation is taking place not only in the technology sector and digital companies: its scale extends to all areas of the world economy. It was revealed that digital transformation, accompanied by the development of digital platforms, provides a more complete interaction of agricultural ecosystems with the digital world. Digital platforms have been identified to facilitate the integration of business, social and technological processes that form digital service ecosystems. The main reason for the expansion of the digital segment of agricultural ecosystems is the increase in the transactional sector. The creation of IT platforms based on the digitalization of production and technological processes, jobs; logistics, collaboration of agribusiness entities and public-private partners, consumers, competitors, investors, authorities has been proposed.

Theory of analysis of the innovative ecosystems development

The ecosystem approach makes a significant contribution to understanding the current transformations of socio-economic life. New end-to-end technologies have a high potential to minimize the transaction sector in order to focus on meeting the real needs of people and firms and forming economic, political, cultural, and value institutions for sustainable development and justice for all. It seems that the technological breakthroughs of recent years, as well as the reverse pandemic economic dynamics, provide ample opportunities for the spread of innovative ecosystems as a new form of coordination of production activities. The unique characteristics of ecosystems as predominantly self-organizing communities allow us to identify a number of conceptual approaches to the analysis of their development: network, system, digital, stakeholder, and transactional. The objectives of the article do not include their detailed presentation. We show the applicability of approaches for ecosystem analysis. Based on the description of the options and possibilities for the applicability of these approaches, we came to the conclusion that the nature of innovative ecosystems is dual. First, the latter allow us to model (structure, systematize) interorganizational, inter-firm relations in a new way, to identify ecosystem features of communities, industrial and regional complexes. Second, ecosystems need to be recognized as a new form of transactional coordination of economic activity. They are alternatives to institutions such as the firm, the market, and hybrid forms. The increment of scientific knowledge consists in the implementation of the main goal of the study -the systematization of methods for analyzing the development of innovative ecosystems based on the formation of ideas for ecosystem analysis of innovation management.

Economic assessment of the level of transaction costs of railway transport enterprises in terms of certification

The purpose of this study is economic assessment of the level of transaction costs of railway transport enterprises in the conditions of certification. Based on the results of the analysis of the main provisions of the new institutional economic theory, a number of methodological approaches to the economic assessment of the level of transaction costs of railway transport enterprises in the conditions of the certification procedure are proposed. Due to the fact that the transaction sector occupies a significant place in the state economy, the study of methods for assessing the level of transaction costs of economic subjects plays a significant role in the development of the transport services market conditions. The obtained research results generally confirm the possibility of developing certain provisions of the economic theory of transport as a result of considering the provisions of the theory of transaction costs in relation to the sphere of railway transport. The proposed methodological approaches to assessing the level of transaction costs can increase the level of reliability of cost calculations of participants in the transport services market that accompany the certification procedure for railway transport.

From transaction costs to transaction value: Overcoming the frictional paradigm

The transaction cost economics has accumulated a mass of dogmatic concepts and assertions that have acquired high stability under the influence of path dependence. These include the dogma about transaction costs as frictions, the dogma about the unproductiveness of transactions as a generator of losses, “Stigler—Coase” theorem and the logic of transaction cost minimization, and also the dogma about the priority of institutions providing low-cost transactions. The listed dogmas underlie the prevailing tradition of transactional analysis the frictional paradigm — which, in turn, is the foundation of neo-institutional theory. Therefore, the community of new institutionalists implicitly blocks attempts of a serious revision of this dogmatics. The purpose of the article is to substantiate a post-institutional (alternative to the dominant neo-institutional discourse) value-oriented perspective for the development of transactional studies based on rethinking and combining forgotten theoretical alternatives. Those are Commons’s theory of transactions, Wallis—North’s theory of transaction sector, theory of transaction benefits (T. Sandler, N. Komesar, T. Eggertsson) and Zajac—Olsen’s theory of transaction value. The article provides arguments and examples in favor of broader explanatory possibilities of value-oriented transactional analysis.

Падение трансакционного сектора: апрельские тренды и последствия альтернатив экономической политики

Падение трансакционного сектора: апрельские тренды и последствия альтернатив экономической политики

Investments in the Transaction Sector and Financial Assets: Impact on Economic Growth

Investments are distributed unevenly in the economy. This distribution between economic sectors and activities (financial and non-financial) determines not only the dynamics of sectors, but also their contribution to economic growth. The aim of the article is to assess the impact of investments in the transaction and non-transaction sectors and the sectors themselves based on their gross value added on economic growth, as well as the impact of investments in financial assets on gross domestic product. The financial sector is an integral part of the transaction sector. Therefore, it is important to consider the impact of investments on economic growth, especially to compare it within countries. The research methodology employed the method of structural analysis, econometric modeling, and comparative analysis. The study resulted in structural models built to assess the GDP growth rate from investments in the transaction and nontransaction sectors, as well as changes in GDP from investments in financial and non-financial assets. The econometric models helped establish that the transaction sector and the investments in it make the largest contribution to the growth rate in the Russian economy, while financial investments largely weaken the economic dynamics, since the gap between financial and non-financial investments is rapidly increasing. In the other countries, the imbalance between financial and non-financial investments is less pronounced, which reduces the inhibitory effect of financial investments. The analysis of the countries provides the characteristics of their economic dynamics regarding the impact of investments in the transaction sector and financial assets. The general conclusion is that the economic growth policy in the Russian economy should consider the impact of investments in financial assets and attempt to narrow the gap with investments in non-financial assets. This will not only increase the sustainability of economic dynamics, but also the contribution of investments to economic growth.

Структура экономического роста стран Евразийского союза

The purpose of the study is to determine the existing growth models of the countries of the Eurasian Union by GDP expenditures and sectors (manufacturing, transactional raw materials). The research methodology is a macroeconomic analysis of the dynamics of the main indicator of economic development — gross domestic product. The research method is a structural analysis that allows you to get a structural formula for calculating the contribution of each component of GDP to the growth rate, as well as a comparative analysis of the dynamics models of the countries in question — Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia. The result of the study is the obtained structural relationships that make it possible to measure the influence of the investment structure on the growth rate, the criteria describing economic growth with a corresponding change in the country's national wealth, as well as the identification of models of economic dynamics by the countries of the Eurasian Union. It is indicative that the transaction sector dominates in Kazakhstan and Russia, while in other countries a mixed model is found, or industrial growth as in Belarus. According to the components of GDP and expenditures of the country, either a mixed or a consumer model is found (Kyrgyzstan, Russia), however, the contribution of government spending to the growth rate is provided only in Kazakhstan. It was also revealed that the reaction to the crisis of 2009 and 2015 was fundamentally different for the countries of the Eurasian Union. The search for the factor conditions of such a prevailing dynamics, as well as the influence of union economic relations on the formation of a growth model in each country, requires an expansion of research and an analytical perspective

Эндогенность предложения денег в российской экономике в условиях смены монетарного режима

The article deals with the endogeneity of money supply in the Russian economy in the context of the changes made to the rules of monetary regulation. We summarized and analyzed the basic concepts of the modern theory of endogenous money, and described the approaches of various researchers to studying the impact of financial innovations and changes in the principles of monetary regulation on money supply endogeneity. In the empirical part of the research, in order to test the hypothesis on the endogenous origin of the money supply in the Russian economy in 2010–2018, we applied the Granger causality test and the Johansen cointegration test as well as VAR and VECM models. The study was based on the monthly data for the monetary sphere (M2 monetary aggregate, monetary base, and money multiplier), the banking sphere (loans, deposits, and interest rate) and the transactional sector of the economy (wholesale and retail turnover). We split the time series into two intervals: 2010–2013 and 2014–2018, because the monetary regime was being changed significantly throughout 2013–2014. As a result, the hypothesis of money supply endogeneity has not been rejected for both periods of time, and evidence of structuralism has been revealed. In the short term of 2010–2013, it was mainly commercial banks that reacted to an increase in money demand (through money multiplier); however, in the long run the Central Bank of Russia prevailed (through changing the monetary base). Nevertheless, in 2014–2018 the Bank of Russia demonstrated an efficient adjustment of money supply toward money demand, which had been reflected in the response of the monetary base in the short term. Meanwhile, in this period the role of commercial banks in lending was increased through operational managing of their own resources, which was reflected in the reaction of the money multiplier to the growth of business activity in the country. These changes indicated an amplification of money supply endogeneity in the Russian economy. In addition to passive adaptation, we revealed a particular activism in the monetary sphere, when the initiative of money emission came not so much from the monetary authorities as from commercial banks fighting for a market share in the face of intensified banking competition and reduced bank margins.

Risk impact on resource distribution in sectors of economics and industrialization

The purpose of the study is the impact of the risk of economic activity, which is concentrated in the sectors of the economy, on the distribution of resources between sectors, the change in investment in new and old technologies, the manufacturability and the gross value added created, the themes of its growth. Quantitative risk assessment is carried out by the standard square deviation of gross profit in the sectors and in the Russian economy. Manufacturability is determined by the ratio of production on new and old technologies, and new technologies are newly created advanced technologies. The research methodology is a structural analysis that allows the Russian economy to be represented in the form of a dichotomy of the sectors — processing and transactional raw materials. This dichotomy is applied due to the necessary assessment of the course of industrialization and the influence of risk in processing on the dynamics of general and special coefficients of industrialization. The result of the study is that the positive effect of reducing the risk in the manufacturing sector on the change in its manufacturability and improvement of the parameters of industrialization of the economy has been confirmed. Taking into account the relationship of profitability in the sectors of the economy and the risk of doing business in them, the resulting ratios for the levels of profitability and risk in the two sectors were obtained, which give the best pace of their development and the overall dynamics of the gross value added of the Russian economy during the industrialization process. The ratio of risk in the processing and raw materials sector should be less established in the study of the value (1.3) for the dynamics to be the best. This will require measures to reduce the risk in the manufacturing sector, and, most likely, national projects and state guarantees, in this part, perform the function of damping risks. In the transaction sector, risk apparently should not be reduced (the task of raising it looks extraordinary) so that the risk ratio influences the distribution of investment, capital and labor between the sectors in order to ensure the best contribution of the sectors to the overall dynamics of the economy.

Small and Medium Enterprises in the Russian Transaction Sector

Purpose: to study the significance of small and medium enterprises for the functioning of the modern Russian transaction sector.Methods: the paper used General scientific research methods: analysis and synthesis, abstraction, generalization. The study used a comparative method and elements of economic analysis. The article also uses a graphical method of presenting information. The study was carried out on the basis of official statistical data provided by the Federal State Statistics Service of Russia.Results: to achieve this goal, the article solves the following tasks: 1) A review analysis of the current state of the domestic transaction sector based on the study of statistical data on the activities of Russian enterprises and organizations. This formed the basis for further research. 2) Analyzed indicators of small and medium enterprises in the transaction types of economic activity. This made it possible to identify their role in the functioning of the transaction sector. 3) Studied the statistical indicators of the financial condition of small and medium organizations of the transaction sector, which showed the problems of their activities.Conclusions and Relevance: currently, the transaction sector is a significant part of the domestic economy. This is evidenced by a General analysis of the statistical characteristics of the activities of Russian enterprises and organizations. At the same time, the majority of enterprises engaged in transactional activities have a private form of ownership. The study of the activities of small and medium enterprises showed that today more than half of them work in the transaction areas. In this regard, small and medium businesses can be considered an integral and very important part of the modern transaction sector. The flagship of the transactional activity in the business environment is small businesses. Their indicators significantly exceed the corresponding values of medium organizations. In addition, the main role of small enterprises is due to the immanent properties of small-scale companies. Nevertheless, the analysis of indicators of the financial condition of small and medium enterprises of transaction activities revealed their weak business and commercial efficiency, the presence of problems of solvency and financial stability. This threatens not only the viability of enterprises, but also the efficient functioning of the transactional sector. In this regard, there is a need to develop and conduct systemic activities aimed at supporting the development of Russian small and medium enterprises, as well as stimulating the development of the entire domestic transaction sector, consistent with the general strategy of economic development of Russia.

ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ СОЦИАЛЬНОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЦИФРОВОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ

Introduction. In the digital economy, which covers more and more types of economic activity, as well as the transaction sector (public administration, information services, consulting, finance, services, etc.), plays an increasingly important role as a tool to protect and ensure the safety of enterprise workers. Purpose. The purpose of this article is to deepen the theoretical foundations of the concept of social policy in the digital economy, which provides for a more detailed understanding of traditional interpretations and the development of new approaches to the essence and features of the formation and implementation of policy. Results. The article presents theoretical approaches to the concept of social policy and its features in the digital economy. Various approaches are critically evaluated and the author’s interpretation of the concept of “social in the digital economy” is proposed, which provides for certain areas of its formation and implementation. The directions of establishing a unified system of registration of citizens entitled to benefits, deepening the targeting of state assistance, which will contribute to the development of national policy, are considered. The most priority areas for the formation of in the digital economy are proposed. Originality. Social in the digital economy is a system of directions and activities using digital technologies, the object of which is human capital, which is realized in socio-economic, political, legal, cultural-ethnic and other relations, which will contribute to the maximum achievement of protection and harmonization of needs and interests of society. Conclusion. The formation of policy, which is based on a detailed study of the concept itself, features in the digital economy, contributes to more effective approaches to its development and implementation. The development of the digital economy in Ukraine does not depend on the number of IT companies, but on the number of consumers of their products and developments. The factor of reduction in labor supply should be taken into account. Not new technologies, but a narrowing of demand is the main danger to the labor market and policy. The problem is the presence of a significant number of low-skilled and highly specialized office workers, the employment of which requires significant retraining efforts, which largely depends on state policy. If the state in the field of information technology does not change, and it is based on the import of equipment, technology and software, this will lead to negative consequences in the field of policy.