Cis-9 Trans-11 Research Articles

Feedlot diets with soybean oil, selenium and vitamin E alters rumen metabolism and fatty acids content in steers

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of combining selenium (Se) and vitamin E (E) on intake, total digestibility and omasum escape of fatty acids in steers fed diets supplemented with high concentration of soybean oil (SO). Five rumen cannulated Tabapuã steers (BW = 398 ± 28.7 kg) were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial arrangement: Soybean oil diets without Se (Se-) or with Se at 5 g animal per day (Se+) combined with SO diets without vitamin E (E-) or with vitamin E at 1500 IU animal per day (E+) and an added treatment without additional oil (WAO). Diets were formulated to contain 124 g/kg of crude protein (CP) in the dry matter (DM) and included corn silage, ground corn, soybean meal, soybean oil, corn gluten meal and mineral supplement. Soybean oil was added to diets at 60 g/kg of dietary DM. Each experimental period lasted 21 days with 14 days of adaptation to the diets, and 7 days for data collection. There were no effects of combining selenium or vitamin E on DM and nutrients intake (P > 0.10). The DM intake decreased in diets with supplemental SO compared to WAO diets (P = 0.02). Soybean oil supplementation decreased the total digestibility of DM (P = 0.05), OM (P = 0.05), NFC (P = 0.04) and aNDFom (P < 0.01). However, the total EE digestibility increased (P < 0.01). Diets did not affect the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (P> 0.10). At the same time, SO diets decreased the excretion of microbial N and the total protozoal counts (P< 0.05). There was no interaction for treatment × time on pH, VFA and NH3-N (P> 0.10). The individual VFA, mol/100 mol concentration was similar among treatments (P ≥ 0.10; Table 5). The total VFA content, mM increased 6.5 % in Se diets compared to no Se supplementation (P = 0.068). There was a reduction in the rumen NH3-N content in SO diets compared to WAO (P < 0.05). Soybean oil diets increased the concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and linoleic acid (C18:2 trans-10 cis-12; P < 0.01) in the omasum and it tended to enhance with selenium supplementation (P = 0.07). The combination of selenium and vitamin E in feedlot diets with high soybean oil inclusion, contrary to our hypothesis, do not improve rumen fermentation and nutrient utilization. Future studies should use lower inclusions of soybean oil in beef cattle diets to avoid possible suppression of supranutritional effects of selenium and vitamin E on ruminal metabolism and biohydrogenation.

PSIV-18 Effect of two dietary crude protein levels on finishing performance, meat quality, and genomic changes of lambs

Abstract This study investigated the effects of 2 different CP levels on the finishing performance, meat quality, and genomic changes of market lambs. Seventeen crossbred lambs were assigned randomly to low-protein (LP; 8% CP, n = 9) and high-protein (HP; 13% CP, n = 8) diets, with initial mean body weights tabulated (37.5±1.97 and 39.5±2.17 for LP and HP group), and allowed ad libitum access to diets and water in individual, indoor digestibility pens for 9 weeks. The final BW, ADFI, and ADG of the HP lambs were significantly greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than the LP lambs; however, G:F for the LP lambs was significantly greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than the HP lambs. Hot carcass weight, adjusted fat thickness, and drip loss of LM was significantly greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) for the HP than LP lambs. In contrast, instrumental color values L*, a*, b*, C*, and hue angle of meat from the LP lambs scored higher (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than the HP lambs. Oxymyoglobin percentage from LP lambs tended greater (P &amp;lt; 0.10) than HP lambs. Deoxymyoglobin from HP lambs was significantly greater (P &amp;lt; 0.01) than LP lambs. Metmyoglobin from HP lambs was significantly greater (P &amp;lt; 0.01) than LP lambs. The n6:n3 of the LM from LP lambs tended to be greater than that of HP lambs (P &amp;lt; 0.10); conversely, the LM from HP lambs had significantly greater CLA of cis-9 trans-11 isomer (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than the LP lambs. According to the RNA-Seq data, genes that were highly expressed in the LP group (fold change &amp;gt; 3, P &amp;lt; 0.05) were involved in lipid metabolism (GRAMD2, PIK3R3), fatty acid composition (CHAC1), IMF content (ATXN7L1), and carcass quality traits (CCDC158). These results demonstrated that higher CP protein promotes growth performance for finishing lambs, whereas lower CP is beneficial for meat quality, especially when evaluating color characteristics in the final product.

Bioactive compounds from pomegranate by-products increase the in vitro ruminal accumulation of potentially health promoting fatty acids

Increasing demand and production of pomegranate has led to a large amount of by-products that might be used in ruminant feeding. Inclusion of pomegranate by-products in the ovine diet has recently been shown to enrich meat and milk with potentially health-promoting fatty acids (FA). However, it remains unclear whether this effect is due to the action of the bioactive conjugated linolenic acids (CLnA) or of the tannins present in the pomegranate, or perhaps to their interaction. To fill this gap, two in vitro experiments were conducted: the first one tested the effects of pomegranate oil and tannins, alone or in combination, on the biohydrogenation process, and the second one compared the ruminal responses to by-products rich in CLnA (pomegranate seeds, PS), in tannins (pomegranate peels and pulp, PPP) or in both bioactive components (i.e., the whole pomegranate by-product; WPB). Three cannulated ewes were used as donors of inocula for batch cultures of rumen microorganisms. Incubations lasted for 12 and 24 h and were repeated on 3 different days (runs). In both experiments, digesta FA profile was examined by gas chromatography. Results from both trials support that pomegranate tannins and CLnA played different roles in modulating ruminal FA composition. Specifically, tannins would favour the accumulation of potentially health-promoting FA present in dietary lipids (e.g., 18:2n-6 or 18:3n-3) and cis-9 trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), whereas the observed increase in trans-11 18:1 would mainly derive from the biohydrogenation of CLnA isomers. Results from the second experiment included evident shifts in some minor FA that would support not only direct saturation steps (e.g., increases in trans-11 cis-13 and trans-11 trans-13 CLA, and in trans-9, trans-11, cis-13 and trans-13 18:1) but also a putative isomerisation by rumen bacteria (e.g., increases in trans-10 cis-12 CLA and trans-10, cis-15, trans-15 and trans-16 18:1). Changes in ruminal fermentation parameters (i.e., reductions in ammonia concentration and in the proportions of minor volatile FA) showed that pomegranate tannins protected dietary protein from degradation. Nevertheless, a negative impact on in vitro ruminal fermentation (i.e., reductions in DM disappearance, gas production and total volatile FA concentrations) was observed when 20 % of by-products were included in the diet. Finally, there seem to be no evident synergistic but additive effects between pomegranate bioactive compounds (i.e., tannins and CLnA) on ruminal biohydrogenation or fermentation.

The relationship between plasma \u03b2-hydroxybutyric acid and conjugated linoleic acid in milk as a biomarker for early diagnosis of ketosis in postpartum Polish Holstein-Friesian cows

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to investigate the association between plasma β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) and conjugated linoleic acid in postpartum Polish Holstein-Friesian (PHF) cows. The experiment was carried out at an experimental dairy farm, where a herd of approximately 350 cows was kept. Samples were taken at six time points: between days 5–7, 8–14, 15–21, 22–28, 29–35, and 36–42, resulting in 510 samples of both milk and blood. The cows involved in the experiment were divided into two groups – ketotic and healthy – by taking into account general health symptoms, blood serum BHBA, and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentration at 5–7 days postpartum.ResultsIn the first week of lactation, at 5–7 day in milk (DIM), the study showed a 53% lower level of C18:2 cis-9 trans-11 (CLA9) and an 80% lower level of C18:2 trans-10 cis-12 (CLA10) in cows with diagnosed ketosis compared to healthy cows. In the second week of lactation (8–14 DIM), a 34% lower level of CLA9 and a 54% lower level of CLA10 was found in the group of cows with BHBA levels > 1.2 mmol/L. Additionally, Pearson correlation analysis showed significant negative correlation between BHBA x CLA9 and BHBA x CLA10 in the first week of lactation: − 0.732and − 0.821, respectively.ConclusionThe study shows that that both CLA9 and CLA10 can be used as markers for the early diagnosis of elevated blood levels of BHBA in postpartum Polish Holstein-Friesian cows.

Use of Cold-Pressed Sunflower Cake in the Concentrate as a Low-Input Local Strategy to Modify the Milk Fatty Acid Profile of Dairy Cows.

Simple SummaryConsumers demand healthier dairy products. Supplementing plant lipids, rich in poliunsaturated fatty acids, results in improved milk fatty acid profile, but these oils could enter into competition with human food needs and compromise animal performance. The aim of this study was to test the feasibility of formulating cold-pressed sunflower cake (CPSC, high-fat by-product) in a dairy cows’ concentrate to improve milk fatty acid profile. Cold-pressed sunflower cake increased total trans-mono unsaturated fatty acids (21%), total conjugated linoleic acid (31%), and polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids ratio (18%), but did not affect milk production, digestibility, intake, and milk composition. However, reduced fat yield (9%) and fat corrected milk (7%) were observed. Feeding CPSC improved overall acceptability of milk by improving flavor. In conclusion, CPSC could modify milk FA profile without observing a detrimental effect on digestibility, production performance, or milk acceptance. Adopting feeding systems based on the use of cheaper and local alternative feedstuffs rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids would represent a good strategy to change milk fatty acid profile and contribute the promotion of low-input production systems.Cold-pressed sunflower cake (CPSC) is a cheap by-product of oil-manufacturing. Supplementing diets with CPSC, rich in fat and linoleic acid, could be an effective tool for increasing healthy fatty acids (FA) in milk. To test this hypothesis, 10 cows were used in a crossover design with two experimental diets fed during two 63-day periods. Cows’ milk production was recorded and samples were taken for fat, protein, lactose, and for FA composition analysis. Dry matter intake (DMI) and dry matter apparent digestibility (DMD) were estimated using two markers. Milk acceptance test was carried out. CPSC decreased milk C12:0 (10%, p = 0.023) and C16:0 (5%, p = 0.035) and increased C18:1 cis-12 (37%, p = 0.006), C18:1 trans-11 (32%, p = 0.005), C18:2 cis-9 cis-12 (13%, p = 0.004), and cis-9 trans-11 CLA (35%, p = 0.004). CPSC increased total trans-monounsaturated FA (21%, p = 0.003), total CLA (31%, p = 0.007), and PUFA:SFA ratio (18%, p = 0.006). CPSC did not affect milk production, DMD, DMI and milk composition, but reduced fat yield (9%, p = 0.013) and FCM (7%, p = 0.013). CPSC improved milk overall acceptability. In conclusion, CPSC could modify milk FA profile without a detrimental effect on digestibility, production performance, or milk acceptance.

Milk production, composition and milk fatty acid profile from grazing ewes fed diets supplemented with Acacia cyanophylla leaves as tannins source and whole or extruded linseed

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of two different forms of linseed (whole or extruded) and only leaves of Acacia cyanophylla as tannins source on milk yield and fatty acid (FA) profile in dairy ewes. Tannins are secondary compound able to interfere with protein and lipid metabolism in the rumen. For this trial, an experimental flock of forty ewes, conducted on triticale pasture, and receiving 250 g of Soya bean meal a day, was divided into four groups. Such diet was complemented by 70 g of whole linseed for the first group (SW), 70 g of extruded linseed for the second (SE), 70 g of whole linseed together with 100 g of leaves of Acacia cyanophylla for the third group (SWA) and 70 g of extruded linseed with 100 g Acacia leaves for the last one (SEA). Daily milk production varied between 628 and 692 ml/ewe without significant difference. Fat and protein percentages did not differ between groups while milk urea content (mg/dl) was much lower (P < 0.05) for groups receiving A. cyanophylla leaves only (SWA and SEA). Odd FA, undecyclic acid (C11:0) and tridecyclic acid (C13:0) increased while pentadecyclic acid (C15:0) decreased significantly with extruded linseed intake. Extruded linseed and Acacia intake (P < 0.0004; P < 0.04) induced an increase in myristic acid (C14:0). Lauric acid (C12:0) percentage clearly increased with extruded linseed (P < 0.05). Stearic acid (C18:0) and Oleic acid (C18:1 cis9) were significantly decreased with extruded linseed and with Acacia tannins supplementation. Extruded linseed induced higher levels of trans-vaccenic acid and rumenic acid (C18:2 cis9 trans11) as well as linoleic acid (C18:2 cis-9, cis-12 (n-6)) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (P < 0.01) and reduced (P < 0.01) levels of stearic acid (C18:0) and oleic acid (C18:1 cis9). A. cyanophylla leaves also reduced oleic acid, but increased minor (n-6) fatty acids as γ-linolenic acid (C18:3 cis6 cis9 cis12 (n-6)) and docosapentaenoïc acid (C22:5 cis4 cis7 cis10 cis13 cis16 (n-6)). The effect of A. cyanophylla leaves with extruded linseed amplified oleic, and docosapentaenoïc acid levels.

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-induced milk fat depression: application of RNA-Seq technology to elucidate mammary gene regulation in dairy ewes

Milk fat depression (MFD) is characterized by a reduction in the content of milk fat, presumably caused by the anti-lipogenic effects of rumen biohydrogenation intermediates, such as trans-10 cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). In this study, RNA-Seq technology was used to help elucidate the mammary responses involved in CLA-induced MFD in lactating ewes. To this end, we compared the milk somatic cell transcriptome of ewes suffering from CLA-induced MFD with control ewes (i.e., those without MFD), as well as with ewes fed a diet supplemented with fish oil (FO-MFD) that we previously reported affects the mammary transcriptome. In the differential expression analysis between CLA-MFD and controls, we identified 1,524 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), whereas 653 were detected between CLA- and FO-MFD groups. Although this article focuses on lipid metabolism, CLA affected the expression of many genes related to other biological processes, especially immunity. Among the 55 genes shared by both MFD conditions, some genes linked to fatty acid synthesis, such as ACACA, AACS, ACSS2, or ACSS3, were downregulated. In addition, this study provides a list of candidate genes that are not usually considered in the nutrigenomics of MFD but that may act as key regulators of this syndrome in dairy ewes.

Effects of soybean oil supplement to diets of lactating dairy cows, on productive performance, and milk fat acids profile: a meta-analysis

The aim of this paper was to investigate the effects of soybean oil, an oilseed rich in the polyunsaturated fatty acid C18:2, on dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield (MY) and milk composition (including fatty acid profile) of dairy cows by using a meta-analysis approach. In the meta-analysis, effect size for all outcomes was reported as standardised means difference with 95% confidence intervals. Q test and I2 were calculated to detect the heterogeneity, with a meta-regression also used to investigate sources of heterogeneity. Results of the meta-analysis indicated that adding soybean oil to the diet of dairy cows decreased DMI, milk fat percentage (MFP), milk fat yield (MFY) and milk protein percentage (MPP), whilst significantly increasing MY. Unsaturated fatty acids C18:2, C18:1 trans-11 and C18:2 cis-9 trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) all significantly increased with soybean oil inclusion in the diet, whereas C18:3 was numerically higher but not significantly different. Milk composition, including MFP, MFY, MPP, short-chain and medium-chain fatty acids (C4–C20) and unsaturated fatty acids showed a significant percentage of heterogeneity. Results of the meta-regression indicated that dose of soybean oil, total fatty acids in the diet, and the concentration of C18:2 between groups receiving soybean oil and control are the most important factors affecting this heterogeneity. By performing meta-analysis and meta-regression it can be concluded that dietary supplementation of soybean oil to lactating dairy cows decreased DMI, and increased MY and the amount of unsaturated fatty acids in milk.HighlightsSoybean oil dietary supplementation to dairy cows increased milk yield but reduced milk fat content.Milk fat in soybean oil dietary supplemented cows has a lower content of short-chain fatty acids, associated with de novo synthesis.Milk fat in soybean oil dietary supplemented cows has a higher content of C18:1 trans-11, C18:2 and CLA.

Effect of different types of olive oil pomace dietary supplementation on the rumen microbial community profile in Comisana ewes

Olive oil pomace (OOP) is a bio-waste rich in highly soluble polyphenols. OOP has been proposed as an additive in ruminant feeding to modulate rumen fermentations. Three groups of ewes were fed the following different diets: a control diet and two diets supplemented with OOP, obtained with a two-phase (OOP2) or three-phase (OOP3) olive milling process. Rumen liquor (RL) showed a higher content of 18:3 cis9 cis12 cis15 (α-linolenic acid, α-LNA) with OOP2 inclusion, and of 18:2 cis9 trans11 (rumenic acid, RA) with OOP3 inclusion. The overall composition of the RL microbiota did not differ among treatments. Significant differences, between control and treated groups, were found for six bacterial taxa. In particular, RL microbiota from animals fed OOPs showed a reduction in Anaerovibrio, a lipase-producing bacterium. The decrease in the Anaerovibrio genus may lead to a reduction in lipolysis, thus lowering the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids available for biohydrogenation. Milk from animals fed OOP showed a higher content of 18:1 cis9 (oleic acid, OA) but the α-LNA concentration was increased in milk from animals treated with OOP2 only. Therefore, inclusion of OOP in ruminant diets may be a tool to ameliorate the nutritional characteristics of milk.

Intramuscular fatty acid profile of feedlot lambs fed concentrates with alternative ingredients

The effect of concentrates based on unconventional ingredients on the intramuscular fatty acid profile of lambs was evaluated. A total of 105 lambs were assigned to one of three treatments: Control (concentrate based on cereals and soybean meal like commercial concentrates), Camelina (where 50% of crude protein from soybean meal was replaced by camelina meal), and Fibrous (concentrate based on several fibrous by-products, such as soybean hulls and wheat bran, as well as camelina meal and other unconventional ingredients). After 42 days in feedlot, the lambs were sacrificed, and the fatty acid profile of intramuscular fat was determined by gas chromatography. Total meat lipids (1.25 g/100 g of meat) were not modified by the treatments. The Camelina treatment showed minor effects on the intramuscular fat composition. In contrast, the Fibrous treatment showed the highest contents of trans-11 18:1 (vaccenic acid), cis-9 trans-11 18:2 (rumenic acid) and α-linolenic acid. Thus, the non-traditional Fibrous concentrate assayed in the present study might improve the meat quality of light lambs from a nutritional point of view.

Prepartum supplementation of conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) increased milk energy output and decreased serum fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate in early lactation dairy cows.

Prepartum supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) may influence lipolysis and hyperketonemia in dairy cows. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of prepartum CLA supplementation on lactation performance and serum fatty acids (FA) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in early lactation dairy cows, and secondarily on reproductive performance. Multiparous cows were enrolled in the study at 18 days prior to expected calving date, and randomly assigned 100 g/day of Lutrell Pure (BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany; 75% FA), providing 10 g/day of each CLA isomer (trans-10 cis-12 and cis-9 trans-11 CLA) or equivalent amount of rumen inert fatty acids as control (78 g/day of Energy Booster 100; Milk Specialties Global, Eden Prairie, MN). Treatments were top dressed daily to individual cows from enrollment to calving and all cows were offered the same ration. Blood samples were collected on the first day of supplementation, 10 days prepartum, and 1, 7, 14, and 30 days postpartum. Hyperketonemia was defined as serum BHB ≥ 1.2 mM. Milk yield was recorded daily until 60 days postpartum and averaged weekly. Milk samples were obtained weekly for component analysis. Prepartum CLA supplementation tended to increase serum concentration of cis-9, trans-11 CLA and increased trans-10, cis-12 CLA prepartum. Cows supplemented with CLA had increased milk protein yield and tended to have increased milk fat yield and milk yield, which together resulted in greater energy content of milk. Cows supplemented with CLA had lower serum FA on day 1 and 7 postpartum and overall lower serum BHB postpartum, which resulted in decreased prevalence of hyperketonemia on day 14 postpartum. There were no differences in body condition score change, other health disorders, or reproductive outcomes by treatment. Together, these findings indicate that prepartum CLA supplementation may be a plausible strategy to positively influence postpartum performance.

Effects of feeding legume-grass pasture and different concentrate levels on fatty acid profile, volatile compounds, and off-flavor of the M. longissimus thoracis

Pasture-finished beef is becoming more popular among consumers due to concerns related to fatty acid content and sustainable practices. The effects of finishing crossbred steers on legume-grass pasture comprised of oats, ryegrass, and clover (PAST), legume-grass pasture plus whole corn grain (WCG) supplementation (SUPP), and only with WCG (GRAIN) on fatty acids profile, volatile compounds, sensory, and texture attributes were studied. Pasture diets (PAST and SUPP) led to lower n-6/n-3 ratio (P < 0.001), and highest deposition of C18:2 cis-9 trans-11 (P < 0.001) in the lean. Beef from steers fed GRAIN had the highest values of volatile compounds associated with lipid oxidation. Off-flavor intensity was significantly greater on beef from steers fed GRAIN when compared to PAST. Overall, muscles from steers finished on PAST and SUPP showed similar attributes but differ when compared to GRAIN. The presence of forage is essential to improve fatty acid profile, decrease volatile compounds associated with lipid oxidation, and minimize off-flavor.

Milk yield and composition from ewes fed raw soybeans and their lambs’ performance

This trial aimed to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of raw soybeans on milk yield, composition, and fatty acid profile in ewes, and their lambs’ performance. Fifty-six Santa Ines ewes (63.9 ± 0.76 kg BW) were assigned to a randomized complete block design to receive one of the four diets containing 0 (CONT), 70, 140 or 210 g/kg DM of raw soybeans. Isonitrogenous diets (150 g/kg DM of CP) were composed of 400 g/kg DM of in natura sugarcane bagasse as roughage source and 600 g/kg DM of concentrate. The experiment lasted from 14 to 56 days of lactation. Once a week the ewes were separated from their lambs and milked mechanically. DMI (1.3, 1.3, 1.5 and 1.2 kg/day) and milk yield (1.0, 1.1, 1.1 and 1.0 kg/day) presented a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) including 0, 70, 140 or 210 g/kg DM of raw soybeans on diets, respectively. However, milk yield corrected for fat or fat and protein, as well as content of milk fat, protein, lactose and total solids did not differ. Short (C4-C12) and medium (C14-C16) chain fatty acids decreased, whereas long-chain (C ≥ 17) fatty acids increased linearly (P < 0.05) with raw soybeans supply. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA; cis-9 trans-11 and trans-10 cis-12) increased (P ≤ 0.01) and the atherogenicity index decreased linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of raw soybeans in the diet. Unsaturated:saturated ratio, saturated, unsaturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids were similar among treatments. There was no difference in lambs’ performance in pre or post-weaning periods. Considering that the price of raw soybeans is generally lower than its meal, the inclusion of up to 140 g/kg DM of soybeans is recommended for increasing milk yield, with no detrimental effect on milk efficiency production, milk components and lambs’ performance. In addition, it is important to highlight that supplementation of up to 210 g/kg DM of raw soybeans made milk fat healthier for human consumption.

Timing of Exposure to High-Concentrates versus High-Quality Forages on Growth and Marbling Deposition in Steers

Forty Angus-cross steers (280 ± 21.4 kg BW, 8 mo.) were used to examine the effects of exposure to 2 diets [high concentrate diets (CONC) versus high quality forages (FOR)] during 2 time periods [early (EARLY; at 30-d post weaning) or late (LATE; just prior to slaughter)] on animal growth, marbling deposition and tenderness. Steers were blocked by weight and randomly assigned to four dietary treatments: 1) CONC-FOR, 2) CONC-CONC, 3) FOR-CONC, or 4) FOR-FOR. Exposure to CONC during the EARLY or LATE period increased (P &lt; 0.05) growth and fat deposition compared to FOR-FOR. Hot carcass weight was greater (P &lt; 0.05) for CONC-CONC and FOR-CONC steers than FOR-FOR and CONC-FOR due to changes in dressing percent. Marbling score was greater (P &lt; 0.05) for CONC-CONC and CONC-FOR compared to FOR-FOR. Exposure to CONC during the EARLY period (CONC-FOR and CONC-CONC) increased (P &lt; 0.05) n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) deposition in longissimus muscle (LM) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SQ); whereas, exposure to CONC during the LATE period (CONC-CONC and FOR-CONC) reduced (P &lt; 0.05) n-3 PUFA, trans-11 octadecenoic acid and cis-9 trans-11 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Warner-Bratzler shear force at d 2 and 7 of postmortem aging in ribeye steaks from CONC-CONC and FOR-CONC was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than FOR-FOR and CONC-FOR. Lipogenic gene expression was up-regulated (P &lt; 0.05) and lipolytic gene expression was downregulated (P &lt; 0.06) in SQ from CONC-CONC and FOR-CONC compared to FOR-FOR. Overall, exposure to CONC in both periods increased growth rate and marbling deposition but LATE exposure had the greatest impact on adipose lipogenesis and lipolysis, fatty acid composition, and tenderness.

Effects of dietary supplementation of leaves and whole plant of Andrographis paniculata on rumen fermentation, fatty acid composition and microbiota in goats

BackgroundThe nature and amount of dietary medicinal plants are known to influence rumen fermentation and nutrient digestibility in ruminants. Nonetheless, changes in nutrient digestibility and rumen metabolism in response to dietary Andrographis paniculata (AP) in goats are unknown. This study examined the effects of dietary supplementation of leaves and whole plant of AP on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, fatty acids and rumen microbial population in goats. Twenty-four Boer crossbred bucks (4 months old; average body weight of 20.18 ± 0.19 kg) were randomly assigned to three dietary groups of eight goats each. The dietary treatments included a control diet (Basal diet without additive), basal diet +1.5% (w/w) Andrographis paniculata leaf powder (APL) and basal diet +1.5% (w/w) Andrographis paniculata whole plant powder (APW). The trial lasted 100 d following 14 d of adjustment.ResultsThe rumen pH and concentration of propionate were greater (P < 0.05) in goats fed the APL and APW diets than those fed the control diet. The concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and acetate were greater (P < 0.05) in the control goats than the APL and APW goats. The digestibilities of crude protein, dry matter, acid detergent fibre and neutral detergent fibre were greater (P < 0.05) in the APL and APW goats compared to the control goats. Dietary APL and APW decreased (P < 0.05) the ruminal concentration of C18:0 and increased (P < 0.05) the ruminal concentration of C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3. The APL goats had greater (P < 0.05) ruminal concentration of C18:1 trans-11 and CLA cis-9 trans-11 than the APW and control goats. Dietary treatments had no significant effect on the population of protozoa and methanogens in the rumen of goats. The ruminal populations of Ruminococcus albus, Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Fibrobacter succinogenes were greater (P < 0.05) in the APL and APW goats than the control goats.ConclusionDietary supplementation of leaves and whole plant of Andrographis paniculata can be used to manipulate rumen metabolism for improved nutrient digestibility in goats.

Parity and grazing-time effects on milk fatty acid profile in dairy cows

Milk fatty acid (FA) profiles of lactating Holstein dairy cows were determined to evaluate the effects of parity (primiparous or multiparous) and the grazing time (0, 6 and 12 h), complementary to a total mixed ration, in a 2 × 3 factorial design. The interaction of parity with grazing time did not affect milk production and protein content; however, dry matter intake of herbage, total dry matter intake and milk fat content were affected by the interaction (P &lt; 0.05). Both factors affected the milk concentration of monounsaturated FAs. The 18 : 3 cis9 cis12, 18 : 2 cis9 trans11, and 18 : 3 cis9 cis12 cis15 concentrations in milk were higher (P &lt; 0.05) in primiparous cows. Milk 18 : 2 cis9 trans11 concentration in primiparous cows with 12 h grazing (1.17 g/100 g FA) was 44% and 57% higher than with 6 h and 0 h grazing (0.66 and 0.50 g/100 g FA, respectively). Similar pattern was observed for 18 : 3 cis9 cis12 cis15. The milk 18 : 1 trans11 concentration was higher (P &lt; 0.05) with 6 h and 12 h grazing than without grazing. In conclusion, the parity would appear to mainly affect the proportion of short-chain FAs, and had an important influence on the proportions of 18 : 2 cis9 trans11, and 18 : 3 cis9 cis12 cis15. These FAs and also 18 : 1 trans11 were modified by grazing time.

Dietary n-6:n-3 Fatty Acid Ratios Alter Rumen Fermentation Parameters and Microbial Populations in Goats.

Revealing the ruminal fermentation patterns and microbial populations as affected by dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio would be useful for further clarifying the role of the rumen in the lipid metabolism of ruminants. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios on fermentation characteristics, fatty acid (FA) profiles, and microbial populations in the rumen of goats. A total of twenty-one goats were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments with different n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios of 2.27:1 (low ratio, LR), 5.01:1 (medium ratio, MR), and 10.38:1 (high ratio, HR). After 100 days of feeding, all goats were slaughtered. Dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios had no effect (P > 0.05) on rumen pH and NH3N concentration. Goats fed HR diet had lower (P < 0.05) propionate and total volatile fatty acids and higher (P < 0.05) butyrate compared with those fed the MR and LR diets. The proportion of C18:0 decreased (P < 0.05) as dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios increased. The proportions of C18:1 trans-11, C18:2n-6, cis-9 trans-11 CLA, and C20:4n-6 were greater in the HR goats compared with the MR and LR goats. Lowering dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios enhanced (P < 0.05) the proportion of C18:3n-3 and total n-3 PUFA in the rumen fluid of goats. The populations of R. albus and R. flavefaciens decreased (P < 0.05) as the n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios increased in diet. Diet had no effect (P > 0.05) on the ruminal populations of F. succinogenes, total bacteria, methanogens, total protozoa, Entiodinium, and Holotrich. The population of B. fibrisolvens was lower (P < 0.05) in the LR goats compared with the MR and HR goats. It was concluded that HR would increase the concentration of cis-9 trans-11 CLA and C18:1 trans-11 in the rumen. However, LR whould decrease the B. fibrisolvens population, which is involved in the BH process in the rumen. Further research is needed to evaluate the potential role and contribution of rumen microbiome in the metabolism of FA in the rumen.

Effects of different vegetable oils on rumen fermentation and conjugated linoleic acid concentration in vitro.

Aim:The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different vegetable oils on rumen fermentation and concentrations of beneficial cis-9 trans-11 C18:2 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and trans-11 C18:1 fatty acid (FA) in the rumen fluid in an in vitro condition.Materials and Methods:Six vegetable oils including sunflower, soybean, sesame, rice bran, groundnut, and mustard oils were used at three dose levels (0%, 3% and 4% of substrate dry matter [DM] basis) in three replicates for each treatment in a completely randomized design using 6 × 3 factorial arrangement. Rumen fluid for microbial culture was collected from four goats fed on a diet of concentrate mixture and berseem hay at a ratio of 60:40 on DM basis. The in vitro fermentation was performed in 100 ml conical flakes containing 50 ml of culture media and 0.5 g of substrates containing 0%, 3% and 4% vegetable oils.Results:Oils supplementation did not affect (p>0.05) in vitro DM digestibility, and concentrations of total volatile FAs and ammonia-N. Sunflower oil and soybean oil decreased (p<0.05) protozoal numbers with increasing levels of oils. Other oils had less pronounced effect (p>0.05) on protozoal numbers. Both trans-11 C18:1 FA and cis-9, trans-11 CLA concentrations were increased (p<0.05) by sunflower and soybean oil supplementation at 4% level with the highest concentration observed for sunflower oil. The addition of other oils did not significantly (p>0.05) increase the trans-11 C18:1 FA and cis-9, trans-11 CLA concentrations as compared to the control. The concentrations of stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids were not altered (p>0.05) due to the addition of any vegetable oils.Conclusion:Supplementation of sunflower and soybean oils enhanced beneficial trans-11 C18:1 FA and cis-9, trans-11 CLA concentrations in rumen fluid, while sesame, rice bran, groundnut, and mustard oils were ineffective in this study.

Supplementation with Ca salts of soybean oil interacts with concentrate level in grazing dairy cows: milk production and milk composition.

In this study, we investigated the associative effects of concentrate levels and Ca salts of soybean oil (CSSO) supplementation on milk production, milk composition, and milk fatty acids of mid-lactation dairy cows grazing on tropical pasture. Twenty-four Jersey × Holstein cows were used in a randomized block design and assigned to four treatments arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Factors evaluated were concentrate levels (low, 3kg/day vs. high, 7kg/day of concentrate) and CSSO supplementation (without CSSO vs. with 250g CSSO cow/day). All cows grazed on elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Cameroon) and received the supplemental treatments for a 90-day period. Interactions between concentrate level and CSSO were detected for milk yield, milk yield components, energy-corrected milk (ECM) and 3.5% fat-corrected milk (FCM). Milk yield increased when CSSO was fed in a low concentrate level, while it decreased milk production in a high concentrate level. Yields of fat, protein, lactose, 3.5% FCM, and ECM were not affected with CSSO in the low concentrate, but reduced in the high concentrate level. CSSO increased proportions of monounsaturated milk FA, C18:2 trans-10 cis-12, and polyunsaturated FA, and reduced proportions of saturated milk FA in milk. In conclusion, feeding the high level of concentrate was an effective strategy to improve milk yield and solid production. CSSO supplementation increased milk production when fed at low concentrate level but did not affect yield of solids.

Carcass traits, meat yield and fatty acid composition of adipose tissues and Supraspinatus muscle in goats fed blend of canola oil and palm oil.

BackgroundDietary fats can alter the deposition and distribution of body fats in ruminants. The deposition and distribution of body fat play a vital role in the quality of ruminant carcasses and are of great commercial value since they influence the profitability and consumer acceptability of ruminant meat. The current study examined the effects of dietary blend of 80 % canola oil and 20 % palm oil (BCPO) on carcass characteristics, meat yield and accretion of fatty acid (FA) in subcutaneous, omental, perirenal, and mesentery adipose depots and m. supraspinatus (SS) in goats.MethodsTwenty four Boer crossbred bucks (BW 20.54 ± 0.47 kg) were randomly assigned to diets containing on DM basis 0, 4 and 8 % BCPO, fed for 100 d and harvested.ResultsDiet had no effect (P > 0.05) on slaughter weight, dressing percentage, carcass and non-carcass components, meat yield, color, moisture and carotenoid contents and weight of adipose tissues in goats. The proportion of C18:1n-9 and cis-9 trans-11 CLA in the omental, perirenal and SS was higher (P < 0.05) in goats fed 4 and 8 % BCPO compared with the control goats. Dietary BCPO reduced (P < 0.05) the proportion of C14:0 in the omental, perirenal and mesentery depots, C18:0 in the perirenal depot, C16:0 in the SS and C16:1n-7 in the SS, omental and perirenal tissues. Dietary BCPO enhanced the proportion of C18:1 trans-11 Vaccenic and C18:3n-3 in SS and C20:5n-3 in SS and mesentery depot. No significant changes were found in the FA composition of subcutaneous depot.ConclusionsResults indicate that dietary BCPO can be utilized to alter the FA composition of adipose tissues without detrimental effects on carcass characteristics in goats. Nonetheless, dietary BCPO is not an effective repartitioning agent for body fats in goats.