Traits Of Safflower Research Articles

The Extent of Response to Spraying with Different Concentrations of Potassium Silicate and Planting Dates on Yield Traits of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)

The Extent of Response to Spraying with Different Concentrations of Potassium Silicate and Planting Dates on Yield Traits of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)

Determining the Most Appropriate Concentration for Spraying with Potassium Silicate and the Best Planting Date for the Vegetative Growth Traits of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)

Determining the Most Appropriate Concentration for Spraying with Potassium Silicate and the Best Planting Date for the Vegetative Growth Traits of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)

Genetic diversity in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) germplasm for vegetative and agronomic characteristics in semi-arid regions

Abstract Safflower, a semiarid crop, contains a healthy oil with high unsaturated fatty acids. Genetically diverse accessions are important for genetic maintenance of safflower and breeding proposes. The objectives of present investigation were to evaluate the morphological variation of 100 safflower accessions across two years (2022 and 2023), to explore similar genotypic groups and to identify the higher contribution of traits with to the observed variability. The highest coefficient of variation (CV) was observed for seeds per secondary capitulum, number of capitula per plant and weight of lateral capitulum in the first year and the highest CV values were observed for number of capitula per plant and capitula per lateral branch in the second year. The factor analysis identified five factors in the first year and six factors in the second as yield components, height, seed yield, capitulum diameter and phonology while number of branches was identified as the extra factor in the second year. Results showed that the variation of morphologic traits was made up of from the most measured traits of safflower. We defined seven distinct clusters, which made it possible to differentiate safflower accessions based on measured traits across two years. Of 45 accessions were grouped in similar clusters across two years, without any or similar genotype by environment interaction. Some high yielding accessions like C-47 and Lesaf-175 can be entered directly in multi-environmental trials for cultivar release proposes. The recognized variation improves as a good resource, indicating an important issue for future projects for safflower germplasm maintenance and breeding.

Whole-genome and genome-wide association studies improve key agricultural traits of safflower for industrial and medicinal use.

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) is widely cultivated around the world for its seeds and flowers. The presence of linoleic acid (LA) in its seeds and hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) in its flowers are the crucial traits that enable safflower to be used for industrial and medicinal purposes. Understanding the genetic control of these traits is essential for optimizing the quality of safflower and its breeding. To further this research, we present a chromosome-scale assembly of the genome of the safflower variety 'Chuanhonghua 1', which was achieved using an integrated strategy combining Illumina, Oxford Nanopore, and Hi-C sequencing. We obtained a 1.17-Gb assembly with a contig N50 of 1.08Mb, and all assembled sequences were assigned to 12 pseudochromosomes. Safflower's evolution involved the core eudicot γ-triplication event and a whole-genome duplication event, which led to large-scale genomic rearrangements. Extensive genomic shuffling has occurred since the divergence of the ancestor of dicotyledons. We conducted metabolite and transcriptome profiles with time- and part-dependent changes and screened candidate genes that significantly contribute to seed lipid biosynthesis. We also analyzed key gene families that participate in LA and HSYA biosynthesis. Additionally, we re-sequenced 220 safflower lines and carried out a genome-wide association study using high-quality SNP data for eight agronomic traits. We identified SNPs related to important traits in safflower. Besides, the candidate gene HH_034464 (CtCGT1) was shown to be involved in the biosynthesis of HSYA. Overall, we provide a high-quality reference genome and elucidate the genetic basis of LA and HSYA biosynthesis in safflower. This vast amount of data will benefit further research for functional gene mining and breeding in safflower.

EFFECT OF SOWING DATES ON SEED YIELD, YIELD TRAITS AND OIL CONTENT OF SAFFLOWER IN NORTHWEST TURKEY

The aim of this research was to evaluate the impact of variety, location and sowing dates on some yield and quality traits of safflower. The field experiments of this study were carried out in spring season of 2017 and 2018 under ecological conditions of the Suleymanpasa and Malkara districts of Tekirdag. The experiment was laid out as a split plot design based on randomized complete block design with three replications, in which cultivars constituted the main plot with two varieties (Dincer and Balci), and sowing dates constituted the sub-plot with four dates (20 February, 5 March, 20 March and 5 April) in both locations. Results showed that variation in sowing dates had a significant effect on seed yield, oil content and oil yield of safflower variety. The seed yield was significantly affected by the sowing dates and it seriously decreased as sowing time was delayed (418 and 553 kg ha-1 higher in 20 February compared to 5 April in both production year). The highest seed yield was obtained from sowing on February 20 in 2017 and 2018 (1391.89 and 1493.44 kg ha-1, respectively). As a result, because of sowing dates is a crucial factor for seed and oil yield of safflower, sowing should be done as early as possible in the spring.

Genomic prediction and selection response for grain yield in safflower.

In plant breeding programs, multiple traits are recorded in each trial, and the traits are often correlated. Correlated traits can be incorporated into genomic selection models, especially for traits with low heritability, to improve prediction accuracy. In this study, we investigated the genetic correlation between important agronomic traits in safflower. We observed the moderate genetic correlations between grain yield (GY) and plant height (PH, 0.272-0.531), and low correlations between grain yield and days to flowering (DF, -0.157-0.201). A 4%-20% prediction accuracy improvement for grain yield was achieved when plant height was included in both training and validation sets with multivariate models. We further explored the selection responses for grain yield by selecting the top 20% of lines based on different selection indices. Selection responses for grain yield varied across sites. Simultaneous selection for grain yield and seed oil content (OL) showed positive gains across all sites with equal weights for both grain yield and oil content. Combining g×E interaction into genomic selection (GS) led to more balanced selection responses across sites. In conclusion, genomic selection is a valuable breeding tool for breeding high grain yield, oil content, and highly adaptable safflower varieties.

Genetic variability and character association studies among seed yield and yield component traits in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) genotypes

Genetic variability and character association studies among seed yield and yield component traits in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) genotypes

Effect of potassium on yield and some qualitative and physiological traits of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under drought stress conditions

Improving the pattern of water consumption in the agricultural sector is one of the necessary measures to manage the water crisis in the country. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of drought stress on yield and physiological characteristics of safflower under different amounts of potassium fertilizer. The experiment was performed as a combined analysis in a randomized complete block design with three replications during 2018 and 2019. The main plot consisted of drought stress at three levels of 45%, 65%, and 85% of permissible moisture drain and the subplot consisted of potassium fertilizer at four levels of zero, 75, 150, and 225 kg of potassium sulfate per hectare. In the second year compared to the first year, the amount of proline and seed oil were significantly higher by 23.4% and 4.43%, respectively, and the amount of carbohydrates and chlorophyll a were significantly lower by 11.9% and 27.4%, respectively. With increasing potassium intake, the amount of chlorophyll a increased significantly, and the highest amount of chlorophyll a at the rate of 16.7 mg/L was obtained in the treatment of 225 kg of potassium per hectare. With increasing the intensity of stress from 45% to 85% of moisture drain in different levels of potassium fertilizer, seed yield decreased significantly. Treatment of 85% moisture drain in no application of potassium showed the highest amount of proline. The application of potassium is effective in modulating the negative effects of drought stress on seed yield, qualitative, and physiological characteristics of safflower.

The effects of different sowing density and harvest periods on dry matter yield and some quality traits of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)

Amaç: Bu çalışma, farklı ekim sıklıkları ve gelişme dönemlerinin aspirin kuru madde verimi ve bazı kalite özelliklerini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Materyal ve Yöntem: Araştırma, tesadüf bloklarında faktöriyel deneme desenine göre üç tekerrürlü olarak 2021 yılında Uşak’ta yürütülmüştür. Çalışma kapsamında aspir 30, 60, 90, 120 ve 150 bitki m-2 ekim sıklıklarında yetiştirilmiş ve tabla çıkarma, çiçeklenme başlangıcı ve tam çiçeklenme dönemi olmak üzere 3 farklı gelişme döneminde hasat edilmiştir. Araştırmada aspirin bitki boyu, yeşil ot verimi, kuru madde verimi, ham protein oranı, ham protein verimi, NDF ve ADF oranları belirlenmiştir. Araştırma Bulguları: Araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlara göre aspirde uygulamalara bağlı olarak bitki boyu 72.35-77.67 cm, yeşil ot verimi 1333.54-2001.87 kg/da, kuru madde oranı %16.53-40.73, kuru madde verimi 303.72-585.86 kg/da, ham protein oranı % 8.36-12.29, ham protein verimi 37.40-55.23 kg/da, NDF oranı % 31.30-47.92 ve ADF oranı % 27.61-38.59 arasında değişim göstermiştir. Çalışmada artan bitki sıklığı yeşil ot, kuru madde ve ham protein verimini artırırken ilerleyen hasat dönemi kalite özelliklerinde azalmalara neden olmuştur. Sonuç: Çalışma sonunda kaba yem amacıyla yetiştirilen aspirde m2’ de 90 bitkinin yer alması ve hasadın çiçeklenme başlangıcı dönemde yapılmasının yüksek ot verimi ve kalite için daha uygun olduğu ancak sonuçlar hakkında daha sağlıklı bir karar verebilmek için denemenin en az bir yıl daha yürütülmesinin uygun olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

EFFECT OF SOWING DATE ON SOME AGRONOMIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL TRAITS OF SAFFLOWER (Carthamus tinctorius L.) IN NORTHERN TURKEY

This research was determined the effect of sowing dates on some agronomic and technological characters of safflower cultivars. The research was conducted in Samsun during the season 2017-2019 using 4 sowing dates (30 October, 14 November, 29 November and 14 December) and two safflower cultivars (Olas and Linas). The result of research, plant height 82.3-158.7 cm, the number of head 4.15 to 9.47 head-1 plant, seed weight per head 0.84 to 1.39 g, thousand seed weight 34.65 to 47.69 g, seed yield per plant 3.14 to 7.67 g, oil content 24.64 to 29.29% and oil yield per plant 0.83 to 2.25 g were determined. The result of interaction between sowing date and variety showed that for Olas variety the highest agronomic and technological traits were obtained in the 2nd sowing date, for Linas variety the highest values except for plant height and thousand seed yield were obtained in the 2nd sowing date. In addition, it was concluded that the second sowing date (14 November) is more suitable for safflower cultivation in the winter season in Samsun ecological conditions.

Identification of genetic basis associated with agronomic traits in a global safflower panel using genome-wide association study

Safflower is an underutilized and minor oilseed crop that received less attention from the scientific community compared to other oilseed crops like soybean and sunflower. Exploring the genetic basis associated with agronomic traits is crucial for markerassisted breeding of safflower. A genome-wide association study was conducted using a total of 12,232 DArTseq markers to identify the marker-trait association for important agronomic traits in an international safflower panel derived from 26 different geographical countries of the world. Statistically significant genotypic effects (p < 0.05) were observed across mean data of both locations (Pakistan and Turkey). Moderate to high heritability estimates were observed for the studied traits. Studied material showed higher performance for all traits except seeds per capitulum in Pakistan compared to Turkey. Phenotypic diversity for important agronomic traits, such as plant height (60.08 to 121.48 cm), capitula per plant (8.7 to 80.4), seeds per capitulum (15 to 42.05), and seed yield per plant (4.85 to 51.02 g), was illustrated. Seed yield per plant showed a highly significant and positive correlation with capitula per plant (0.4985***). Constellation plot analysis resulted in four groups, i.e. A, B, C, and D. Genotyping by sequencing resulted in 12,232 DArTseq markers being used for the investigation of marker-trait association through mixed linear model (Q + K) approach. DArT-38077549 showed significant association with capitula per plant, while two markers (DArT-22763576, DArT-22763253) were associated with plant height. A total of two markers (DArT-38079422, DArT-100043360) were associated with seeds per capitulum. A total of five DArTseq markers showed significant association with seed yield per plant and maximum variation was resulted by DArT-100004992. The results of this study provide a new insight to understand the genetic basis associated with agronomic traits in safflower. We envisage that significant markers identified through this investigation may be applicable in future safflower marker-assisted breeding programs.

Genetic Diversity, Population Structure and Screening of Molecular Markers Associated to Agronomic Traits in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)

Genetic Diversity, Population Structure and Screening of Molecular Markers Associated to Agronomic Traits in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)

Changes in the Fatty Acid and Morphophysiological Traits of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Cultivars as Response to Auxin Under Water-Deficit Stress

Changes in the Fatty Acid and Morphophysiological Traits of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Cultivars as Response to Auxin Under Water-Deficit Stress

Evaluation of Silicon and irrigation on three Safflower cultivars

This study was performed to evaluation of interaction of silicon application and irrigation on agronomic and physiologic traits of safflower at 2018 and 2019. The experiment was conducted as a split plot factorial based on randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The irrigation was main factor (0, 2 and 4 times during growth) and the sub-factor were silicon foliar application (at three levels: 0, 1 and 2 mM) and three safflower cultivars (Goldasht, Padideh and Golmehr). The studied traits were: number of seeds per boll and 1000-grain weight, number and weight of boll, number of lateral branches and branch diameter, plant weight and total plant weight, floret yield, grain yield, chlorophyll a and b, proline and antioxidant enzymes. According to results, treatments had significant effects on studied traits at 5 or 1% statistically level. 2 and 3 times irrigation led to 7 and 24% the increasing of seed yield in compare to control, respectively. It was obtained that 1 and 2mM silicon led to 25 and 15% the increase of seed yield in compare to control. Interaction between treatments showed that the highest seed yield (500g per m2) was observed by Goldasht cultivar under 4-time irrigation and 2mM silicon. Therefore, it can be suggested that Goldasht with 2 mM silicon be used to reduce the effects of dehydration.

Selection of promising parents and crosses using combining ability analysis for development of high yielding varieties and hybrids in safflower (Carthamus tinctorious L)

The general and specific combining ability effects and variances for eight characters related to seed yield and its contributing traits in safflower were studied using Line x Tester mating design in forty CMS based hybrids, involving 20 lines (males) and two testers (females) along with three checks (PKV PINK, AKS 207 and PBNS 12). Combining Ability Analysis indicated the predominance of non-additive gene action for all the traits under study. Out of 20 males, GMU 3876, GMU 3924, GMU 3965 and AKS CMS 2B were identified as good general combiners for seed yield per plant, whereas, S-518, CCC-B2 and AKS 325 were identified as good general combiners for other yield contributing traits, and the parents GMU 3876, GILA and AKS CMS 2B for oil content. Hence, these parents may be exploited in further breeding programme to improve the concerned traits. Three crosses viz., AKS CMS 2A X GMU 3876, AKS CMS 2A X GMU 3863 and AKS CMS 3A X AKS/NS1 were identified as promising crosses on the basis of SCA effects for seed yield per plant, with good GCA effect of one of the parents. Thus, these crosses may be used for further evaluation in preliminary or multi-location hybrid trials for the further exploitation at commercial level. The crosses viz., AKS CMS 2A X GMU 3965, AKS CMS 2A X GMU 3325 and AKS CMS 2A X AKS 325 performed well over the best check i.e. PKV PINK along with a positive and highly significant GCA effects of one of the parents involved in the cross and low SCA effects (non-significant), it is recommended to utilize these crosses further by generation advancement for the development of varieties after re-crossing with ‘B’ line of the respective CMS line.

Combining ability studies for yield and its component traits in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)

Combining ability for ten characters was studied by crossing three lines and five testers in line x tester fashion.The estimates of SCA variance were not higher than GCA variance in most of the traits indicating preponderance of non-additive gene action. The line, GMU-2720 had significant positive GCA effects for seed yield/plant, number of branches, number of capitula/plant, number of seed/capitulum, and oil content whereas significant negative GCA effects for days to 50% flowering, days to maturity and plant height. The cross, GMU-2720 x GMU-3423 and JMU1339 x PBN-96 were best for majority of the characters and thus identified as promising cross combinations for further improvement programme in safflower.

Bio-fertilizer Improves Physio-biochemical Characteristics and Grain Yield of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under Drought Stress

Water shortage can affect growth and productivity of safflower. Application of beneficial soil microorganisms as an alternative for chemical fertilizers is effective approach to improve environment health and soil productivity as well as plant growth and development. This study was conducted as a split plot experiment (using RCB design) in field conditions to evaluate the effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on some physiological and biochemical traits of safflower under water stress in 2016. Results indicated that some enzyme activities such as SOD, CAT, GPX and MDA were induced under water stress conditions. Moreover, dityrosine, proline and ABA contents were also enhanced under water deficit condition. In contrast, water stress negatively affected the LWC, Fv/Fm, plant biomass, grain yield, oil and protein percentage and grain yield. However, application of biological fertilizers especially Azotobacter + Azospirillum positively improved those traits.

Do Fertilizers and Irrigation Disruption Change Some Physiological Traits of Safflower?

To investigate the effects of nanofertilizers and biofertilizers on the morpho-physiological and biochemical traits of safflower under full irrigation and water deficit stress, this study was carried out as a split-plot experiment based on a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications at Urmia University in 2015. The main plot was full irrigation (control) and irrigation disruption at heading, flowering, and grain filling stages. Fertilizers, including control (without fertilizer), biofertilizer, water spray, foliar application of nanofertilizers, chemical fertilizers, and combined application of fertilizers, were assigned to the subplot. Plants under full irrigation and combined fertilizers had maximum height and chlorophyll a, whereas the lowest ones were obtained in irrigation disruption at the heading stage and control treatments. The maximum oil content (28.41%) was detected in irrigation disruption at the grain filling stage and nanofertilizer treatment, the lowest (21.96%) was obtained at irrigation disruption at the flowering stage and water spray treatment. The highest proline (397.21 µg g−1 fresh leaf) was found in irrigation disruption at the grain filling stage and water spray treatment, and the lowest (154.68 µg g−1 fresh leaf) was obtained at full irrigation and water spray treatment. Irrigation disruption at the heading stage and control treatments decreased carbohydrate content of fresh leaves by 86.54% compared to full irrigation and the combined fertilizers treatment. Irrigation disruption increases saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic acid) and decreases vitamin E and linoleic acid. The combined application of fertilizers significantly increased safflower oil quality. Overall, concerning the obtained highest oil percentage (28.41%), irrigation disruption during grain filling reduced water consumption and application of combined fertilizer via improving oil quality, so it is recommended to farmers.

Inheritance study of some qualitative traits in safflower (Carthamus tinctorious L.)

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is a multipurpose crop giving quality oil, but poorly studied for genetics of traits. In the present investigation, 14 genotypes (germplasm lines and varieties) viz., JSF-1, RSS-2011-2, PKV Pink, Aceitera, GMU-1303, PBNS-12, TGMS, RSS-2011-1-1, RVS-12-13, SAF-2036, GMU-1810, IIOR-SAF-39, NARI-6 and RSS-2016-7 were used as parents, which are diverse for many traits, to make 10 crosses. The observations of contrasting traits of parents, the trait appeared in F1 and F2 were recorded. The data recorded were analysed by c 2- test for goodness of fit. Some of the traits such as capitulum shape, days to flowering, leaf margin and capitulumsize appeared to be monogenic as the F2 population segregated in 3:1 ratio. Inheritance pattern ofleaf shape, petal colour, spines, bract shape and size and branching habit revealed complementary or inhibitory gene interactions, indicating involvement of two genes.

Effects of Metal Oxides and Urea Fertilizer on Agronomic Traits of Safflower

Abstract In Mediterranean semi-arid regions major constraints impinging on agricultural development are deficiency of water and nutrient depleted soils. The problem of enhancing crop yield in these areas is widely distinguished as a challenge. In order to evaluate the integrated application of urea fertilizer (0, 160, and 320 kg ha−1) and nano-metal oxide (Fe2O3, ZnO, and CuO) on safflower growth performance, a field experiment was carried out in the Baneh district, a semi-arid region in Western Iran. Urea fertilizer significantly increased the plant height (11%), canopy width (8%), ground cover percentage (6%), plant dry weight (35%), number of secondary branches (16%), seeds number per head (19%), and total seed yield (38%). However, the higher application of urea fertilizer resulted in a significant decrease in wrinkled seed percentage (3.25%), harvest index (2.62%), and thousand seed weight (2.67%). Also, nano-metal oxides significantly affected morphological traits and yield components. Mean comparison revealed that the best performance was obtained by the integrated application of 320 kg urea fertilizer and nano-Fe or nano-Zn. Overall, the present research highlighted the necessity of balanced and integrated application of macronutrients and micronutrient fertilizers for sustainable safflower production in semi-arid regions of Western Iran.