Trait Dimensions Research Articles

The shape of water: adaptations of cochlea morphology in seals and otters

Abstract Seals (Pinnipedia) and otters (Lutrinae) are two major taxa of the mammalian order Carnivora that independently adapted to a semi-aquatic lifestyle. Their sensory capabilities, including hearing, are still not fully understood. Notably, the functional morphology of amphibious hearing presents an interesting example for studying convergent evolution. We therefore investigated the shape and dimensions of morphological traits of the inner ear and the surrounding structures involved in sound perception using Micro-Computer Tomography (µCT) data of 52 skulls belonging to 38 species of the carnivoran subgroup Caniformia. Principal component analysis (PCA) of cochlea shape variables revealed that 82% of shape variation is explained by PC1 and PC2. A number of traits (e.g. cochlea shape, reduction in cochlea turns, flattening of the cochlea, relative size of tympanum and round window) are significantly different from terrestrial Caniformia. We also found an external cochlea foramen in all Pinnipedia, which is likely related to coping with pressure compensation during diving. Finally, we demonstrate that hearing parameters, such as characteristic hearing frequency, correlate with changes in the morphological traits that separate seals and otters from other Caniformia. Our data suggest that large parts of the morphology of ear region of these semi-aquatic carnivorans have independently adapted to allow hearing in air and water.

The Relationship Between Personality Traits, Emotional Stability and Mental Health in Art Vocational and Technical College Students During Epidemic Prevention and Control.

To investigate the relationship between the personality traits, emotional stability and mental health state of students in vocational and technical colleges of art under epidemic prevention and control based on latent trait-state theory. Using the stratified sampling method, we selected 1569 students in vocational and technical colleges of art as research subjects. From 1 April 2022 to 5 April 2022, we conducted an online survey using the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (Adult Edition) (EPQA), Emotional Stability Self-Test Scale and University Personality Inventory (UPI) to analyse the relationship between the traits, emotional stability and mental health of students in vocational and technical colleges of art. For the EPQA personality traits, boys had lower extraversion and introversion scores than girls (47.71 ± 11.23 vs 49.06 ± 10.74, p = 0.021). In terms of mental health, boys had lower scores than girls (12.20 ± 12.73 vs 14.64 ± 11.85, p< 0.001). There were significant grade differences in psychoticism and total mental health scores in terms of EPQA personality traits (P < 0.01). There were significant associations between all dimensions of personality traits, emotional stability and mental health (r = 0.68, 0.62, p < 0.01). Emotional stability plays a partial mediating role in the effects of neuroticism on mental health. There is a close relationship between personality traits, emotional stability and mental health. Under the condition of epidemic prevention and control, strengthening the management of the self-emotional stability of students in vocational and technical colleges of art is helpful in improving students' mental health.

Do Personality Traits Moderate the Impact of Social-Media Multi-Tasking on Academic Competence? Higher Education Perspective.

The aim of this research study is to investigate the impact of social media multitasking on academic competence. Furthermore, this study also is looking for a moderating role of personality traits including, Openness, Extraversion, Neuroticism, Conscientiousness, and agreeableness. As to answer the research questions and hypotheses testing, researchers collected data from different universities that exist in Gujranwala, Pakistan, and valid response from 572 respondents was recorded, including teachers and students. The results were obtained by using M-plus software. The findings of this research indicates that social media multitasking has a significant negative effect on academic competence and indicated that personality traits significantly moderate among social media multitasking and academic competence except agreeableness which shows an insignificant moderation effect between social media multitasking and academic competence. This research study suggested that it is necessity for teachers and parents to motivate students for self-regulation of laptops, mobile phone and multi-tasking behaviors, the significance of encouraging students to acquire self-efficacy and learning. This is the first-time study in Pakistan which investigate a comprehensive model by using social media multi-tasking as an independent variable and academic competence as a dependent variable and drill the five dimensions of personality traits as moderators in this study.

Precipitation, rather than temperature drives coordination of multidimensional root traits with ectomycorrhizal fungi in alpine coniferous forests

Abstract The interactions between roots and mycorrhizal fungi are critical for our understanding of the multidimensional root economics space. Our knowledge on their relationships comes mainly from arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) plants, and less is known about how roots are coordinated with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal communities, especially in ECM‐dominated alpine forests that are highly sensitive to climate change worldwide. Here, we investigated the coordination between roots and ECM fungi and their drivers by measuring multiple root traits, ECM fungal composition and environmental factors of 47 coniferous populations across the alpine coniferous forests on the Tibetan Plateau. Our results reveal two independent fine‐root trait dimensions, that is root foraging dimension and root uptake dimension, which are represented by root diameter‐specific root length, root tissue density‐root N concentration. Importantly, the hyphal exploration type based ECM foraging correlated significantly with both root foraging and root uptake dimension. Further, in the low temperature plateau, it is precipitation‐induced changes in soil moisture, soil nutrients and pH that drive the proportion of longer‐distance hyphal exploration types to increase with higher root foraging by higher specific root length, and to decrease with higher uptake by higher root N concentration. Synthesis. The coordination of multidimensional root traits with ECM fungi differs greatly from the well‐recognized pattern in AM plants that mycorrhizal fungi connect predominantly with root foraging and that roots and mycorrhizal fungi are temperature sensitive. These findings provide a new insight for our holistic understanding of how roots and mycorrhizal fungi vary collaboratively and hence driving plant community assembly and responses to the changing climate.

Measuring Sexual Motivation as a Trait Dimension: A multisample study of the Portuguese (European) Version of the Trait Sexual Motivation Questionnaire

The current study aimed at translating and validating the TSMQ into Portuguese-European (TSMQ-PT) and to investigate its psychometric properties. Three online studies were conducted with independent samples collected between September 2020 and March 2022. Study 1 tested the exploratory factorial structure (N = 325; 206 women); Study 2 explored the confirmatory factorial structure and construct validity (N = 450; 230 women); and Study 3 examined the temporal stability of the TSMQ-PT (N = 30; 15 women). Participants completed the TSMQ-PT for all three studies. In study 2, further completed the Sexual Compulsivity Scale, the Sexual Sensation Seeking Scale, and the Sexual Desire Inventory. Data revealed that the TSMQ-PT yielded a four-structure model, (i.e., Sexually Oriented, Comparison with Others, Seeking for Sexual Encounters, and Importance of Sex) comprising 13 items, with seven additional items for assessing existence and number of sexual partners, and frequency of sexual behaviors. The TSMQ-PT achieved good internal consistency levels (McDonald’s omega ranged from .71 to .89) and construct validity, and temporal stability over 10-11 months (values ranged from .80 to .87) supporting the trait-dimension of sexual motivation. Current findings support a brief, valid, and reliable self-report instrument for assessing sexual motivation in the Portuguese context.

Weak phylogenetic and habitat effects on root trait variation of 218 Neotropical tree species

IntroductionTropical forests harbor a large diversity of closely related tree species that can thrive across habitats. This biodiversity has been found to correspond to large functional diversity in aboveground traits, and likely also relates to belowground trait variation. Globally, root trait (co-)variation is driven by different belowground resource strategies of species, environmental variation, and phylogeny; however, these patterns mostly reflect observations from temperate biomes and remain unconfirmed in tropical trees. We examine phylogenetic and environmental effects on root trait (co-)variation of trees across habitats in an Amazonian rainforest.MethodsRoots of 218 tree species from ten dominant families were sampled across three major habitats near Manaus, Brazil. We quantified five morphological and architectural root traits to (i) investigate how they reflected different resource strategies across species, (ii) compare them between families and superorders to test phylogenetic effects, and (iii) compare them between habitats to determine environmental effects on root trait expressions and variability.ResultsRoot traits discriminated species along a tradeoff between root diameter and root branching and, secondly, due to variation in root tissue density. Our results further show weak phylogenetic effects on tropical tree root variation, for example, families from the same superorder showed large divergence in their root traits, while those from different superorders often overlapped in their root morphology and architecture. Root traits differed significantly between habitats but habitat type had only little effect on overall root trait variation.DiscussionOur work suggests that the dimensions and drivers that underlie (co-)variation in tropical root traits may differ from global patterns defined by mostly temperate datasets. Due to (a)biotic environmental differences, different root trait dimensions may underlie the belowground functional diversity in (Neo)tropical forests, and we found little evidence for the strong phylogenetic conservatism observed in root traits in temperate biomes. We highlight important avenues for future research on tropical roots in order to determine the degree of, and shifts in functional diversity belowground as communities and environments change in tropical forests.

AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF PERSONALITY TRAITS ON SOCIAL SPORTS MARKETING

In the study, the impact of personality traits on social marketing of sport was investigated. A total of 401 students who continue their education and training in different departments voluntarily participated in the study. The e-survey method prepared in the internet environment was applied as a data collection technique in the research. Two scales were used in the application. The personality scale developed by(Benet-Martínez &amp; John, 1998). and adapted into Turkish by (Sümer &amp; Sümer, 2005). was used. Secondly, the “Attitude Scale on Social Marketing of Sports” developed by (Ünal, 2009). was used in the study. There is a high level of positive relationship between satisfaction. However, this relationship is not statistically significant (R: ,074 , R2: ,006 , p &lt; 0,05). According to the results of the T- test on the significance of the regression coefficient, it is seen that personality traits do not have a significant effect (T ፦1,486, p &lt; 0.05). Examining the impact of personality characteristics in the social aspect of this type of marketing, which targets large audiences such as sports marketing, especially for companies involved in this sector and, of course, is great for clubs is of great importance. Because, companies should pay attention to this detail in their next strategic moves in this area. Future studies can be applied on businesses. Different dimensions of personality traits can be considered. Social sports marketing can be evaluated in the context of product mix. And this evaluation can be constructed both in terms of consumers (fans). and businesses.

Clinician perception of pathological narcissism in females: a vignette-based study.

The DSM-5 reports that up to 75% of those diagnosed with Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) are males, which denotes that narcissism is a clinical phenomenon that operates differently in men and women. Vulnerable narcissism, which tends to be more prevalent in females and is currently under-appreciated in the DSM-5, may be diagnosed as other "vulnerable" disorders (e.g., Borderline Personality Disorder; BPD). The current study investigated gender differences in clinicians' perceptions of narcissistic pathology. Adopting an online vignette-based study, clinicians (N = 108; 79 females) read clinical case vignettes of hypothetical patients and provided diagnostic ratings of existing personality disorders. Clinicians' diagnostic ratings of NPD were concurrent with the vignette containing grandiose narcissism symptoms, irrespective of patient gender. However, when presented with a vulnerable narcissism vignette, clinicians were significantly more likely to attribute a BPD diagnosis in female patients, compared to male patients. Clinicians with a psychodynamic approach and more experience in practice were also more likely to label vulnerable narcissism symptoms as NPD, compared to those with a CBT approach and less experience in practice. The clinical implications of these results support the shift toward assessing personality dysfunction based on dimensional trait domains.

Personality traits and occupational status-evidence from China.

This paper estimates the relationship between personality traits measured by the "Big Five Model" and occupational status with a nationally representative household survey from China. I find that four of the five personality traits except extraversion are significantly associated with occupational status in terms of occupational choices, occupational prestige, and socioeconomic status. In particular, conscientiousness is the most important predictor among the five dimensions of personality traits. The findings also suggest that the returns of personality traits to occupational status are higher for females.

Who gets caught by the emotion? Attentional biases toward emotional facial expressions and their link to social anxiety and autistic traits

The emotional facial expressions of other individuals are a valuable information source in adapting behaviour to situational demands, and have been found to receive prioritized attention. Yet, enhanced attentional biases, such as a bias to social threat in Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD), or blunted attention to emotional information, as assumed in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), can easily become maladaptive in daily life. In order to investigate individual differences in attentional biases toward different emotional expressions (angry, happy, sad, and fearful versus neutral) and their links to social anxiety and autistic traits, we tested 104 healthy participants with an emotional dot-probe paradigm on a touch screen, and measured clinical trait levels associated with ASD and SAD. While confirming the presence of attentional biases toward all emotional expressions, we did not find robust evidence for systematic links between these biases and either clinical trait dimension. Only an exploratory Bayesian analysis pointed to a less pronounced bias towards happy facial expressions with higher autistic trait levels. Moreover, a closer examination of the attentional bias towards angry facial expressions suggested that alterations in this bias might depend on a complex interplay between both trait dimensions. Novel approaches in the assessment of attentional biases might yield the potential to describe disorder-specific biases in attention to emotions more validly.

Punishment and personality: Low agreeableness and low conscientiousness as mediators of the inconsistent/angry parenting–delinquency relationships

This study’s purpose was to determine whether the personality trait dimensions of Agreeableness and Conscientiousness mediate the relationship between mid-adolescent inconsistent/angry parenting and late adolescent delinquency. A sample of 3701 youth from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children served as participants in this study. A path analysis with two independent variables (inconsistent parenting, angry parenting) and five mediators (Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Openness) revealed that, consistent with predictions, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness were the only two personality dimensions to mediate the angry parenting–later delinquency relationship. These results suggest that personality dimensions known to correlate with offending behavior (i.e. low Agreeableness and low Conscientiousness) may be among the mechanisms responsible for linking social conditions like parenting punishment styles marked by angry parenting to youth behaviors like delinquency.

The Effect of Physical Activity on the Non-cognitive Ability of Adolescents

Based on the Big Five personality trait dimensions of non-cognitive ability measures, the CFPS 2020 database was used as the basis, and the self-answered questionnaires and messages that were under the age of 18 and had information on physical activity were selected as the study sample from the total sample of 28590 in this database, and the valid 1562 samples were used as the study subjects, and the corresponding options and answers were selected as the dependent variables related to the Big Five personality of responsibility, agreeableness, extraversion, and neuroticism. After constructing a model with logit regression and calculating the marginal effects, it was empirically demonstrated that increasing the frequency of physical exercise (frequency) had positive promotion or improvement effects on adolescents' sense of responsibility, agreeableness, extraversion, and neuroticism, with the frequency of physical exercise (frequency) in the past 12 months as the dependent variable, and the effects were different between urban and rural areas, age, and gender. There were differences between urban and rural areas, age, and gender.

Using Gini decomposition to explore the multidimensionality of spatial dispersal for tourism promotion – the case of outgoing passengers in Queensland, Australia

ABSTRACT Visitor dispersal is critical in spreading tourism benefits to peripheral regions, with imbalances of visitors a problem for many tourism organisations that warrants better tools for analysis. Gini decomposition of the length of stay and expenditures was used to measure visitor dispersal based on survey data of international visitors (n = 819) departing from Brisbane International Airport. Biplot visualisation and stacked contribution bar charts revealed multiple dimensions of visitor traits influencing dispersal across eight subregions in Queensland and their complex offsetting or compounding dispersion/concentration effects. Our results suggest that including expenditure provides a more comprehensive understanding of dispersal, highlighting “high spend, short stay” visitors.

Oxytocin level among patients with opioid use disorder and its correlation with personality traits and perceived childhood trauma

BackgroundPersonality traits and perceived childhood maltreatment are of the predictors of substance use disorder development. Many studies have discussed oxytocin effect on personality traits and its relation with childhood trauma and how both affect the addictive process. The main aim was to compare oxytocin level between patients with opioid use disorder and controls and the potential association of oxytocin level with the basic dimensions of personality traits and perceived childhood adverse experiences in patients group. Forty male patients with opioid use disorder and 40 healthy controls matched in age and gender were assessed and compared regarding serum oxytocin level by ELISA, personality traits using Temperament and character inventory - revised (TCI- R) scale, and childhood adverse events using childhood trauma questionnaire.ResultsA significant difference between the patient group and the control group regarding the serum oxytocin level was found. Negative correlation with p-value <0.05 between oxytocin level and each of novelty seeking, and harm avoidance, in addition to a positive correlation between oxytocin level and each of reward dependence, self-directedness, and cooperativeness items of (TCR-R), among cases were found. Cases did not show statistically significant difference in oxytocin level between different Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) items.ConclusionsThe interaction between serum oxytocin levels, personality traits, and childhood trauma has to be considered in management with heroin-dependent patients as it plays a crucial role.

Research into the Relationship between Personality and Behavior in Video Games, Based on Mining Association Rules

Nowadays, people have started to spend more and more time using the Internet, which has a crucial impact on people’s lives. Individual personality type is often the main factor dictating the various behaviors that people carry out, and it dominates their activities when socializing, communicating, and making choices in the virtual world. This study is dedicated to uncovering how the six dimensions of personality traits relate to players’ in-game behavior. This research is divided into two studies. Study 1 uses the K-means method to classify players in “Clash of Kings”, an online strategy video game, according to their activities. Using apriori algorithm, this research analyzes the correlation between in-game behavior and personality. In Study 2, the correlations are validated. In conclusion, not all personality traits are related to in-game behaviors. Players with high extraversion demonstrate more killings and attacks in games. Conscientiousness is negatively related to deaths. Emotionality shows strong extremes. The highest or lowest emotionality scores are associated with killings and attacks, while players with moderate emotionality will behave irregularly. Honesty/humility, agreeableness, and openness to experience are not predictive of in-game behaviors. For game manufacturers, players’ personality traits can be inferred through their corresponding in-game behaviors, to use in order to carry out targeted promotions.

Effect of Slope Aspect on Plant Above‐ and Belowground Functional Traits of Alpine Meadow on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau, China

AbstractSlope aspects could cause significant differences in microclimate (e.g., radiation and moisture) and edaphic properties (e.g., soil nutrients content) in rugged landscapes. Therefore, understanding the variations of the above‐ and belowground functional traits on hillslope scales and their driving factors are essential for disentangling the plant adaptive strategies to local environmental factors. Based on the measurements of community weighted mean traits of alpine meadow from 15 hillslopes (eight south‐facing and seven north‐facing) in the Qinghai Lake watershed, northeastern Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau, China, we found that the aboveground morphological traits that is, specific leaf area and leaf dry matter content, and belowground stoichiometric traits, that is, root carbon content (RCC), root nitrogen content (RNC), root phosphorus content (RPC) and RCC: RNC, varied significantly between slope aspects. Hierarchical partitioning indicated that the slope aspect contributed the most to the variations of aboveground morphological and belowground stoichiometric traits, whereas soil properties were the major contributor to aboveground phosphorous‐related traits and belowground morphological traits. Both above‐ and belowground traits displayed a two‐dimensional variation on the hillslope scale. Additionally, the above‐ and belowground traits were weakly coordinated. In general, alpine meadow on the south‐facing slopes tended to adopt the conservative strategy, while acquisitive strategy was preferred by that on the north‐facing slopes. These findings can improve our understanding of spatial variations of functional traits at fine scales, and we highlighted that it is helpful to integrate both above‐ and belowground traits dimensions in disentangling the ecological process and predicting ecosystem function under changing climate.

The mediating role of self-compassion in the relationship between trait perfectionism and psychological resilience among Filipino university students

Perfectionism has been a challenge in university students’ everyday lives. As perfectionism can negatively affect students’ mental health, researchers have suggested ways to manage perfectionism and build students’ resilience towards having a better wellbeing. One way is to practice self-compassion. This study utilized mediation analyses to investigate if self-compassion mediates the relationship between the trait dimensions of perfectionism and psychological resilience among Filipino university students. A sample of 317 undergraduate students from the University of the Philippines Diliman participated and answered scales that measure the variables of interest. Results indicate that when covariates were excluded, self-oriented perfectionism (SOP) and socially prescribed perfectionism influenced psychological resilience indirectly via self-compassion, while SOP and other-oriented perfectionism (OOP) directly affected psychological resilience, independent of self-compassion. When covariates were included, the same findings were found, but OOP also influenced psychological resilience indirectly via self-compassion. Implications of the findings are discussed in this study.

Pengaruh Relationship Marketing Terhadap Loyalitas Debitur Di Mediasi oleh Kualitas Hubungan, Studi Empiris Di Bank Sumatera Bagian Selatan

One of the strategies implemented by the banking sector is to apply the concept of relationship marketing (RM). Relationship marketing (RM) is very helpful for companies in fostering good relationships with customers, debtors, and shareholders.&#x0D; In this study, the direction of the research was to examine how important the quality of the relationship between regional bank customers (Bengkulu Bank, Jambi Bank and Bank Lampung) had a positive impact in increasing the relationship marketing / RM dimensions (customer trust, customer commitment, and communication) to loyalty.&#x0D; This study uses an explanatory survey approach with a quantitative analysis approach. The population in this study were debtor customers at three regional-owned banks, namely Bengkulu Bank, Jambi Bank and Lampung Bank. The number of research samples were 520 respondents. The sampling method used a purposive sampling approach. The analytical tool used is Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using the LISREL 8.7 program.&#x0D; In this study, the researcher found novelty, namely with regard to the dimensions in the relationship quality variable. Where in previous research in marketing there were 2 dimensions, namely respect and rapport. Meanwhile, this study adds a personality trait dimension.

Structure of Pathological Personality Traits Through the Lens of the CAT-PD Model.

Personality pathology is increasingly conceptualized within hierarchical, dimensional trait models. The Comprehensive Assessment of Traits Relevant to Personality Disorders (CAT-PD) is a pathological-trait measure with potential to improve on currently prevailing instruments because it has wider content coverage; however, its domain-level structure, which is of scientific and clinical interest, is not established. In this study, we investigated the structure and construct validity of the CAT-PD's domain level to facilitate wider use of the measure. We estimated five- and six-factor models with exploratory factor analysis in a pooled sample of eight independent subsamples (N = 3,987) and found that both models fit the data well; each had interpretable factors that were invariant across gender, sample type, and Black/White racial groups; and the factors had good convergent validity with other measures of maladaptive traits, Big Five personality, and interpersonal problems. Our results support the validity of the CAT-PD for assessing multiple levels of the pathological trait hierarchy.

A longitudinal study of perfectionism and orthorexia in exercisers

Research suggests that trait perfectionism and perfectionistic self-presentation are related to orthorexia – a pathological obsession with correct nutrition. However, no studies have examined these relationships over time or compared the influence of the two aspects of perfectionism on orthorexia. In the present study we sought to address these two issues. Gym members who engaged in high degrees of exercise were recruited via social media platforms. They completed an online questionnaire that included the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale-Short Form, Perfectionistic Self-Presentation Scale, and the Eating Habits Questionnaire on two occasions: 177 participants (Mean age = 31.6 years) initially completed the questionnaire and 82 completed the questionnaire six weeks later. A series of multiple regression analyses revealed that (i) trait perfectionism predicted an increase in orthorexia symptomatology over time with socially prescribed perfectionism and other-oriented perfectionism unique predictors of orthorexia, (ii) perfectionistic self-presentation predicted orthorexia over time with nondisplay of imperfection a unique predictor of orthorexia, and (iii) when considered alongside each other, only trait dimensions of perfectionism were unique predictors of orthorexia. The present study provides further evidence that perfectionism is related to orthorexia. In addition, the study also provides preliminary evidence that more engrained trait aspects of perfectionism are more predictive of orthorexia over time than the self-presentational aspects of perfectionism.