Trait Dimensions Research Articles

Multidimensional perfectionism trends among various core and allied health care professionals in a major Indian metropolitan city of Western India.

This exploratory study was done to assess the multidimensional perfectionism trends among various core and allied health care professionals in a major Indian metropolitan city of western India. Unlike other scales, here we considered both individual and intersubjective components of perfectionism by introducing three trait dimensions - self-oriented perfectionism, other-oriented perfectionism, and socially prescribed perfectionism. A cross-sectional descriptive type of study was conducted with total sample consisting of 500 participants with the main motive of evaluation and comparison of the multidimensional perfectionism among interns of the core and allied health care professionals from fields of medicine, dentistry, ayurveda, and homeopathy residing in the major Indian metropolitan cities of western India. This study showed that under the self-oriented domain, highest mean score is of medical faculty (73.97). In other-oriented domain, dental (62.62) and homeopathy (62.38) professionals have almost similar mean. Lowest being of ayurveda (61.65) compared to the highest score of the medical fraternity (67.62). In the socially prescribed domain, medical professionals (65.53) have the highest mean though it is the lowest mean value of the medical faculty compared to other two domains. Chi-square test is applied to the data for the questions among all the three domains. Correlation has been deduced by applying Pearson's correlation to the collected data from the study. The degree of correlation between self-oriented with self-oriented is 1, self-oriented with other-oriented is 0.763, and that of self-oriented with socially oriented is 0.678. Medical professionals scoring maximum in self-oriented perfectionism compared to other two domains reflect their extreme personal standards. Medical professionals are followed by dental professionals in self oriented perfectionism who are demanded of perfection in their routine practice. Ayurveda and homeopathy professionals scored better in other-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism attributing to their sentiments of fulfilling the expectations and demands of others.

Why is it Important to Assess and Treat Alexithymia in the Cardiologic Field? An Overview of the Literature.

Alexithymia has been found to be associated with several somatic illnesses, such as cardiovascular, indicating that it might be a risk factor for early death in the long-term course of post-myocardial infarction. From the cardiology perspective, the aim was to collect current evidence about the relationship between alexithymia and somatic illness. The literature was synthesized and summarized in a narrative format. The literature search was carried out in PubMed. Pertinent studies published in the last 50 years written in English were included and organized by three main topics ("The relation between alexithymia and somatic illness from the cardiology perspective"; "How do assess alexithymia?"; "Treating alexithymia") to be discussed. High alexithymia is a dimensional trait that affects around 10% of the general population and up to 55% of people with essential hypertension. Also, the link between alexithymia and cardiovascular activity has been pointed out. There are several validated tools to assess alexithymia, as well as treatment options. Knowledge about the main features of alexithymia, as well as its assessment and treatment, can promote a multifactorial approach to the primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of cardiac diseases.

Variability of morphological features of Dracocephalum multicaule (Lamiaceae) in natural populations of Dagestan

The structure of intra- and inter-population variability of Dracocephalum multicaule Montbr. et Auch. ex Benth. along the altitude gradient was studied on the basis of a complex of morphological features of plants. Two populations of D. multicaule were collected from different altitude levels (800 and 1130 m above sea level). Differences between populations by place of growth (microclimatic conditions), communities in which the species grows, age composition, as well as morphological features were revealed. A decrease in the average values of quantitative and dimensional traits with the increase in altitude has been recorded, with the exception of two (the length of the inflorescence and the number of verticils). Intra- and inter-population variability of traits are at medium and high levels. Variability of the number of flowers in the inflorescence (43.5–51.5) and weight characteristics (36.1–50.0) are high. The interpopulation variability of species traits is the result of the influence of a complex of factors of the altitude gradient and the population age. The areas differ in ecological habitat conditions and the degree of anthropogenic load. The increasing anthropogenic impact in the places where the species grows disrupts the stability of natural populations and affects plant reproduction. In order to preserve the species of D. multicaule in natural habitats, it is necessary to reduce anthropogenic pressure, as well as to introduce the species into culture.

Personality Pathology and Functional Impairment in Patients With Hypochondriasis.

Research indicates substantial co-occurance of personality pathology and hypochondriasis, which both involve significant psychosocial impairment. This study sought to investigate the role of personality pathology for explaining functional impairment in patients with hypochondriasis, while accounting for the influence of health anxiety severity. Patients diagnosed with hypochondriasis (N=84; 60% women) were administered interview- and self-report instruments for personality pathology, health anxiety severity, and functional impairment (general, social, and physical): The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II (SCID-II), the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5), the Short Health Anxiety Inventory (SHAI), the 36-item Short Form health survey (SF-36), and the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). Hierarchical regression analyses were performed with boot-strapping (1000 samples). Findings overall showed that personality pathology incrementally explained functional impairment over the influence of health anxiety severity. More specifically, findings revealed that the incremental effect of PID-5 trait dimensions was substantially larger than the SCID-II personality disorder criterion-count. Functional impairment was specifically associated with SCID-II symptoms of Avoidant Personality disorder and dependent personality disorder as well as PID-5 trait domains of negative affectivity, detachment, and psychoticism. The findings highlight the potential significance of personality pathology for understanding and clinical management of functional impairment in patients with hypochondriasis. The personality features that best explained functional impairment were avoidant personality disorder and dependent personality disorder and, in particular, DSM-5 and the International Classification of Diseases, 11th revision personality trait domains of negative affectivity, detachment, and psychoticism.

Intolerance of uncertainty and anxiety: The role of beliefs about emotions

BackgroundIntolerance of uncertainty (IU) is a dimensional trait fundamental to most psychopathologies, and anxiety disorders in particular, making it an important transdiagnostic construct for researchers and clinicians. Current psychological therapies focus on changing underlying cognitive assumptions related to uncertainty. However, we posit that IU conveys beliefs about emotions too. In line with established findings on beliefs about emotions in general, we tested the hypothesis that the relationship between IU and anxiety is mediated by beliefs about the controllability and/or usefulness of emotions. MethodsParticipants (N = 2260) were administered the Emotions Beliefs Questionnaire (EBQ); the General Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7), and the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS − 12). A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the EBQ was conducted followed by Pearson correlation coefficients among the central measures, and a parallel mediation analysis to address the central research question. ResultsOur CFA supported the intended factor structure of the EBQ. The results of our mediation analysis supported the prediction that the association between IU and anxiety is partially mediated by general beliefs about emotions. LimitationsAlthough our sample size was large, the age range was limited so future research could expand the age range to maximise generalizability. This is a cross-sectional study so causal inferences are restricted. ConclusionGiven the present findings, current interventions for IU and their focus on beliefs about uncertainty, might benefit from incorporating strategies to improve beliefs about emotions, and thus improve therapeutic effectiveness.

Young children’s attributes are better conveyed by voices than by faces

The purpose of this study was to explore how young children’s vocal and facial cues contribute to conveying to adults important information about children’s attributes when presented together. In particular, the study aimed to disentangle whether children’s vocal or facial cues, if either, are more dominant when both types of cues are displayed in a contradictory mode. To do this, we assigned 127 college students to one of three between-participants conditions. In the Voices-Only condition, participants listened to four pairs of synthetized voices simulating the voices of 4-5-year-old and 9-10-year-old children verbalizing a neutral-content sentence. Participants needed to indicate which voice was better associated with a series of 14 attributes organized into four trait dimensions (Positive Affect, Negative Affect, Intelligence, and Helpless), potentially meaningful in young child–adult interactions. In the Consistent condition, the same four pairs of voices delivered in the Voices-Only condition were presented jointly with morphed photographs of children’s faces of equivalent age. In the Inconsistent condition, the four pairs of voices and faces were paired in a contradictory manner (immature voices with mature faces vs. mature voices with immature faces). Results revealed that vocal cues were more effective than facial cues in conveying young children’s attributes to adults and that women were more efficient (i.e., faster) than men in responding to children’s cues. These results confirm and extend previous evidence on the relevance of children’s vocal cues to signaling important information about children’s attributes and needs during their first 6 years of life.

Contrasting Views of Autism Spectrum Traits in Adults, Especially in Self-Reports vs. Informant-Reports for Women High in Autism Spectrum Traits.

There is uncertainty among researchers and clinicians about how to best measure autism spectrum dimensional traits in adults. In a sample of adults with high levels of autism spectrum traits and without intellectual disability (probands, n = 103) and their family members (n = 96), we sought to compare self vs. informant reports of autism spectrum-related traitsand possible effects of sex on discrepancies. Using correlational analysis, we found poor agreement between self- and informant-report measures for probands, yet moderate agreementfor family members. We found reporting discrepancy was greatest for female probands, often self-reporting more autism-related behaviors. Our findings suggest that autism spectrum traits are often underrecognized by informants, making self-report data important to collect in clinical and research settings.

ERPs responses to dominance features from human faces

Social dominance is an important feature of social life. Dominance has been proposed to be one of two trait dimensions underpinning social judgments of human faces. Yet, the neural bases of the ability to identify different dominance levels in others based on intrinsically facial cues remains poorly understood. Here, we used event-related potentials to determine the temporal dynamics of facial dominance evaluation based on facial features signaling physical strength/weakness in humans. Twenty-seven participants performed a dominance perception task where they passively viewed faces with different dominance levels. Dominance levels did not modulate an early component of face processing, known as the N170 component, but did modulate the late positive potential (LPP) component. These findings indicate that participants inferred dominance levels at a late stage of face evaluation. Furthermore, the highest level of dominant faces and the lowest level of submissive faces both elicited higher LPP amplitudes than faces with a neutral dominance level. Taken together, the present study provides new insights regarding the dynamics of the neurocognitive processes underlying facial dominance evaluation.

Higher scores on autonomic symptom scales in pediatric patients with neurodevelopmental disorders of known genetic etiology.

Features of underlying autonomic dysfunction, including sleep disturbances, gastrointestinal problems, and atypical heart rate, have been reported in neurodevelopmental conditions, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The current cross-sectional, between-groups study aimed to quantify symptoms of autonomic dysfunction in a neurodevelopmental pediatric cohort characterized by clinical diagnoses as well as genetic etiology. The Pediatric Autonomic Symptom Scales (PASS) questionnaire was used to assess autonomic features across a group of patients with clinical neurodevelopmental diagnoses (NPD; N=90) and genetic etiologies. Patients were subdivided based on either having a clinical ASD diagnosis (NPD-ASD; n=37) or other non-ASD neurodevelopmental diagnoses, such as intellectual disability without ASD, speech and language disorders, and/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (NPD-OTHER; n=53). Analyses focused on characterizing differences between the NPD group compared to previously published reference samples, as well as differences between the two NPD subgroups (NPD-ASD and NPD-OTHER). Our results indicate higher PASS scores in our NPD cohort relative to children with and without ASD from a previously published cohort. However, we did not identify significant group differences between our NPD-ASD and NPD-OTHER subgroups. Furthermore, we find a significant relationship between quantitative ASD traits and symptoms of autonomic function. This work demonstrates the utility of capturing quantitative estimates of autonomic trait dimensions that may be significantly linked with psychosocial impairments and other core clinical features of ASD.

Bird extinctions threaten to cause disproportionate reductions of functional diversity and uniqueness

Abstract Human activities are driving rapid defaunation of Earth's ecosystems through increasing rates of extinction. However, the ecological consequences of species loss remain unclear, in part due to the limited availability of high‐resolution functional trait data. To address this, we assess how predicted extinctions will reshape avian functional diversity quantified using a multidimensional trait space, or morphospace, reflecting variation in eight key morphological traits closely linked to ecological function across 9943 (>99%) extant bird species. We show that large regions of this morphospace are represented by very few species and, thus, vulnerable to species loss. We also find evidence that species at highest risk of extinction are both larger and functionally unique in terms of ecological trait dimensions unrelated to size, such as beak shape and wing shape. Although raw patterns suggest a positive relationship between extinction risk and functional uniqueness, this is removed when accounting for phylogeny and body mass, indicating a dominant role for clade‐specific factors, including the combination of larger average body size and higher extinction risk in the non‐passerine clade. Regardless of how a threat is related to uniqueness, we show using simulations that the loss of currently threatened bird species would result in a greater loss of morphological diversity than expected under random extinctions. Our results suggest that ongoing declines of threatened bird species may drive a disproportionately large loss of morphological diversity, with potentially major consequences for ecosystem functioning. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Lianas have a faster resource acquisition strategy than trees: Below‐ground evidence from root traits, phylogeny and the root economics space

Abstract The competitive advantage of lianas over trees has been widely documented in studies of their leaf functional traits across diverse habitats; however, the relative contribution of root functional traits to the competitive superiority of lianas over trees has not yet been evaluated. The aim of this study was to explore the root functional traits, phylogenetic structure of these traits and root trait dimensions of lianas to clarify why lianas can outperform trees. We sampled 69 liana species from tropical and temperate forests in China and measured nine key functional traits of first‐order roots of each species, including morphological, architectural, anatomical and chemical traits, as well as the percentage of mycorrhizal colonization. Data on these traits were then compared with similar data of 127 tree species from the same biome obtained from the Global Root Traits (GRooT) database and our previous studies. Liana roots had lower construction costs and could acquire resources more rapidly compared with tree roots. Significant differences were observed in most tree root traits between tropical and temperate sites. However, no significant differences were observed in any of the liana root traits between tropical and temperate sites, apart from the root branching ratio. Lianas showed much weaker phylogenetic conservatism in their root traits than trees when species were pooled across sites. Phylogenetic constraint was lower for nearly all root traits of both temperate lianas and trees compared with those of tropical lianas and trees. The root economics space of lianas and trees had two orthogonal dimensions with ‘conservation’ and ‘collaboration’ axes. However, lianas occupied the trait space with higher root nitrogen concentration and greater specific root length, showing ‘fast’ resource acquisition strategy, while trees placed opposite space and exhibited relatively ‘slow’ strategy. Synthesis. The ability of lianas to outcompete trees in harsh environments might be explained by their faster resource acquisition strategy and the lower phylogenetic constraint in root traits. Generally, lianas might play an increasingly important role in the structure and function of forest ecosystems in the future with ongoing habitat fragmentation and climate change.

Perceived changes in trait attributions to others and the self

ABSTRACT A study was conducted to examine the perceived changes in the impressions of others or self on 133 trait dimensions. Attributions to others were reportedly more negative over time whereas attributions to self were more positive over time. Perceived changes in others’ traits appear to be guided by basic behavioral inference processes. Trait beliefs about others tend to be revised when the traits are common and disconfirming behavior is infrequent and more diagnostic. Positive trait impressions of others change more frequently because they are more prevalent and because negative behaviors (that disconfirm positive attributions) are less frequent and more diagnostic than positive behaviors. In contrast, revisions of trait impressions of the self appear to be driven heavily by self-evaluation motivations such as the desire to see self-improvement. The favorableness of changes in trait self-concepts were positively correlated with self-esteem. The consequences of the observed patterns of attributional change for interpersonal relations are discussed.

Roads Diverged: Developmental Trajectories of Irritability From Toddlerhood Through Adolescence

Irritability is a dimensional trait that manifests from early life and is a robust transdiagnostic risk factor for psychopathology and impairment. A large, national dataset was leveraged to identify and broadly characterize trajectories from toddlerhood through adolescence, which is crucial for timely, targeted interventions. Data on irritability and a broad array of potential factors affecting irritability development from 4,462 children assessed longitudinally at ages 3, 5, 9, and 15 were included. Latent class growth models identified groups of children based on their nonlinear irritability trajectories from toddlerhood to adolescence. LASSO regression then identified key characteristics differentiating trajectory groups. Five distinct irritability trajectories were identified, two of which were stable, maintaining medium or high irritability from age 3 to 15. Three trajectories showed undulating change over development, with an inflection point at the transition to adolescence (age 9): Most children had consistently low irritability. Two smaller groups started with high irritability at age 3 but diverged, sharply decreasing or increasing until a turning point at age 9. Developmental patterning of harsh/neglectful parenting and child internalizing symptoms most strongly differentiated trajectory groups. Sociodemographic characteristics, attachment style, neighborhood support, cognitive functioning, and genetic variation also differentiated trajectories. The results demonstrated the importance of the transition to adolescence as a critical inflection point for youths with fluctuating irritability trajectories. Identifying these patterns and multiple malleable factors associated with stably high or rising trajectories is an important step toward targeted interventions for the most vulnerable subgroups. We worked to ensure sex and gender balance in the recruitment of human participants. We worked to ensure race, ethnic, and/or other types of diversity in the recruitment of human participants. One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as a member of one or more historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science. One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as a member of one or more historically underrepresented sexual and/or gender groups in science. One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as living with a disability. One or more of the authors of this paper received support from a program designed to increase minority representation in science. We actively worked to promote sex and gender balance in our author group. We actively worked to promote inclusion of historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science in our author group.

Reliability and construct validity of the general factor of personality disorder.

Criterion B of the alternative model of personality disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), outlines maladaptive trait dimensions that characterize personality disorders. Emerging evidence from bifactor confirmatory factor analyses suggest these traits are related at a higher order level by a general factor of personality disorder (g-PD). Further, emerging evidence points to traits most closely related to borderline personality disorder as underpinnings of g-PD. Further investigation is required to better understand the shared basis of personality disorder, with attention to the reliability and validity of g-PD. The g-PD theory was examined in a clinical (n = 242), and community sample (n = 252) of adults, using a brief form of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5). Structural analyses supported a correlated 6-factor model and a bifactor solution, validating the g-PD structure. Reliability indices supported the unidimensionality, reliability, and replicability of the g-PD factor. The strongest loading and most unidimensional items on the g-PD factors were from the Negative Affectivity and Disinhibition trait domains, partially replicating the trait profile of borderline personality disorder traits. In validity analyses, the nomological network of the general and specific factors were examined. g-PD was more strongly correlated with internalizing measures and impairment than specific factors, but specific factors were more strongly correlated with thought disorder and externalizing measures than g-PD. Our results support the nature and reliability of a general factor characterized by Negative Affectivity and Disinhibition unifying personality disorder traits in a brief form of the PID-5. Implications for the alternative model of personality disorder, PID-5, and g-PD theory are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF THE STATE-TRAIT ANXIETY INVENTORY-TRAIT (STAI-T) IN ARGENTINIAN ADOLESCENTS

The aim of the present study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory- Trait dimension (STAI-T), Form X. A total of 798 Argentinian adolescents aged between 12 and 18 years (M = 14; SD = 1.31) participated in this study. The psychometric properties of the instrument were analyzed from the contributions of the Rasch model, which allowed us to assess the measurement model fit, response threshold order, item and person fit, local dependence, differential item functioning (DIF), reliability, targeting, and unidimensionality. The results showed that the STAI-T, anxiety-absent items, and anxiety-present items presented values close to the expected ones for item and person fit, ordered response categories, appropriate reliability levels, and adequate targeting. Only in anxiety-absent items, it was possible to verify compliance with unidimensionality, whereas in anxiety-present items there were items with local dependence or showing DIF. The present study provides empirical evidence based on a rigorous measurement model that allows corroborating the validity of the scale to assess anxiety in Argentinian adolescents.

Environmental drivers of taxonomic and functional turnover of tree assemblages in Europe

Understanding how species turnover responds to environmental change may provide insights into the ecological factors influencing biogeographical patterns. Here, I examined geographic patterns in taxonomic and functional turnover of tree assemblages in Europe and compared the influence of environmental factors on turnover. I conducted a principal component analysis with nine above‐ and below‐ground plant traits for 210 tree species. I used the resulting four principal components (82% of the variance) to create five functional dendrograms considering all trait dimensions together and individually. Further, I used species composition and the functional dendrograms to calculate pairwise taxonomic and functional turnover between tree assemblages in 100 × 100 km grid cells across Europe. To assess the influence of temperature, precipitation, precipitation seasonality, soil pH and geographic distance on taxonomic and functional turnover, I conducted multiple regression on distance matrices (MRM). I also compared the slope of the relationship between functional turnover and environmental distance among trait dimensions to detect what ecological strategies may be more sensitive to environmental changes. I found that mean taxonomic and functional turnover was particularly high in lowland areas of the Mediterranean Basin. Geographic patterns of individual trait dimensions largely reproduced those considering all trait dimensions together, additionally revealing some regional differences. MRM explained a similar fraction of the variation in taxonomic and functional turnover. The influence of environmental distance was stronger for trait dimensions related to tree size and woodiness than for trait dimensions related to the leaf and root economics. I conclude that geographic patterns in the turnover of tree assemblages in Europe coincide with major biome transitions. Deterministic assembly processes act differently on key ecological strategies of tree assemblages at the continental scale.

Moral Intelligence as a Mediator Variable in the Relationship between Personality Traits and School Bullying among Students from Grades (7-9) in North Al Batinah Governorate, Sultanate of Oman

The study aimed to identify the role of moral intelligence as a mediator variable in the relationship between personality traits and school bullying. The sample of the study consisted of 271 students from grades (7-9) in North Al Batinah Governorate in the Sultanate of Oman. This study used the school bullying scale, the short measure of the five major factors of personality (TIPI) and the scale of moral intelligence. The results of multiple regression analysis using the Baron & Kenny’s method showed that moral intelligence has an intermediary role in the relationship between personality traits and school bullying, through direct effects in the negative direction of the dimensions of personality traits (emotional stability, conscientiousness, and agreeableness) on school bullying through moral intelligence. Also, the results of the Baron & Kenny’s method showed direct effects in the negative direction of the dimensions of personality traits (agreeableness, conscientiousness, and emotional stability) on school bullying, and the presence of direct influences in the positive direction of the dimensions of personality traits (extraversion, agreeableness, and emotional stability, and openness) on moral intelligence, as the results indicated the presence of direct effects in the negative direction of moral intelligence on school bullying. The results indicated that there is a mediating role of moral intelligence in the relationship between some personality traits and school bullying. Keywords: personality traits, moral intelligence, school bullying, Median analysis.

Correlates of externalizing psychopathology in incarcerated men.

Externalizing traits are extremely costly for society and disproportionately prevalent among incarcerated individuals. The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) is an empirically derived classification system that approaches psychopathology dimensionally and was developed in response to critiques of current diagnostic classification systems. The Externalizing Spectrum Inventory-100 item version (ESI-100) is an assessment of externalizing problems that fits within the HiTOP framework and characterizes dimensional externalizing traits. The present study aimed to replicate prior research examining the convergent validity of the ESI Total Score by examining associations with psychopathy, conduct disorder, and substance use among incarcerated males. A total of 1,808 participants had ESI-100 data, although sample sizes across criterion measures varied. The majority of results replicated relationships between the ESI 159-item version and externalizing disorders and negative emotionality. Less is known about the dimensional relationships between externalizing traits as measured by the ESI-100 and internalizing disorders and symptoms, and other correlates of externalizing. The study extended previous results by examining associations between the ESI-100 and internalizing disorders, impulsivity, childhood trauma, and emotion regulation (ER) as a test of discriminant validity. Analyses revealed associations between the ESI-100 and childhood trauma, impulsivity, emotion regulation difficulties, and symptoms (but not diagnoses) of internalizing disorders. These results enhance our understanding of dimensional traits of externalizing and suggest nuanced relationships between externalizing and internalizing traits. Results have important implications (e.g., transdiagnostic treatment targets) for treatment of mental health disorders by highlighting the importance of cross-diagnostic treatment approaches. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Visual performance of painting colors based on psychological factors.

Humans have been exploring colors since ancient times, but relatively complete color systems appeared one after another in the twentieth century. Even without language and other information exchanges, colors can still convey information and stimulate emotions. Therefore, color can have both physical and psychological effects on people. In this context, this paper studies the visual representation of painting colors based on psychological factors. The article studies the theory of personality traits and introduces the related content of visual psychology. To explore the relationship between each variable and color psychology and the visual representation of painting colors, a binary logistic regression analysis is performed. The colors in the post-impressionist paintings of Van Gogh and Gauguin is contrasted, and experiments on psychological factors and color research is conducted. The factors that affect the color tone of the picture and the influence of psychological factors on the judgment of color brightness are investigated. Finally, the correlation analysis of personality trait dimension and irrational behavior is carried out. The experimental results of the article show that after the analysis of variance, the significance levels of regression model 1 and model 2 both reach 0.000, and the adjusted R squares are 0.319 and 0.356, respectively. In this study, regression model 2 was selected as the final model. According to Model 2, the standardized regression coefficients of agreeableness and neuroticism are 0.438 and -0.251, respectively, and the significance of the regression coefficients are 0.000 and 0.021, respectively. The research on the visual performance of painting colors based on psychological factors has been well completed.

Niche differentiation along multiple functional‐trait dimensions contributes to high local diversity of Euphorbiaceae in a tropical tree assemblage

AbstractUnderstanding the mechanisms that drive community assembly in species‐rich tropical forest remains a fundamental challenge in ecology. Here, we integrated multivariate functional trait dimensions, phylogeny and metabolomics to test fundamental predictions concerning the role of differentiation with respect to abiotic and biotic niche axes in the maintenance of high local diversity of woody plants in the Euphorbiaceae.We measured 40 functional traits related to resource acquisition, photosynthetic capacity, hydraulic efficiency and secondary‐metabolite profiles generated using untargeted metabolomics in all 26 Euphorbiaceae species in a 20‐ha forest dynamics plot in tropical southwestern China. We examined the correlation structure of 40 traits using a trait networking approach. We coupled these traits with variation in soil nutrients, light environment, soil water content and herbivore pressure within the plot to assess niche differentiation in space. We compared phylogenetic signal among multivariate trait dimensions and secondary metabolites to assess niche differentiation in evolutionary time.Network analysis revealed that a small number of traits with high network centrality reflected variation in ecological strategy among the Euphorbiaceae. Using these high‐centrality traits, we observed significant functional turnover along environmental gradients defined by light, soil moisture, soil nutrients and leaf herbivory, respectively. Most resource utilization traits showed significant phylogenetic signal, whereas almost all defensive traits lacked phylogenetic signal, including species similarity with respect to plant secondary metabolites.Synthesis. Our results suggest that resource‐utilization traits and the habitat associations play a significant role in the niche segregation of co‐occurring woody plants in the Euphorbiaceae. Secondary metabolites, however, may enhance diversity at a finer spatial scale by allowing closely related species with similar functional traits to partition biotic niche space within shared habitats in tropical rainforest.