Training Requirements Research Articles

Assessment of the Influence of Safety Training on the Technicians Safety Culture in the Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Industries in Kenya

<i>Introduction:</i> Technicians in pharmaceutical manufacturing industries work in a high risk occupational setting. They are routinely exposed to chemical hazards due to the nature of their work. In order for them to perform, safety is paramount. This research intended to assess the influence of safety culture of technicians in pharmaceutical manufacturing industries. <i>Methods:</i> In order to achieve the objective, descriptive survey research design was used. Purposive sampling was used to select ten pharmaceutical Manufacturing industries which formed the research sample. Data was collected through questionnaires. The collected data was subjected to quantitative and qualitative analysis by use of SPSS. The<i> results</i> showed that the safety maturity level of 85% of the PMI’s were continually improving safety maturity level and only 15% in the involving safety maturity level. This was based on an analysis of the safety culture in four key dimensions. The study also established that majority of the respondents at 75.4% had their first encounter with OSH training at work environment commonly referred to as On the Job Training and only 23.3% were trained during their academic/professional education. The findings show that the majority of the respondents; 89.0 % and 80.8% of the respondents had been trained on the requirements of OSH Act 2007 and Evacuation procedures respectively. Notably, the training area with the least awareness was Exposure Limits of hazardous chemicals and substances at 29.1% across all PMI’s. The p values for OSH Training and Safe work documentation are p<0.001 and 0.421 respectively, indicating that OSH training is a statistically significant predictor of safety Culture. <i>Conclusion:</i> The hypothesis, there is statistically significant influence of training on safety culture of technicians among pharmaceutical manufacturing industries in Kenya, was accepted. Therefore we can conclude that OSH training has a significant positive influence on safety culture in pharmaceutical manufacturing industries in Nairobi, Kenya. The study therefore recommends that there is need to incorporate an OSH competency in the professional training of potential employees in the PMI’s in Kenya. This will enhance awareness of hazards and shape attitudes towards safety, well in advance hence enhance the safety culture maturity levels. The government thought the Ministry Of Labour And Social protection should ensure frameworks are able to enforce the implementation of OSHA (2007) training requirements to fill the gap in the training topic on handling of hazardous chemicals for workers in the PMI’s.

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: Enhancing the Future of Regulatory Affairs

This review examines the transformative impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) in pharmaceutical regulatory affairs, with a focus on enhancing efficiency, accuracy, and decision-making in regulatory compliance, drug approvals, and post-market surveillance. Using peer-reviewed articles, regulatory guidelines, industry reports, and case studies, this article explores AI and ML tools such as Natural Language Processing (NLP), advanced analytics, machine learning algorithms, and automated document management. Key applications include risk assessment, regulatory compliance, and the streamlining of drug development processes. The review addresses challenges such as ethical considerations, data quality, transparency, and workforce training requirements that can hinder the implementation of AI and ML. Future opportunities are identified, including the potential for regulatory agencies and pharmaceutical companies to leverage AI/ML for faster decision-making, reduced regulatory delays, and a more efficient regulatory landscape. However, successful integration will require ongoing workforce training, adaptive regulatory frameworks, and a focus on patient safety and public trust. In conclusion, while AI and ML hold promise for revolutionizing regulatory processes, addressing these challenges will be essential to ensure safe and ethical implementation.

Preventing Musculoskeletal Injury: Security Forces Occupational Wellness and Improvements

United States Air Force Security Forces members face unique hazards associated with law enforcement and security duties similar to civilian law enforcement agencies. They also balance combat training requirements and rigorous physical conditioning that creates a high propensity for musculoskeletal injuries. The literature shows that awareness and education of contributing hazards can reduce the rate of injury among at-risk populations. This study explored the experience of Security Forces (SF) veterans to understand how actions on the job, training, and other key factors significantly contributed to their musculoskeletal injuries and chronic conditions. The research employed a phenomenological qualitative method to understand the workplace implications that may contribute to SF injury. We interviewed ten Security Forces veterans, five male and five female, to gain their insights and perspectives on their injuries and preventative measures that took place. The results showed a high rate of injury occurring on the job and a low rate of prevention. Participants described how their injuries were compounded by organizational culture and the hesitance to seek care options based on an underlying stigma. We introduce three considerations for practice to improve the musculoskeletal injury incidence rate among Security Forces: (1) developing a law enforcement-centric educational awareness program that places emphasis on physical conditioning, flexibility, and endurance to withstand occupational duties, (2) focusing on building core strength to reduce lower back and correlating injuries, (3) apply a top-down approach to remove negative stigma with seeking medical treatment for injuries.

Complex minimally invasive surgery in general surgery training: keeping up with the times

IntroductionThe Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) currently requires graduating chief residents to have participated in 75 complex laparoscopic cases. However, they do not define subcategories. We aim to compare trends in the use of minimally invasive approaches for common general surgery procedures nationally and in training to determine if subcategories in training are necessary to mirror national practice patterns.MethodsWe analyzed ACGME national case log data from 2015 to 2021 to determine trends in the proportion of common procedures being performed with a minimally invasive approach during general surgery training. Minimally invasive procedures were included if the average number of cases completed during training was ten or greater. We then compared these trends to national trends using the NSQIP and MBSAQIP databases as representative samples of the national practice to determine if the trends were different between the two groups.ResultsFive procedures were identified for analysis. We found statistically significant differences in the trends for hernia repair (ANCOVA: F = 122.1, df = 1, p < 0.001) and enterectomy (ANCOVA: F = 37.0, df = 1, p < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference for antireflux (ANCOVA: F = 0.4, df = 1, p = 0.53), colectomy/proctectomy (ANCOVA: F = 4.5, df = 1, p = 0.06), and partial gastrectomy procedures (ANCOVA: F = 0.3, df = 1, p = 0.60).ConclusionThe proportion of cases performed with a minimally invasive approach continues to rise every year. Consideration should be given to adapting general surgery training requirements to match this growing practice, particularly for procedures that do not appear to be keeping pace with national trends.

A systematic review of coach developers’ professional learning

ABSTRACT The objective of this paper was to systematically review the empirical evidence surrounding sport coach developers’ (CDs) professional learning. CDs are key in coaching ecosystems because they influence coaches’ learning. However, little is known about the processes and mechanisms involved in how CDs learn to practice, which has implications for their training and support requirements. A thematic synthesis was undertaken on the 30 included studies. Findings generated themes concerning (1) CDs’ understanding and application of learning theory, (2) the influence of their employing governing body, (3) the role and importance of peers, and (4) expert facilitators in influencing CDs’ professional learning and practice. These findings provide insights for CDs and organisations responsible for training and developing CDs. The limited body of literature highlights the juvenile state of CD research, and recommendations are made to further investigate CDs from a broader range of sports and contexts.

Modified Delphi Study to Establish Consensus About Child Neurology Residency Education: Next-Gen Training.

Rapid advances in diagnostics and treatments are shifting child neurology practice, but child neurology training requirements have been much slower to change. Previous literature confirms strong support for modernization, but no formal consensus exists regarding maintaining or changing training. We aimed to develop a holistic consensus regarding the optimal training pathway and requirements using a modified Delphi process. The authors invited 48 child neurologists as panelists, intentionally selecting to represent the diverse geography, practice type, subspecialties, and other demographics of child neurologists practicing in the United States. Panelists participated in an anonymized modified Delphi study with 4 rounds evaluating statements regarding current training requirements, core rotation durations, and mandatory subspecialty rotations with the option to agree or disagree. Statements were derived from current Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education, American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, and American Board of Pediatrics requirements for child neurology training and recent literature. Statements that did not reach a predefined level of consensus (≥75% agreement or disagreement on a 7-point Likert scale) were re-queried or modified for subsequent rounds. Panelists had access to all previous anonymized results and comments. The final modifications were presented in round 4 as a comprehensive training proposal. Twenty-seven panelists agreed to participate, with most completing all 4 rounds. In round 1, consensus was reached on 45 of 118 (38%) items; round 2, 28 of 87 (32%); round 3, 16 of 25 (64%); and round 4, 1 of 1 (100%). There was consensus regarding the age scope of practice and certain subspecialties that should be required, but no initial consensus regarding time-based requirements. By round 4, consensus emerged for the following rotations-months: neonatal and pediatric intensive care-4, adolescent medicine-0.5, emergency medicine-1.5, inpatient pediatrics-3, outpatient pediatrics-3.5, inpatient child neurology-9.5, outpatient child neurology-6, inpatient adult neurology-3, outpatient adult neurology-2, genetics-2, EEG/neurophysiology-2, neuroimaging-1, child psychiatry-1, and electives-7.5. The consensus schedule consists of 46.5 total months of requirements. This study suggests that, despite diverging views prevalent among child neurologists, a diverse panel can, through a multiround Delphi process, arrive at consensus regarding many core features of the child neurology training structure and certification requirements.

A STUDY ON EFFECTIVENESS OF TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT PRACTICES OF RELIANCE COMMUNICATIONS LTD., GUNTUR

The training and development is an important tool for enhancing the competence of both individuals and the Company as a whole. Performance assessment has been applied in businesses to keep an eye on team Dynamics, employee advancement and organizational change for the sake of better productivity and Development of all staff members. keeping employees, especially those who are valuable assets like Those with skills and experience, has become more difficult. An individual`s goal-directed actions are initiated, Directed, and maintained by their level of motivation. training and development is the single most important factor in Whether or not an organization is successful at keeping its employees. training and development Standards are used to evaluate workers, cultivate their competence, enhance their performance, and enhance productivity in order to motivate and keep them. This study focuses on the requirement for training and anAssessment ofseveral performance evaluation techniques already in use inside organization. They examine the Research done on training and development methodologies and outcomes. KEY WORDS: training, development, techniques

“Feeling Like You Matter:” LGBTQ + Young Adult Perspectives on Affirmative Mental Healthcare

The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of LGBTQ + young people in mental healthcare and to understand their perspectives on what affirmative mental healthcare practice should look like. Between June and September of 2023, interviews were conducted with LGBTQ + young people ages 18–26 years in Los Angeles and Seattle. Interviews lasted 30 to 60 min and were transcribed verbatim for thematic analysis (N = 28). Four themes were developed from analysis of the interviews: (1) disconnection from community and self as an impetus for seeking formal mental healthcare; (2) marginalization during mental health service encounters; (3) the therapeutic power of belonging and mattering in the mental healthcare system; and (4) mutual human connection as the foundation for affirming mental healthcare experiences. Affirmative mental healthcare was defined by LGBTQ + young adults as free of judgment with priority placed on the therapeutic power of genuine human connection. The need for trans-specific mental healthcare was also highlighted. Participants also expressed a preference for providers with shared identities and experiences to alleviate feelings of isolation and increase feelings of connectivity. Mental health providers should emphasize connectivity and empathy to offer affirming care with LGBTQ + clients, such asking about client preferences for care, developing knowledge about sexuality and gender identity, and acknowledging provider limitations or knowledge gaps. Improving access to affirmative mental healthcare for LGBTQ + young adults (e.g., workforce development, training requirements) is needed to address the disparities in mental healthcare.

A Qualitative Study of Faculty Members’ Perceptions of Their Role in Enhancing Learners’ Engagement in EFL Online Classes

Teaching English as a Foreign Language (EFL) online presents substantial obstacles in terms of fostering learners&amp;rsquo; participation during lectures. To facilitate the use and practice of the language by English learners and to effectively administer classrooms, it is crucial to investigate the roles of faculty members. The purpose of this study is to examine faculty members&amp;rsquo; perspectives on their role in promoting student engagement and participation in online English classes. The researcher employed a qualitative research methodology to collect data, which involved document analysis and conducting interviews with faculty members at Umm Al-Qura University. The findings of the investigation suggest that the primary responsibility of the faculty members is to cultivate relationships with students, facilitate their ability to confront learning obstacles and increase their involvement in the educational process. Additionally, the implementation of flipped classrooms to facilitate student engagement during lectures is another critical consequence of effective roles. The present study&amp;rsquo;s findings indicate that EFL instructors prioritize students&amp;rsquo; interests by providing options that are consistent with them and encouraging interaction during the learning process. Faculty members implement strategies like collaborative learning and communicative techniques to support learners&amp;rsquo; engagement and facilitate profound learning experiences. The study&amp;rsquo;s conclusions emphasized the importance of effective classroom administration, appropriate instruction, enhanced interaction with learners, and the use of English as the primary language in the classroom. The analysis revealed that interactive curricula, student support, and video contact with students are excellent methods for improving learner engagement. The investigation emphasized the importance of faculty members in creating a dynamic online learning environment, the need for building relationships with students, and the requirement for pedagogical training to enhance the effectiveness of online EFL instruction and boost learner engagement.

An investigation into the dynamicity of pre-service language teachers’ well-being trajectories: a classroom-based study

ABSTRACT Research consistently shows that teachers with satisfactory well-being are significantly more effective in their teaching, highlighting the crucial role of teacher well-being for learners’ educational outcomes. However, despite significant research efforts dedicated to investigating the well-being of both in-service and pre-service teachers, relatively little is known about their short-term fluctuations in well-being. Similarly, limited attention has been devoted to understanding how pre-service language teachers manage their well-being during critical moments of their training programmes. To address these gaps, this classroom-based study adopted an ecological approach to examine micro-scale changes in well-being of four prospective language teachers in Poland. The participants’ well-being trajectories were tracked using graphs over a six-week period, with measurements conducted during lectures and after individual microteaching sessions. The data were also drawn from weekly in-depth interviews and were further subjected to inductive thematic analysis. The findings provided further evidence for the dynamic nature of pre-service language teachers’ well-being, as the respondents’ trajectories exhibited significant variability both during and in between individual sessions. The participants’ well-being fluctuated in response to various personal, social, and contextual influences, including efficacy beliefs, insufficient technological literacy, classroom climate, training programme specifications and requirements, low professional awareness, and the lecturer’s instructional choices.

Analysis of the international classification of occupations for the health informatics and information management workforce.

With the increasing adoption of digital health, health informatics and information management (HIIM) professionals are more essential than ever before. This paper explores the difficulties encountered when trying to classify and track the HIIM workforce internationally. A historic document analysis method to explore how the International Standard of Classifications (ISCO) and the available national standards from countries using an alternative classification represent the HIIM workforce. There is little recognition of the HIIM workforce in the ISCO and national standards. Where an entry did exist, more than 90% were in a non-health major group. At the major group level, 16.7% (7/42) of entries specified an administrative term, 11.9% (5/42) a professional term, 9.5% (4/42) a technician term and 61.9% (26) including both professional and technician as the description. Most country-level classification systems classified HIIM as a technical occupation rather than a professional occupation. The term 'digital health' did not appear in any classification reviewed. As the requirement for formal training increases globally in the HIIM occupation, classification systems will need to include or reclassify HIIM to reflect it as a professional occupation, with a clear structure and requiring specific education and specialised skills.

Cloud Infrastructure Transformation in Healthcare: A Comprehensive Analysis of Applications, Benefits, and Implementation Challenges

The rapid evolution of cloud infrastructure in healthcare represents a transformative shift in how medical institutions deliver, manage, and optimize patient care services. This comprehensive article examines the integration of cloud-based solutions across diverse healthcare organizations, analyzing the multifaceted impact on operational efficiency, patient care outcomes, and technological capabilities. Through extensive article research combining quantitative performance metrics with qualitative stakeholder insights, this study reveals significant improvements in electronic health record management, telemedicine capabilities, and artificial intelligence integration, while addressing critical security and compliance requirements. The article demonstrates substantial enhancements in operational efficiency, cost reduction, and healthcare service delivery, with organizations achieving meaningful returns on investment and improved patient care capabilities. While acknowledging implementation challenges such as technical barriers, security concerns, and staff training requirements, the article indicates that cloud infrastructure adoption in healthcare yields considerable benefits and positions organizations for future technological advancement. The article concludes that successful cloud integration is essential for modern healthcare delivery, enabling enhanced patient care coordination, improved diagnostic capabilities, and streamlined operational processes, ultimately contributing to a more efficient and responsive healthcare ecosystem.

Assessing Training Needs and Self-Efficacy of Hospital Administrators in Western India.

Effective training is required to enhance hospital administrators' abilities and improve performance. This study evaluates the training needs and their association with the self-efficacy of hospital administrators in public and private hospitals in Western India. This study evaluated the training needs of hospital administrators using a survey-based methodology and a descriptive cross-sectional design. The study included hospital administrators from public and private healthcare institutions in Western India. Purposive selection strategies were used to choose 127 administrators/managers to participate in the study. Primary data was gathered using a validated measure of general self-efficacy scale by Schwarzer and Jerusalem and the WHO-adopted Hennery-Hicks Training Needs Assessment Questionnaire with 30 items. These items were categorized into six core categories: communication, self-management, hospital operations, research and development, information and communication technology (ICT) and report management, and team management and supervision. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation to evaluate the association between training needs and self-efficacy, and a t-test to compare the administrators of the private and public sectors. The findings indicated strong positive associations between training needs and self-efficacy in administrators. There was higher self-efficacy among private sector administrators (M: 4.08, SD: 0.50) than their counterparts in the public sector (M: 3.91, SD: 0.60). Key areas for the training requirement included self-management skills (93.7%), ICT and report management skills (92.0%), and team management skills (93.2%). Additionally, managers in the private sector were more likely than those in the public sector to say they needed more training. The findings showed a considerable demand for self-management and ICT and report management skills training. Also, hospital administrators showed a significant willingness to participate in training to advance their abilities despite their degree of experience, indicating a proactive commitment to professional development.

Compliance with care standards and professional knowledge of operating theatre personnel before, during and after laparoscopic bariatric surgery: A study in public hospitals in Iran.

By adhering to care standards, many adverse outcomes for patients, such as pressure injuries, tissue necrosis and patient falls, can be prevented. The aim of this study was to investigate the level of compliance with care standards before, during and after various types of bariatric surgeries. This study was a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted in the operating theatres of selected teaching hospitals in Isfahan (Iran). The study sample consisted of all operating theatre personnel in the selected teaching hospitals who met the inclusion criteria. Compliance with care standards was measured using a researcher-developed checklist. A researcher-developed questionnaire with 43 true/false questions was used to evaluate the operating theatre personnel's professional knowledge. The data were analysed using SPSS version 20 and descriptive and inferential statistics. The mean score of adherence to care standards and the mean score of professional knowledge of operating theatre personnel regarding care of laparoscopic bariatric surgery were 78.35 ± 9.49 and 29.45 ± 6.17, respectively. There is no significant relationship between these two variables, with a two-tailed significance (Sig.) of 0.056 and a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.199. In general, it can be concluded that the specific knowledge of the local operating theatre personnel regarding minimally invasive laparoscopic surgery care is at an intermediate level. Requirements for training in this area were therefore successfully identified. In addition, not all operating theatre personnel adhere to the standards of care for patients undergoing laparoscopic bariatric surgery. This non-adherence could be due to insufficient training or the absence of established standards in hospitals.

A novel approach to elicit distributed requirements for IOT system using SVM classifier

Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the growing technologies embedded in most application systems. It aims to solve real-world problems in different environmental fields such as industry, education, healthcare etc. IoT is becoming an integral part of daily devices and technologies opening a need for efficient and novel solutions to meet functional requirements that are more complex than those in traditional requirement engineering (RE). In addition, remotely smart systems present new challenges and lack in RE process that needs a solution. IoT systems open new research issues in RE such as elicitation, analysis, specification and management of IoT RE. To solve this lack of RE new smart techniques based on AI must be applied in the elicitation RE process. This paper presents a new smart dynamic approach in the RE elicitation phase to build dynamic functional requirements based on AI models. New stakeholder expectation needs from the smart IOT system are collected and stored in the requirements dataset. These new requirements are analyzed and classified into requirement features using the Support Vector Machine classifier. These classified functional requirements are compared to the IoT system, and the positive training requirements are added to the smart functional requirement presented in the IoT system. The proposed approach shows a significant accuracy of 95.64%, where 395 features were classified and detected from 413 entered features. This paper measures the gap between stakeholder expectations and device requirements in smart systems; these proposed measures can be implemented to optimize smart device specifications for manufacturers.

APOLLO Summary on Pulmonary Vascular Disease Fellowship Training.

Pulmonary vascular disease (PVD), and in particular, pulmonary hypertension (PH), is a highly specialized area of medicine comprised of complex diagnostics, classification systems, risk assessment tools, and therapeutics, the correct application of which has been shown to impact patient outcomes. The PVD scientific and patient community recognizes the importance of standardization of care patterns and has thus implemented a clinical accreditation process for PH care centers across the United States. However, a similar standardization system is lacking in PVD sub-specialty provider training. Non-Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) PVD advanced fellowships exist nationally, but do not provide a unified approach to trainee education. Therefore, first, a survey of all Pulmonary Hypertension Association (PHA)-accredited center directors across the U.S. was performed to gauge interest in a standardized educational initiative in the field of PVD. Second, a NAtional Consortium on PulmOnary VascuLar Disease FeLOwship Training (APOLLO) was founded to establish a common curriculum and set of training requirements across U.S. PVD programs. A particular emphasis was placed on the training requirements for provider competency in PH, because 1) reliable access to PH patients could be supported by all consortium institutions and 2) the consortium members felt that national PH training curriculums lacked standardization and detail. This article provides the results of the national survey, a guideline summary of the fellowship curriculum and training requirements, and a discussion of the impact of the consortium on PVD training and on the PVD subspecialty as a potential emerging formal discipline in internal medicine.

Pharmacists as independent prescribers in community pharmacy: A scoping review.

There has been a growing interest in granting prescribing rights to pharmacists as a strategy to improve healthcare access. Researchers continue to explore the impact and implementation of pharmacist prescribing. Given the recent international changes in this field, an overview of current territories allowing pharmacist independent prescribing would provide a comprehensive understanding for researchers and policymakers. This scoping review aims to summarize the countries and specific jurisdictions where pharmacists can prescribe independently in community pharmacy, and map the conditions they can prescribe for, required training, and reimbursement policies. This scoping review was conducted in October 2024 and has been reported following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Searches were performed in Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, PubMed, and Cochrane databases, along with grey literature searches using Google. A total of 88 studies and reports were identified. The countries where pharmacist can prescribe independently include the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, Poland, Switzerland, and Denmark. Pharmacists authorized as independent prescribers generally require post-registration training and are authorized to initiate, adapt, renew, or substitute prescriptions. For the payment and reimbursement, this service is publicly funded only in Canada, Denmark, France, and the United Kingdom. Pharmacist prescribing practices vary significantly worldwide, with differences in terminology, legislation, and training requirements. This scoping review provides the necessary information to visualize and conceptualize the current scope of pharmacist independent prescribers, offering a foundation for advancing this practice in new jurisdictions. Further research should address current models in under-studied regions, explore the scope for pharmacists to prescribe for undiagnosed conditions, and analyze payment structures in non-funded jurisdictions.

The impact of Dobbs v. Jackson on abortion training in obstetrics and gynecology residency programs: A qualitative study.

The Ryan Program collaborates with obstetrics and gynecology (OBGYN) residency programs in the United States (U.S.) to ensure that abortion and contraception care are incorporated into resident curriculum as required. We sought to understand the impact of the Dobbs v. Jackson decision on OBGYN residency abortion training programs from the perspective of Ryan directors and to understand barriers and facilitators to maintaining abortion training in OBGYN residency programs post-Dobbs. We conducted qualitative, semi-structured in-depth interviews with Ryan program directors at U.S. academic medical centers. We coded the data iteratively and analyzed the data thematically. From January to April 2023, we conducted 24 interviews, representing 21% (n=23) of eligible U.S. Ryan directors. Participants were evenly distributed across four geographic regions of the U.S.; 50% (n=12) of participants were from programs in abortion-restrictive settings. Two themes emerged: (1) Ryan directors experienced stressors related to the administration of Ryan programs post-Dobbs, including perceived difficulty satisfying requirements for abortion training in restrictive states, burnout, and increased financial needs to support training partnerships. (2) Directors face challenges in recruitment and clinical care post-Dobbs. Increased state restrictions on abortion place logistical and financial burdens on OBGYN abortion training programs. Dobbs impacted training experiences across the U.S. and made it more difficult for many OBGYN residencies to provide abortion training. The research findings will inform strategies for improving the delivery of abortion education post-Dobbs. We anticipate findings will enhance procedures to establish and maintain partnerships post-Dobbs and identify areas where philanthropy and advocacy can be effectively utilized.

Blockchain Technology Adoption by Bangladesh Capital Markets: An Empirical Analysis

The adoption of the block chain technology in capital markets of Bangladesh engaged an insightful processing of the financial services offered to the customers. This demonstrates the potential use of block chain while implying the determinants of effort expectancy, facilitating condition, performance expectancy, social influence, behavioural intention and use behaviour (EE, FC, PE, SI, BI and UB). The research examines and evaluate the relationship of these aspects while employing quantitative research method (PLS-SEM model) against the simple random sample of 384 from capital market regulator, broker, and investor with key stakeholders. The finding of the determinants indicates the significant relationship among the stakeholders of capital markets for employing block chain in capital markets of Bangladesh. The moderate effects of performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influences are reflected on the behavioural intention. The finding also shares the societal influence and a person’s behavioural intention are effective determinants to employ blockchain technology. This research has significant implications for the financial managers in capital markets, with future works to be considered on the given usage of blockchain technology in Bangladesh developing markets. It is recommended that relationship between the individual behavioural approach is in requirement of training for to apply advanced analytics in the financial businesses using the cutting-edge methods of digital working.

Guidance Documents for Off‐Label Drug Use Management for Chinese Health Care Institutions: A Scoping Review

ABSTRACTBackgroundOff‐label drug use (OLDU) is a common practice in health care institutions, and numerous guidance documents have been developed to guide the management of OLDU in China. This scoping review aims to compare these documents and identify existing issues.MethodsPubMed, EMbase, three Chinese databases, the National Public Service Platform for Standards Information and the official websites of pharmaceutical‐related associations were searched to identify guidance documents relevant to the management of OLDU for Chinese health care institutions. We extracted and compared the recommended practices for various aspects of OLDU management, including management systems, organizational structure, prerequisites for OLDU, approval processes, evidence‐based evaluation, informed consent, and other related aspects.ResultsA total of 16 guidance documents were included, comprising 12 expert consensuses, 2 practice guidelines, and 2 group standards. Only six documents provide specific requirements for the establishment of management systems. Management of OLDU requires involvement from multiple departments or committees, yet only a few documents explicitly delineate the supervisory authority, and the responsibilities of the parties involved. These documents also show significant disparities in their approval process, evidence‐based evaluation, and informed consent recommendations. Furthermore, only a minority of the documents provide specific requirements for training and assessments focused on OLDU and improving adverse reaction monitoring.ConclusionThese guidance documents differ significantly in their specific recommendations for the management of OLDU and lack sufficient emphasis on certain critical aspects. It may be beneficial for health administrative authorities to promote the development of unified national guidelines.