Training Prescription Research Articles

Improving resistance training prescription through the load-velocity relationship in breast cancer survivors: The case of the leg-press exercise

ABSTRACT The aims of this study were: (i) to analyse the load-velocity relationship in the bilateral leg-press exercise in female breast cancer survivors, (ii) to assess whether mean velocity (MV) or peak velocity (PV) show stronger relationship with the relative load, and (iii) to examine whether linear (LA) or polynomic (PA) adjustment predict the velocities associated with each %1RM with greater precision. Twenty-two female breast cancer survivors (age: 50.2 ± 10.8 years, weight: 69.6 ± 15.2 kg, height: 160.51 ± 5.25 cm) completed an incremental load test until 1RM in the bilateral leg-press exercise. The MV and the PV of the concentric phase were measured in each repetition using a linear velocity transducer, and were analysed by regression models using LA and PA. A very close relationship of MV (R 2 = 0.924; p < 0.0001; SEE = 0.08m.s−1 by LA, and R² = 0.952; p < 0.0001; SEE = 0.063 m.s−1 by PA) and PV (R² = 0.928; p < 0.0001; SEE = 0.119 m.s−1 by LA and R² = 0.941; p < 0.0001; SEE = 0.108 m.s−1 by PA) with %1RM were observed. The MV of 1RM was 0.24 ± 0.03 m·s−1, whereas the PV at 1RM was 0.60 ± 0.10 m.s−1. A comprehensive analysis of the bilateral leg-press load-velocity relationship in breast cancer survivors is presented. The results suggest that MV is the most recommendable velocity variable to prescribe the relative load during resistance training, and that the PA presents better accuracy to predict velocities associated with each %1RM, although LA is sufficiently valid to use this model as an alternative to the quadratic model. The implications for resistance training in breast cancer are discussed.

Exercise and Sports Science Australia (ESSA) position statement on exercise for people with mild to moderate multiple sclerosis

ObjectivesMultiple sclerosis (MS), the most common chronic and progressive neurological condition of the central nervous system, affects 26,000 Australian adults. Exercise training has beneficial effects on MS-related impairments including reduced muscular strength, poor aerobic capacity and impaired mobility, and in consequence can improve quality of life. This Position Statement provides evidence-based recommendations for exercise prescription and delivery of exercise training for people with MS with mild to moderate disability. Design and methodsSynthesis of published works within the field of exercise training in MS. ResultsExercise provides many benefits to people with MS. There is strong evidence that resistance and aerobic training, performed 2 to 3 times per week at a moderate intensity, are safe and can improve muscle strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, balance, fatigue, functional capacity, mobility and quality of life in people with MS with mild to moderate disability (Expanded Disease Severity Scale (EDSS) ≤ 6.5). However, the evidence for those with severe disability (EDSS >6.5) is less clear. The effects of exercise on MS pathogenesis, central nervous structures and other outcomes such as depression and cognitive impairment, have not been adequately investigated. Effective exercise interventions to improve balance, joint contractures and reduce falls in people with MS are also urgently needed as well as investigations of long-term (≥1 year) effects of exercise training. ConclusionsResistance and aerobic training exercises are effective to alleviate some characteristic signs and symptoms in MS and should be supplemented by balance exercise to prevent falls. Exercise training programs should be prescribed and delivered by qualified exercise professionals. It is important to recognise and accommodate exercise-associated complications such as fatigue and heat sensitivity.

Smart Skin: Vision-Based Soft Pressure Sensing System for In-Home Hand Rehabilitation.

We introduce a novel in-home hand rehabilitation system for monitoring hand motions and assessing grip forces of stroke patients. The overall system is composed of a sensing device and a computer vision system. The sensing device is a lightweight cylindrical object for easy grip and manipulation, which is covered by a passive sensing layer called “Smart Skin.” The Smart Skin is fabricated using soft silicone elastomer, which contains embedded microchannels partially filled with colored fluid. When the Smart Skin is compressed by grip forces, the colored fluid rises and fills in the top surface display area. Then, the computer vision system captures the image of the display area through a red–green–blue camera, detects the length change of the liquid through image processing, and eventually maps the liquid length to the calibrated force for estimating the gripping force. The passive sensing mechanism of the proposed Smart Skin device works in conjunction with a single camera setup, making the system simple and easy to use, while also requiring minimum maintenance effort. Our system, on one hand, aims to support home-based rehabilitation therapy with minimal or no supervision by recording the training process and the force data, which can be automatically conveyed to physical therapists. In contrast, the therapists can also remotely instruct the patients with their training prescriptions through online videos. This study first describes the design, fabrication, and calibration of the Smart Skin, and the algorithm for image processing, and then presents experimental results from the integrated system. The Smart Skin prototype shows a relatively linear relationship between the applied force and the length change of the liquid in the range of 0–35 N. The computer vision system shows the estimation error <4% and a relatively high stability in estimation under different hand motions.

The Effect of a Pace Training Session on Internal Load and Neuromuscular Parameters in Taekwondo Athletes.

This study aimed to verify the effect of a pace training session at an intensity corresponding to the kick frequency at the anaerobic threshold (KFAT) on the internal load response and motor response performance of the roundhouse kick. Twelve black belt taekwondo athletes underwent two evaluation sessions: (1) performed the progressive specific test for taekwondo (PSTT) to identify the heart rate deflection point (HRDP) and the KFAT; (2) performed three 2-min rounds with a 1-min interval. Heart rate (HR) throughout each round and motor response performance before and after sessions were measured. The Student's T-test or Wilcoxon test was used, and p < 0.05 was adopted. During round 1, a lower internal load was observed (167 ± 10 bpm) compared with HRDP (179 ± 8 bpm; p = 0.035). During rounds 2 (178 ± 10 bpm; p = 0.745) and 3 (179 ± 8 bpm; p = 1), no differences were observed for an internal load and HRDP. Motor response performance showed no differences. However, a potentiation in the post countermovement jump test compared with rounds 1 (p = 0.012) and 2 (p = 0.028) was observed. The internal load (HR) observed at the intensity corresponding to KFAT can be considered in the prescription of training when the aim is to control the internal load responses without inducing fatigue.

Heart Rate Variability Guided Exercise Prescription: Effects On Fitness, Body Composition And Cardiovascular Regulation

Heart rate variability (HRV) monitoring can assess individual adaptation to training. Whether high-intensity functional training (HIFT) prescription would benefit from HRV monitoring and modulation is unclear. PURPOSE: To determine effects of HRV-modulated HIFT on fitness, body composition, and HRV changes. METHODS: Healthy adults (N = 55) were randomly assigned to HIFT (n = 29, age = 24.1 ± 4.1 years, 41.4% men) or HIFT-HRV modulated (n = 26, age = 23.7 ± 4.5, 53.8% men) groups. Both groups completed 11-weeks of daily HRV recordings with a validated mobile phone application, 6-weeks of HIFT (5 d·week-1), and pre- and post-test fitness tests [i.e., 1 rep max press, back squat, deadlift (DL); VO2max; work capacity (WC); resting heart rate (RHR); coefficient of variance (CV) in HRV], body composition [i.e., body fat percentage (BF%), lean body mass (LBM), fat mass (FM)], days at high intensity (DHI), HRV compliance]. Meaningful changes in resting HRV were used to modulate (i.e., reduce) participants’ exercise intensity. Linear mixed models were used with the Bonferroni post hoc adjustment. RESULTS: Significant main effects of sex were found for fitness (press: M diff = -22.1 ± 5.14, p < 0.001; DL: M diff = -29.7 ± 14.3, p < 0.05; CV in HRV: M diff = 1.82 ± 0.73, p < 0.05, WC: M diff = -37.9 ± 17.6, p < 0.05); body composition (BF%: M diff = 9.03 ± 4.27, p < 0.05; LBM: M diff = -9.71 ± 2.91, p < 0.05); DHI (M diff = 9.90 ± 1.37, p < 0.05); HRV compliance (M diff = 3.75 ± 0.99, p < 0.001). Significant main effects of time were found for fitness (squat: M diff = -7.98 ± 1.48, p < 0.001; press: M diff = -2.62 ± 0.81, p < 0.05; DL: M diff = -10.4 ± 2.21, p < 0.001; RHR: M diff = 13.0 ± 6.65, p < 0.05; WC: M diff = -16.9 ± 4.38, p < 0.001); and body composition (LBM: M diff = -1.19 ± 0.3, p < 0.001; FM: M diff = 0.62 ± 0.3, p < 0.05). There was a significant sex*time interaction for fitness (DL: M diff = 15.09 ± 4.23, p < 0.001; VO2max: M diff = 2.66 ± 0.98, p < 0.05) as well as a sex*group interaction for DHI (M diff = -3.05 ± 2.73, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: HRV modulated HIFT produced similar improvements in fitness, body composition and changes in CV for HRV as regular HIFT. HRV modulated training showed similar adaptations with fewer days at high intensity for men. Women sustained more days at high intensity than men. HRV may be an appropriate marker for prescribing exercise intensity during HIFT.

Responders and non-responders to aerobic exercise training: beyond the evaluation of .

The evaluation of the maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) following exercise training is the classical assessment of training effectiveness. Research has lacked in investigating whether individuals that do not respond to the training intervention (V˙O2max), also do not improve in other health‐related parameters. We aimed to investigate the cardiovascular and metabolic adaptations (i.e., performance, body composition, blood pressure, vascular function, fasting blood markers, and resting cardiac function and morphology) to exercise training among participants who showed different levels of V˙O2max responsiveness. Healthy sedentary participants engaged in a 6‐week exercise training program, three times a week. Our results showed that responders had a greater increase in peak power output, second lactate threshold, and microvascular responsiveness, whereas non‐responders had a greater increase in cycling efficiency. No statistical differences were observed in body composition, blood pressure, fasting blood parameters, and resting cardiac adaptations. In conclusion, our study showed, for the first time, that in addition to the differences in the V˙O2max, a greater increase in microvascular responsiveness in responders compared to non‐responders was observed. Additionally, responders and non‐responders did not show differences in the adaptations on metabolic parameters. There is an increasing need for personalized training prescription, depending on the target clinical outcome.

Analysis of Biomarkers in Response to High Intensity Functional Training (HIFT) and High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT): A Systematic Review Study

Introduction: Aerobic training with an acyclic and intermittent character triggers high metabolic stress, responsible for generating alterations in several blood biomarkers. Thus, investigations that clarify understanding of metabolic behavior in response to exercise seem pertinent, when considering the dynamics of prescription of physical training and recovery.&#x0D; Objective: Demonstrate and discuss the behavior of blood biomarkers in response to High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and High Intensity Functional Training (HIFT).&#x0D; Methods: The PubMed/MEDLINE, Scielo, Lilacs, Bireme, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases were searched from the oldest records available until January 16, 2020. The search was carried out by combining descriptors related to the terms: “HIIT”, “HIFT”, and “blood biomarkers”. To be included, studies were required to: 1) have a clinical trial design; 2) evaluate the effects of an HIIT and/or HIFT protocol; and 3) measure blood biomarkers before and after the training protocol. No restrictions were applied to the characteristics of the participants regarding health condition, age, sex, and level of training.&#x0D; Results: In total, seven studies were included (n=221 participants, aged between 18 and 63 years) that analyzed different population profiles such as athletes, sedentary young people, patients with breast cancer, and diabetics. The biomarkers evaluated included analysis of muscle damage (C Reactive protein and CK); oxidative stress (antioxidant capacity); kidney injury (creatinine and urea); hormones (testosterone and cortisol); cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-4, and IF-γ); and hemogram. In general, the results demonstrated specific patterns for the investigated markers. Thus, there were increases in muscle damage markers, while in the inflammatory markers, there was a reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines and an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines. Despite the reduced values of the general blood count, markers such as neutrophils and basophils did not demonstrate statistically significant alterations. Serum testosterone levels were higher and cortisol was lower in the post-exercise period when compared to pre-exercise.&#x0D; Conclusion: These data are of practical relevance when demonstrating patterns of physiological responses, which also characterize knowledge and understanding essential to determine adequate periodization.

Smoking Cessation and Prescription of Ambulatory Exercise Training as Part of Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Germany

This survey was conducted on behalf of the German Respiratory Society (DGP) section 12. The aim was to assess the means of achieving tobacco cessation and prescription of exercise training on an outpatient basis after discharge from pulmonary rehabilitation clinic as part of aftercare of pulmonary rehabilitation programs in Germany. We contacted all pulmonary rehabilitation clinics in Germany. Of the 67 clinics we identified, 62 fulfilled the inclusion criteria; 39 clinics (62.9 %) agreed to participate and returned the completed questionnaires. Each clinic rated ambulatory exercise training sessions as effective aftercare. In each case, slightly above 50 % of the sample informed their patients via standardized talks or information brochures. In 38.5 % of the clinics, ambulatory exercise in groups was provided as aftercare. The number of patients who received prescription for aftercare at the end of the rehabilitation program ranged between 0 % and 100 %. Only a quarter of the clinics had ever been asked by the funding organizations regarding the success rate of the exercise program. All clinics assessed the smoking status of their patients and explained the importance of tobacco abstinence to them. The percentage of smokers was estimated to be 33 %; 69.7 % of the clinics stated that the rehabilitation program included standardized talks regarding tobacco cessation and 61.5 % reported having therapeutic group meetings on a regular basis. Further treatment options included psychological counselling (89.7 %), nicotine replacement therapy (61.5 %), or varenicline (15.4 %). Aftercare was offered only in 10.3 % of the clinics. On average, the percentage of smokers who achieved tobacco abstinence during the rehabilitation program was 32 %. Only one clinic (2.6 %) had ever been asked by the funding organization regarding the success rate of the tobacco cessation program. This survey emphasizes that most of the pulmonary rehabilitation clinics in Germany have already achieved a good standard regarding tobacco cessation and exercise training programs for their inpatients; however, there are still areas of improvement as far as providing care after discharge from a rehabilitation clinic is concerned with regard to smoking cessation and prescription of ambulatory exercise training.

An All-Out Test to Determine Finger Flexor Critical Force in Rock Climbers.

The fatigue resistance of the finger flexors is known to be a key determinant of climbing performance. This study set out to establish the association between the single all-out assessment of finger flexor critical force (ff-CF) and the impulse above CF (W') on climbing performance (self-reported sport and boulder climbing ability). A total of 129 subjects completed an assessment of dominant arm ff-CF, comprised of a series of rhythmic isometric maximum voluntary contractions (CF defined as mean end-test force [in kilograms]; W' impulse above CF [in kilogram second]). The ff-CF protocol resulted in the same force decay to a plateau seen in previous isometric critical torque and critical force tests. Linear regression analysis, adjusting for sex, revealed that CF percentage of body mass explained 61% of sport and 26% of bouldering performance and W' per kilogram body mass explained 7% sport and 34% bouldering performance. A combined model of CF as a percentage of body mass and W' per kilogram body mass, after adjustment for sex differences, was able to explain 66% of sport climbing and 44% of bouldering performance. The results illustrate the relevance of the CF threshold in describing the fatigue resistance of the finger flexors of rock climbers. Given ff-CF ability to describe a considerable proportion of variance in sport climbing and bouldering ability, the authors expect it to become a common test used by coaches for understanding exercise tolerance and for determining optimal training prescription.

Should We Base Training Prescription on the Force–Velocity Profile? Exploratory Study of Its Between-Day Reliability and Differences Between Methods

To analyze the differences in the force-velocity (F-v) profile assessed under unconstrained (ie,using free weights) and constrained (ie,on a Smith machine) vertical jumps, as well as to determine the between-day reliability. A total of 23 trained participants (18 [1]y) performed an incremental load squat jump test (with ∼35%, 45%, 60%, and 70% of the subjects' body mass) on 2 different days using free weights and a Smith machine. Nine of these participants repeated the tests on 2 other days for an exploratory analysis of between-day reliability. F-v variables (ie,maximum theoretical force [F0], velocity [v0], and power, and the imbalance between the actual and the theoretically optimal F-v profile) were computed from jump height. A poor agreement was observed between the F-v variables assessed under constrained and unconstrained conditions (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] < .50 for all). The height attained during each single jump performed under both constrained and unconstrained conditions showed an acceptable reliability (coefficient of variation < 10%, ICC > .70). The F-v variables computed under constrained conditions showed an overall good agreement (ICC = .75-.95 for all variables) and no significant differences between days (P > .05), but a high variability for v0, the imbalance between the actual and the theoretically optimal F-v profile, and maximal theoretical power (coefficient of variation = 17.0%-27.4%). No between-day differences were observed for any F-v variable assessed under unconstrained conditions (P > .05), but all of the variables presented a low between-day reliability (coefficient of variation > 10% and ICC < .70 for all). F-v variables differed meaningfully when obtained from constrained and unconstrained loaded jumps, and most importantly seemed to present a low between-day reliability.

Fitness Bag을 활용한 홈 트레이닝 처방이 비만남자 대학생들의 대사질환위험요인과 피로스트레스에 미치는 영향

This study was conducted in order to improve health and feel physically satisfied with obese male college students who are unable to exercise normally in the recent corona 19 era. The exercise was easily carried out in the form of home training prescription using the Fitness Bag, for a total of 8 weeks, 3 times a week to watch TV at home and follow along. Metabolic disease-related factors and fatigue stress were measured twice 0 week and after 8 weeks, and the following conclusions were drawn from the measurement results. As a result of home training using a fitness bag, positive results were found in all items except diastolic blood pressure among the risk factors for metabolic disease in the exercise group. As a result of home training using a fitness bag, a positive result was found in the fatigue stress in the exercise group.<BR> Summarizing the above results, the effect of exercise by reducing metabolic disease risk factors and reducing fatigue stress with Fitness Bag exercise, one of the home training events, for obese male college students who could not exercise properly in the era of Corona 19. Appeared positively. Separately, if obese college students participate properly with their own will at home without using outdoor or indoor sports facilities for exercise centers or sports activities, I think that they will relieve and prevent obesity and lead a healthy college life. As for the exercise program, if self-made home training is more concrete, it is thought that exercise programs that can see various effects will be developed.

Prediction of Exercise Capacity and Training Prescription from the 6-Minute Walk Test and Rating of Perceived Exertion.

Walking tests, such as the 6-min walk test (6MWT), are popular methods of estimating peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) in clinical populations. However, the strength of the distance vs. VO2peak relationship is not strong, and there are no equations for estimating ventilatory threshold (VT), which is important for training prescription and prognosis. Since the 6MWT is often limited by walking mechanics, prediction equations that include simple additional predictors, such as the terminal rating of perceived exertion (RPE), hold the potential for improving the prediction of VO2max and VT. Therefore, this study was designed to develop equations for predicting VO2peak and VT from performance during the 6MWT, on the basis of walking performance and terminal RPE. Clinically stable patients in a cardiac rehabilitation program (N = 63) performed the 6MWT according to the American Thoracic Society guidelines. At the end of each walk, the subject provided their terminal RPE on a 6–20 Borg scale. Each patient also performed a maximal incremental treadmill test with respiratory gas exchange to measure VO2peak and VT. There was a good correlation between VO2peak and 6MWT distance (r = 0.80) which was improved by adding the terminal RPE in a multiple regression formula (6MWT + RPE, R2 = 0.71, standard error of estimate, SEE = 1.3 Metabolic Equivalents (METs). The VT was also well correlated with walking performance, 6MWT distance (r = 0.80), and was improved by the addition of terminal RPE (6MWT + RPE, R2 = 0.69, SEE = 0.95 METs). The addition of terminal RPE to 6MWT distance improved the prediction of maximal METs and METs at VT, which may have practical applications for exercise prescription.

Power Output and Efficiency During Supine, Recumbent, and Upright Cycle Ergometry.

Recumbent and supine cycling are common exercise modes in rehabilitation and clinical settings but the influence of postures on work efficiency is unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare metabolic and ventilatory efficiency during upright, recumbent, and supine postures. Potential differences should be assessed for suitable diagnostics and for prescriptions of training that probably is performed in alternative postures. Eighteen healthy subjects (age: 47.2 ± 18.4 years; 10 female, 8 male) participated in the study and each completed three incremental cycle ergometer tests until exhaustion in upright, recumbent (40°), and supine positions. Gas exchange, heart rate (HR), and lactate concentrations were analyzed and efficiency was calculated subsequently. Testing sessions were performed in random order within a 2-week period. Upright cycling resulted in significantly higher peak values [power output, oxygen uptake (Vo2), HR] as well as performance at lactate and ventilatory thresholds in comparison to recumbent or supine positions. Vco2/Vo2 slope and ventilatory efficiency (VE/Vco2 slope) were not affected by posture. Aerobic work efficiency (Vo2/P slope) and gross efficiency (GE) differed significantly between postures. Hereby, GE was lowest in supine cycling, particularly obvious in a mainly aerobic condition at 70 Watt [Median 11.6 (IQR 10.9–13.3) vs. recumbent: 15.9 (IQR 15.6–18.3) and upright: 17.4 (IQR 15.1–18.3)]. Peak power as well as GE and work efficiency values are influenced by cycling position, reinforcing the importance of adjusting test results for training prescriptions. Surprisingly, ventilatory efficiency was not affected in this study and therefore does not seem to falsify test results for pulmonary diagnostics.

High-intensity interval running impairs subsequent upper limb strength performance.

This study compared the effect of treadmill running on subsequent upper limb exercise performance in young men. Seventeen young men (24.8±5.2 years) completed a: 1) bench press resistance exercise control session; 2) treadmill interval running protocol followed by the bench press session; and 3) treadmill continuous running protocol followed by the bench press session. Four sets of the bench press exercise were performed at 80% of 1RM up to volitional failure. In the interval protocol, eight sprints of 40s at 100% of the velocity of maximal oxygen uptake, with 20s of passive interval between them were performed, whereas in the continuous protocol 30-min of treadmill running at 90% of the heart rate corresponding to second ventilatory threshold was performed. The number of maximal repetitions completed in each set and condition was recorded and compared using a two-way repeated measures ANOVA. The interval protocol (18.7±4.9 repetitions) resulted in a reduction in the number of bench press repetitions compared to the control protocol (21.4±5.4 repetitions) (P=0.002); whereas continuous running did not affect the bench press performance (20.6±4.4 repetitions). The total number of repetitions reduced from set to set in all protocols (P<0.001). The results evidenced an impairment in the upper limb strength performance after high intensity interval, but not moderate intensity continuous running, which has implication for concurrent training planning and prescription.

Strength and Power Characteristics in National Amateur Rugby Players.

Rugby players need muscular strength and power to meet the demands of the sport; therefore, a proper assessment of the performance in rugby players should include both variables. The purpose of this study was to examine the strength and power characteristics (SPC) during the squat (SQ) and bench press (BP) in national amateur rugby players and to analyze gender- and position-related differences. A total of 47 players (30 males and 17 females; age: 25.56 ± 1.14 and 23.16 ± 1.38 years, respectively) participated in the study. The one repetition-maximum (1-RM) and SPC in SQ and BP were obtained using a Smith Machine. Then, subjects performed one set of five repetitions on the SQ and BP against six relative loads (30–40–50–60–70–80% 1-RM) using a linear transducer. Differences between genders were found in 1-RM for maximal power, kilograms lifted at maximal power, maximal power, maximal strength and maximal speed in BP (p < 0.00) and 1-RM, kilograms lifted at maximal power, maximal power, maximal strength and maximal speed in SQ (p < 0.00). Comparisons between variables in SQ and BP present a significant relationship (p < 0.01) in SQ and BP 1-RM with kilograms lifted at maximal power (r = 0.86 and r = 0.84), maximal strength (r = 0.53 and r = 0.92) and maximal power (r = 0.76 and r = 0.93). This study confirms the importance of the SPC assessment for training prescription in rugby amateur players.

The Biomechanical Characterization of the Turning Phase during a 180° Change of Direction.

The aim of this study was to characterize the turning phase during a modified 505 test. Forty collegiate basketball students, divided into faster and slower performers and high-playing-level and low-playing-level groups, were evaluated for the force-time characteristics (braking and/or propulsive phase) of the penultimate foot contact (PFC), final foot contact (FFC), and first accelerating foot contact (AFC), and for completion time and approach velocity. Based on the composition of the AFC, trials were classified as braking/propulsive or only propulsive. Regression analysis for the prediction of completion time was performed. The AFC contributed to reacceleration through shorter contact times and step length, and lower braking force production (p < 0.05). Faster performers and the high-playing-level group demonstrated (p < 0.05): lower completion times, higher approach velocities, longer steps length in the PFC and FFC, greater braking forces and impulses in the PFC; greater braking and propulsive forces, braking impulses, lower contact times in the FFC; greater braking and propulsive horizontal forces, horizontal impulses, lower contact times and vertical impulses in the AFC. Kinetic variables from only the FFC and AFC and approach velocity predicted 75% (braking/propulsive trials) and 76.2% (only-propulsive trials) of completion times. The characterization of the turning phase demonstrated the specific contribution of each foot contact and the possible implications for training prescription.

Phase II study of exercise and low-dose ibuprofen for cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) during chemotherapy.

12016 Background: CRCI is a debilitating consequence of cancer and its treatment, including difficulties in attention, memory, and executive function. Though CRCI can develop during the course of chemotherapy, interventions targeting CRCI during chemotherapy have not been investigated. Inflammation contributes to CRCI and thus reducing inflammation may ameliorate CRCI. Using a biobehavioral approach, we investigated 2 promising interventions that reduce inflammation: exercise and low-dose ibuprofen. Methods: This is a Phase II RCT with a 2:2 factorial design. Eligible participants were patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy who self-reported cognitive difficulties. Participants were stratified by disease type (breast cancer; gastrointestinal cancer; other) and were randomized to 1 of 4 groups for 6 weeks: exercise alone (+ placebo), ibuprofen alone, exercise + ibuprofen, or placebo only. The exercise intervention, delivered by an exercise physiologist, was Exercise for Cancer Patients (EXCAP), an individually tailored, home-based prescription of walking and resistance band training. Ibuprofen/placebo was over-encapsulated for blinding; 200mg was taken 2 times per day. Participants completed 7 cognitive assessments probing attention, memory, and executive function including the Trail Making Test (TMT) and self-report (FACT-Cog) at baseline and post-intervention. ANCOVA, controlling for baseline, assessed overall Arm effects at post-intervention. Results: Of the 110 who consented to the study, 86 participants (mean age=54; 88% female; 76% breast cancer, 21% GI; 73% Stage I-III) completed baseline assessments and were randomized to one of four study arms. Ninety percent (78/86) of those completed post-intervention. Average pill compliance across all 4 groups was balanced and averaged 90.8%. Participants in the exercise and exercise + ibuprofen arms increased 2,414 and 1,073 steps respectively compared to those in placebo and ibuprofen arms increased only 464 and 412 steps respectively from pre- to post-intervention. No study-related adverse events occurred. Intent to treat ANCOVA analyses revealed a significant improvement in attention (TMT) in exercise alone compared to placebo (21.57 seconds better; p=0.003), ibuprofen alone compared to placebo (11.27 seconds better; p=0.0475), and trend for exercise + ibuprofen (7.98 seconds better; p=0.122). Those participating in both exercise arms exhibited significant improvements in the FACT-Cog Comments from Others subdomain (p&lt;0.05). Conclusions: Exercise and low-dose ibuprofen during chemotherapy improved attention in patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy. Exercise improved self-reported cognitive functioning. These results suggest possible treatment options for ameliorating CRCI during chemotherapy. Phase III trials are needed to confirm these findings. K07CA16888; DP2CA195765. Clinical trial information: NCT01238120.

Applicability of Maximal Ergometer Testing and Sprint Performance in Adolescent Endurance and Sprint Trained Swimmers.

Sprint swimming is a short duration, high intensity sport requiring a relatively greater contribution of energy from anaerobic metabolism. Understanding energy system utilization for the classification of a competitive swimmer (sprint or distance) may be useful for both training prescription and event specialization. The relationship between anaerobic swim ergometer testing and adolescent sprint swimming performance has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to compare the performance and physiological responses during a maximal all-out ergometer test as well as the maximal anaerobic lactate test in a group of sprint vs. middle-distance specialized swimmers. Sixteen (n = 16) competitive swimmers (mean ± standard deviation (SD), age 16.8 ± 0.7 year; body mass 67.3 ± 9.8 kg) were categorized into two gender matched groups: sprint (n = 8) and middle-distance (n = 8). Each athlete performed (1) a 45 s swim ergometer maximal test to determine peak and mean power output (Watts (W)), (2) a MANLT test to determine peak and average velocity as well as the post-exercise lactate response, and (3) a 50 m swim time trial. The sprint group showed a higher mean (p = 0.026) and peak (p = 0.031) velocity during the MANLT. In addition, blood lactate concentration was significantly (p < 0.01) higher in the sprint vs. middle-distance trained group at 3 and 12 min after completion of the MANLT (3-min post 11.29 ± 2.32 vs. 9.55 ± 3.48 mmol/L; 12-min post 8.23 ± 2.28 vs. 7.05 ± 2.47 mmol/L). The power output during the 45 s all-out swimming ergometer test was higher in the sprint trained group. The results of this study demonstrate the anaerobic contribution to sprint swimming measured during an all-out dryland ergometer test.

Resposta da creatina quinase em diferentes volumes de treinamento resistido em circuito com indivíduos treinados e destreinados

Objetivo: Analisar a cinética da creatina quinase (CK) e suas concentrações no treinamento resistido em circuito, com diferentes volumes de um peso fixo de vinte repetições máximas (20RM), para homens treinados (TR) e destreinados (DT). Método: Compuseram a amostra, por voluntariado, 18 homens (9 voluntários TR e 9 DT), com idade entre 18 e 35 anos. Após receberem informações sobre o projeto, os voluntários, realizaram uma avaliação física, e posteriormente testes e retestes de uma repetição máxima (1RM) e 20RM. O protocolo de treinamento consistiu em: 3 sessões de exercícios (leg press, supino reto, mesa flexora, puxador frente), com intervalos de 1 minuto entre os exercícios e 2 minutos entre cada volta, totalizando 3 voltas por sessão. Cada sessão teve diferentes volumes (12, 16 e 20 repetições) e intervalo de 96 horas (h) entre as sessões. A dosagem da CK, a partir de uma amostra sanguínea, foi realizada em repouso, 24, 48 e 72h pós sessão. Os dados foram analisados pelo software STATISTIC 7, adotando significância de p&lt;0,05. Resultados: Os grupos apresentaram pico de CK após 48h ao repouso, não havendo diferença entre grupos, porém, verificou-se maiores concentrações de CK/repetições nas sessões próximas da falha concêntrica, que nos DT ocorreu na sessão de 16 repetições (1,46±0,50), já nos TR ocorreu na sessão de 20 repetições (1,71±0,62). Conclusão: As concentrações de CK não sofreram influência do nível de treinamento dos indivíduos, mas sim da proximidade a falha concêntrica, onde o pico de 48h mostrou-se relevante para a prescrição do treinamento.

Reliability of Sprint Force-Velocity-Power Profiles Obtained with KiSprint System.

This study aimed to assess the within- and between-session reliability of the KiSprint system for determining force-velocity-power (FVP) profiling during sprint running. Thirty (23 males, 7 females; 18.7 ± 2.6 years;) young high-level sprinters performed maximal effort sprints in two sessions separated by one week. Split times (5, 10, 20 and 30 m), which were recorded with a laser distance meter (a component of the KiSprint system), were used to determine the horizontal FVP profile using the Samozino's field-based method. This method assesses the FVP relationships through estimates of the step-averaged ground reaction forces in sagittal plane during sprint acceleration using only anthropometric and spatiotemporal (split times) data. We also calculated the maximal theoretical power, force and velocity capabilities and the slope of the FV relationship, the maximal ratio of horizontal-to-resultant force (RF), and the decrease in the RF (DRF). Overall, the results showed moderate or good to excellent within- and between-session reliability for all variables (ICC > 0.75; CV < 10 %), with the exception of FV slope and DRF that showed low relative reliability (ICC = 0.47-0.48 within session, 0.31-0.33 between-session) and unacceptable between-session absolute reliability values (CV = 10.9-11.1 %). Future studies are needed to optimize the protocol in order to maximize the reliability of the FVP variables, especially when practitioners are interested in the FV slope and DRF. In summary, our results question the utility of the sprint-based FVP profiling for individualized training prescription, since the reliability of the FV slope and D RF variables is highly questionable.