Training Ground Research Articles

Discussion aspects of combating corruption in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine

Modern Ukraine has become a training ground for various social experiments. Therefore, it is not difficult to find different types of models for fighting corruption in its history. Turning to the comprehensible historical period in modern Ukraine and the former USSR, several such conceptual models can be distinguished.
 The totalitarian model of the fight against corruption involves comprehensive control by the state over the behavior of officials and a tough response to any deviations from accepted norms (written and unwritten) that they have allowed. This model was mostly implemented in the era of „Stalinism”.
 To combat corruption, human rights are violated, as totalitarianism is fundamentally incompatible with their observance.
 However, such a model also has positive features: it ensures a close correlation between the level of authority of an official and the degree of responsibility. The risk of being prosecuted and punished increases for individuals who are closer to the top of power - the closer to the top, the greater the risk. In other words, the principle of implementation of responsibility works: „from top to bottom”, which is an ideal means of optimizing any social system.
 The authoritarian model of combating corruption has its own fundamental feature - the implementation of responsibility is selective, according to the attitudes of the „leader”. For a long time, such persons were representatives of the party elite. This model was typical during the reigns of Khrushchev and Brezhnev.
 It is worth mentioning two more features inherent in the authoritarian model: firstly, the rise of an official to a certain level of authority actually provides legal immunity, secondly, money in this model plays a secondary role or has no importance at all.
 The considered model of combating corruption motivates the desire to get into power structures for reasons of personal safety and impunity; therefore, the processes of power degradation and its successive corruption are embedded in it.
 The liberal model of fighting corruption means complete irresponsibility, impunity and permissiveness. Such circumstances occur in periods of revolutionary upheavals, when the new government has not yet mastered the functions of management or deliberately initiates destructive processes. The historical periods of the existence of this model are the time of the Provisional Government, reforms are actively taking place.

EQUIPPING THE RANGE WITH EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING TOOLS FOR THE TRAINING OF UNMANNED AIRCRAFT OPERATORS

It is substantiated that the loss of a control signal or a GPS navigation signal led more often to the loss of an unmanned aerial vehicle (drone). Therefore, when training drone operators, it is suggested to simulate the situation of loss of GPS navigation control signals. At the same time, the use of the Wi-Fi FPV video information transmission channel is proposed. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the proposals for technical equipping of the test site with educational and training facilities for the training of operators of unmanned aerial vehicles. Advantages and disadvantages of drone control systems with the help of an operator (using streaming video in real time) and GPS navigation equipment are considered. It is shown that computer technologies are the basis of educational and training tools and systems of a modern training ground, which make it possible to significantly increase the effectiveness of combat training of both an individual soldier and the coherence of the actions of entire units. With their help, on the basis of appropriate mathematical procedures, the environment is simulated with fairly high accuracy and a realistic picture of combat operations is reproduced. Further integration of modern software products into training equipment allows to expand their functional capabilities in the direction of increasing the quality characteristics of training while simultaneously minimizing material, resource and time costs. This will make it possible to combine separate types of weapons and military equipment, simulators of control devices, into a single training and modeling system for tactical personnel training in a single training complex. Keywords: abstract virtual models, algorithms, combat training, reproduction of environmental conditions, information processing tools, computer and information technologies, mathematical procedures, educational and training tools, tactical and technical requirements, artificial intelligence, machine learning, programs.

What Are You Going Through?

Jöns Mellgren’s Sigrid och natten (Sigrid and the Night, 2013), is a tale of grief and post-traumatic stress, but also – and more importantly – a tale of care and healing. The article’s aim is to show how the book offers narrative-visual access to social emotions (such as love and grief) and mental states (such as depression), which are usually not yet accessible to a young audience through their own experience. These social emotions and mental states are made tangible in different ways through the multimediality and materiality of the picturebook, and by the particular dialogical reading situation that the picturebook warrants. Picturebooks are consequently understood as part of visual literacy training and, explicitly in this context, of the acquiring of “emotional literacy” (Nikolajeva, “Emotions in Picturebooks” 114). The article argues that Sigrid och natten provides a training ground for visual and, in particular, emotional literacy. Three leitmotifs are examined in Sigrid och natten, namely lighthouses, colors, and hands, and one particular question is used as an analytical tool: “what are you going through?” (Ruddick, “Maternal Thinking” 596). The theme of mothering is connected to the hand and the lighthouse in particular. Regarded in a larger context of practices of care, a form of mothering takes place, for instance, in the reading situation (the reading aloud) of the book by caretakers/readers. The concept of visual literacy is influenced by Walter Benjamin’s theory on picturebooks, while cognitive criticism, reader-response theory, and a material and visual studies approach provide the theoretical framework for the reading of Mellgren’s picturebook.

INFORMATION MODEL OF THE RESEARCH TRAINING GROUND FOR TESTING MEANS OF MARINE ROBOTICS

The work deals with the issue of field tests of marine robotics, which must be performed at the final stage of their introduction into the maritime activities of state structures. Based on the analysis of the modern level of organization of marine training grounds of the leading maritime countries of the world, a conclusion was made about the possibility and feasibility of developing and creating a domestic research training ground as a specialized facility for field tests of newly created marine robotics. The development of the information model of the scientific research landfill was carried out on the basis of the application of a system approach, which is based on the criteria of “matter”, “energy”, “information” and “functionality”. This approach provides the necessary structuring of research and the identification and consideration of the properties of the object of development as a whole set of elements in a set of relationships and connections between them. On its basis, information models of marine robotics tools and a research training ground as an organizational structure designed for the practical implementation of a research program of specific types of marine robots were obtained. A three-dimensional matrix was created for marine robotics, which includes information models of their main types, information models of system approach criteria, and information models of types of polygon tests of marine robotics. The information model of the scientific research landfill was created as part of four information sub-models according to the four criteria of the system approach: information sub-models of the structure of material and technical support of the landfill, information sub-models of the structure of energy and information support of the functioning of the landfill, as well as an information sub-model that contains information about the compliance of the landfill with the requirements of operation by appointment. The obtained information models can serve as a theoretical basis for the development of the preliminary design of the test site as the final stage of the introduction of new robotic technologies into the maritime activities of domestic civil and defense organizations.

Collateral Noise

Since 1951, Navarre’s Bardenas have housed a military firing range. Instituted during General Franco’s dictatorship, the US Air Force (USAF) took control of the range in 1970, transforming it into Europe’s largest combat training ground. NATO and the Spanish Air Force continue to make use of the range today. “Collateral” is the term the USAF uses to designate the noise of firing range-related jet activities. And yet, the Bardenas range has been primarily known, felt, and suffered as noise by and within populations and terrains brought forth as collateral, in part, by that very noise. This article scrutinizes the “collateral” and the “noise” as a way to trace a relational history, accounting for USAF noise’s excesses and its embodied experience in the Bardenas during the last years of Francoism and the democratic transition, and for Bardenas noise as implicated in and forwarding larger militarized ecologies. It proposes to understand collateral noise as a materialization of and a means for militarized imperialisms’ prevarications with the sensory realm, territories, and knowledge. And it argues that collateral noise is one of the ways in which “imperial formations” become audible and do so, specifically, in the seizure of acoustic extraterritorialities and that it is at the same time a way in which these seek to secrete themselves.

Pengaruh Organisasi Mahasiswa terhadap Kemampuan Manajemen Konflik Mahasiswa PGSD FKIP UNRI

This research aims to determine the conflict management abilities of PGSD FKIP UNRI students who join the organization. When joining an organization, students will face many people with various characters to achieve the same goal. Therefore, various kinds of conflicts will arise that need to be faced and resolved by students who join the organization. Students' conflict management skills while in an organization can be a training ground for students to prepare for the world of work later. This research is qualitative research, which was conducted on 15 respondents using a questionnaire instrument. In its implementation, the questionnaire was distributed to students who were participating or had previously participated in the PGSD FKIP UNRI Study Program. All respondents answered questions online. The research results show that all respondents can be said to be good or indicated to be good in managing conflict according to the indicators used.

Unfolded deep kernel estimation-attention UNet-based retinal image segmentation

Retinal vessel segmentation is a critical process in the automated inquiry of fundus images to screen and diagnose diabetic retinopathy. It is a widespread complication of diabetes that causes sudden vision loss. Automated retinal vessel segmentation can help to detect these changes more accurately and quickly than manual evaluation by an ophthalmologist. The proposed approach aims to precisely segregate blood vessels in retinal images while shortening the complication and computational value of the segmentation procedure. This can help to improve the accuracy and reliability of retinal image analysis and assist in diagnosing various eye diseases. Attention U-Net is an essential architecture in retinal image segmentation in diabetic retinopathy that obtained promising results in improving the segmentation accuracy especially in the situation where the training data and ground truth are limited. This approach involves U-Net with an attention mechanism to mainly focus on applicable regions of the input image along with the unfolded deep kernel estimation (UDKE) method to enhance the effective performance of semantic segmentation models. Extensive experiments were carried out on STARE, DRIVE, and CHASE_DB datasets, and the proposed method achieved good performance compared to existing methods.

Dynamic Response of Transmission Tower-Line Systems Due to Ground Vibration Caused by High-Speed Trains

With the continuous expansion of the scale of power grid and transportation infrastructure construction, the number of crossovers between transmission lines and high-speed railways continues to increase. At present, there is a lack of systematic research on the dynamic characteristics of transmission tower-line structures crossing high-speed railways under vehicle-induced ground vibration. This article focuses on the phenomenon of accidents such as line drops when crossing areas in recent years and establishes a high-speed train track foundation soil finite element model in ABAQUS that considers track irregularity. The three-dimensional vibration characteristics and attenuation law of train ground vibration are analyzed. Acceleration data for key points are also extracted. A separate finite element model of the transmission tower-line system is established in ANSYS, where acceleration is applied as an excitation to the transmission tower-line system, and the coupling effect between the tower and the line is considered to analyze its dynamic response. Subsequently, modal analysis is conducted on the tower-line system, providing the vibration modes and natural frequencies of the transmission tower-line structure. The effects of factors such as train speed, soil quality, and distance from the tower to the track on the dynamic response of the transmission tower-line system under vehicle-induced ground vibration are studied. The results show that the speed range (300 km/h–400 km/h) and track distance range (4.5 m–30 m) with the greatest impacts are obtained. The research results can provide a reference for the reasonable design of transmission tower-line systems in high-speed railway sections.

The Iona Community and the ecumenical movement: External influences and internal changes

This article teases out the relationship between the Iona Community (founded 1938) and the ecumenical movement (both nationally – Scotland and the UK – and internationally), and the steps the Community took to enable itself internally to be more ecumenical. The first part of the article reviews the original brief of the Community – a missional ‘brotherhood’ that would work for the Church of Scotland’s Church Extension Scheme, using the base of the Iona Abbey as a training ground. Yet the Community quickly caught international missionary and ecumenical attention and the project was drawn beyond this original framework, becoming engaged in missional and ecumenical endeavours in and beyond Scotland. The second part of the article reflects on how these alternative engagements questioned the internal diversity of the Community, and how young people, lay people, ministers from other denominations and finally women pushed for their involvement in the originally male, clerical body. The article ends by drawing upon the work of Aruna Gnanadason who argues for a new paradigm of ecumenism that shakes the patriarchal, clerical powers of church boundaries and embraces realistic, messy, diversity in church bodies as the starting place for ecumenical endeavours.

Sesta Rima as a Mode of Imitation: Hybrid Forms in Anglo-Italian Verse

Abstract This article finds in the Italianate form of sesta rima an additional strand of influence on English ottava rima in the nineteenth century. It explores the verse history that has led to six-line stanzas becoming a formal training ground for octave rhymes, and conducts the first sustained examination of Byron’s engagement with the Italianate sestain. Drawing together Byron’s Italian reading, his correspondence, and his manuscript experiments, the article opens up a cluster of poems between 1813 and 1816 which reveal how his movements towards ottava rima predate his arrival in Italy and intertwine with the history of sesta rima. Only two lines shorter than ottava rima and sharing its pattern of ab rhymes closed by a cc couplet, the stanza has received sparse attention in criticism of modern verse. Exploring how sesta rima became a mode for parodying ottava rima, the paper’s second part examines how the young Tennyson shaped his manuscript rhymes to emulate a Byronic voice. Closely engaging with the genesis and uses of these stanzas in both poets’ manuscripts, the article forms a wider case study in experimental stanza switching and hybrid forms in Romantic and post-Romantic verse.

Gravelly Beach Deposits as a Proxy for Relative Sea-Level Changes in Microtidal Wave-Dominated Shoreline Systems: Examples from the Hinterland of the Taranto Gulf (Middle Pleistocene, Basilicata, Southern Italy)

The hinterland of the Taranto Gulf in Basilicata (Southern Italy) provides a great opportunity for the study of coarse-grained coastal systems belonging to a staircase of Quaternary terraced marine-deposits. Among gravelly successions, beach deposits abound in the stratigraphic record, offering exceptional outcrops useful for providing detailed information on their facies features. In this paper, we describe sedimentary facies, textural variations, and the depositional architecture of these deposits in order to: (1) demonstrate that the area is an excellent training ground for the study of gravelly beaches in microtidal settings; (2) discuss the use of beach deposits as a proxy for even small relative sea-level variations.

Evaluation of Water Content on the Mechanism of Action of Different Soils

Water content is one of the important physical parameters of soil. In different soils, water content has different effects on their physical and mechanical properties. In the face of the increasingly complex international situation, the study of battlefield activities and support is particularly important. As an important part of the battlefield environment, rock and soil mass elements need to be explored in actual combat. Taking a training ground as an example, this paper collects samples of different soil types and makes mathematical statistics and analysis of laboratory results on the basis of in-situ tests. The research shows that: (1) In soils with relatively low porosity and dense matrix, the moisture content has a delayed effect on the timeliness. With the increase of moisture content, the cohesiveness of the soil increases, while the internal friction Angle decreases. For viscous soil, the moisture content contributes to the shear resistance, while for non-cohesive soil, the moisture content decreases the shear resistance. (2) The sensitivity of different soils to water content is obviously different. In the dense and hard soil area, water content changes slowly and has little influence on the final military-related activities. Compared with the three soils in the area, the sensitivity is in the order of silt > gravel sand > crushed (pebble) stone; (3) In the simulated pre-rain and post-rain training environment, the bearing capacity of soil mass and the damage effect evaluation of the same type of shell in the anti-strike area are consistent with the correlation of soil water content, indicating that under the same environment, the change of different water content will affect the mechanical properties of soil mass itself. (4) Moisture content has a great influence on geotechnical physical parameters, which is an important part of the analysis of battlefield environmental factors, and the research results can guide the design of relevant exercises and training activities.

LEARNING LANDSCAPE AS A STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL COMPONENT OF FORMATION OF THE ARCHITECTURE OF NONFORMAL EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

The article analyzes views on the formation of the concepts of "educational environment" and "learning landscape" from the perspective of pedagogical science and from the perspective of architectural theory. The author's considerations regarding the interdisciplinary connection of these concepts are presented. The article presents also individual results of the author's research on the development of the architecture of non-formal education institutions (hereafter NFEI). The learning landscape (external space of the educational institution) was analyzed as a material structural and functional component to which the following processes correspond: a group of processes of communication and education (inner courtyards, atriums, squares in front of the main entrance, training grounds, experimental sites, operated roofs, etc.); recreational processes in this context is an important addition to the full functioning of the institution as an organism; the processes that provide the economic zone, parking and external communication space of the institution are essentially those that serve and are mandatory for the reproduction of other groups of processes. Of course, these processes and the architectural and landscape elements linked to them were analyzed complexly. The analysis of these processes should be carried out in accordance with the specific conditions of the location of the NFEI, taking into account external and internal factors of influence, local traditions, history and opinion of the community, and the main decisions regarding the formation of structural and functional models of such institutions should be taken already at the stage of development concepts formation. As an illustration of an architectural object that is harmoniously combined with its external space, the Community Centre Kastelli (Oulu, Finland) was given. Currently, it is rather difficult to give an unequivocal definition of the concept of "learning landscape", since there is a significant difference in the interpretation of this phenomenon in the pedagogical field and in the concept of landscape that is familiar to architects. Therefore, from the point of view of the architectural theory, namely in matters of formation of the architecture of new-type educational institutions (for example, NFEI), the following interpretation is proposed: "learning landscape" is a logical and consistent structural and functional component of an educational institution, as an object of architecture, which should be designed with the ability to dynamically develop in close connection with the architecture of the educational institution building and takes into account modern and predictive educational scenarios. At the same time, the "educational landscape" in the sense presented above is a necessary link of the subsystem of education, which expresses its educational and material component, is accessible to all segments of the population and must be meaningfully and objectively organized. In the structure of the conceptual apparatus of the socio-pedagogical phenomenon of the "educational environment" ("educational space", learning landscape), the architectural "learning landscape" is hierarchically subordinated to the latest and prognostic educational scenarios (the influence of external factors) and is a regular and dynamic structural and functional component of the conceptual, and further, the material manifestation of the formation of the educational institution's architecture.

Building Entrepreneurial Spirit through Saturday Canteen Activities at Elementary School

Entrepreneurial spirit encompasses self-reliance in seeking income through business ventures or channeling personal creativity into income-generating opportunities. Entrepreneurship education, however, goes beyond teaching children the basics of business; it aims to develop their mental and character traits. A study conducted at RA Dwi Savitri in Surabaya sought to describe the cultivation of entrepreneurial spirit through the Saturday Canteen activity. Data was gathered through interviews, observations, and documentation, and analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the Saturday Canteen activity serves as a training ground for entrepreneurship. The school facilitates this activity by scheduling it every Saturday, with 3-4 students acting as sellers and handling real monetary transactions. This experience instills traits such as creativity, responsibility, honesty, trustworthiness, independence, and self-confidence. Teachers also play a role in monitoring and guiding students during the Saturday Canteen activity, ensuring its effectiveness in fostering entrepreneurial skills and mindset.

Evolutionary power spectral density study of the earthquake-induced dynamic irregularity based on short-time Fourier transform

The stiffness degradation of the track-bridge system under earthquake is the main reason for the deterioration of track dynamic smoothness. In order to investigate the dynamic smoothness performance of the track surface of the track-bridge system after earthquake. In this paper, a nonlinear time analysis of ballastless track-simply supported bridge system under transverse random earthquakes is carried out, and the degradation mode and degradation degree of each key component of the track-bridge system after transverse earthquakes are investigated. Based on the post-earthquake stiffness of each component, a train-track-bridge system considering earthquake-induced stiffness degradation is established. The sample library of earthquake-induced dynamic irregularity is constructed by additional deformation of rails, and the power spectral density of the earthquake-induced dynamic irregularity is studied. Based on the short-time Fourier transform irregularity inversion technique, the earthquake-induced dynamic irregularity characteristic curve based on the probability guarantee rate is proposed, and the effects of train operating speed and ground vibration intensity on the earthquake-induced dynamic irregularity characteristic curve are investigated. The research results show that: The transverse stiffness degradation of the bearings and piers of the track-bridge system is the most obvious during an earthquake, and the stiffness degradation degree of the middle piers is greater than that of the side piers. The stiffness degradation degree of the track-bridge system rises significantly with increasing PGA, while the variability of stiffness degradation of the middle and side piers drops. The most significant earthquake-induced dynamic irregularity sample is the track alignment irregularity. Low-frequency components dominate the evolutionary power spectral density corresponding to track dynamic irregularity, and the amplitude of the power spectral density reduces considerably with increasing spatial frequency. The vehicle speed has little effect on the earthquake-induced track dynamic irregularity. The irregularity amplitude grows significantly with increasing damage degree. The results indicated that the stiffness degradation damage degree of the track-bridge system under earthquake can be quantified by constructive earthquake-induced track dynamic irregularity.

Biogeographical practice and fieldwork under epidemic restrictions: limitations and advantages

Introduction. The article summarizes the experience of the teachers of the Department of Biogeography of Lomonosov Moscow State University, accumulated during remote teaching and organizing field practices for students under restrictive measures during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020-21. The sudden introduction of remote learning required an urgent adaptation of academic programmes, the modification of existing teaching technologies to the new format, and a rapid restructuring of the educational process.Materials and Methods. The use of a new textbook with presentations and video materials, archival materials, educational and methodological and scientific publications, video recordings describing characteristics of individual plant and animal species, the structure and composition of particular phytocenoses, issues of their protection and anthropogenic transformation. Published materials on the biological and landscape diversity of Moscow City and the Moscow Region and on the specifics of anthropogenic transformation in this territory and ongoing conservation measures are used.Results. Determination of the methodological basis and development of principles for organizing and conducting classes and field practices in the context of anti-COVID-19 restrictions and analysis of the experience gained in order to determine the possibility of its application in similar circumstances.Discussion and Conclusions. In the context of distance learning, approaches to the demonstration of visual materials during classes were changed, the presentations that replaced the explanations of teachers in the exposition of the Museum of Geography of Moscow State University (the main training ground for practical work on the course "Ecology with the basics of biogeography") were created. Field practices were reduced, moved to new locations and reformatted in terms of approaches to the study of flora, geobotanical profiling and writing a report. The experience gained was positive and the work results received high marks in the surveys of students and teachers. The developed approaches can be used in case of new restrictions, as well as when working with people with disabilities.

NILAI-NILAI YANG TERKANDUNG DALAM TARIAN ZAPIN DAN UPAYA PELESTARIANNYA DI DESA MESKOM BENGKALIS RIAU

This research was conducted in the village of Meskom. The purpose of this study is to identify the values contained in zapin dance and its preservation efforts in Meskom village. This research is a field study conducted in Zapin village, Meskom village, Bengkalis Regency. The subjects of this study were zapin traditional figures in zapin village, bengkalis regency, and the values contained in zapin dance and its preservation efforts in meskom village, Bengkalis regency were the subject of this study. In this study, the author assumes the population consists of 1 studio leader. The goal is to preserve zapin dance during kut and cultural festivals. Last year, other countries also came to this training ground. He came with a specific purpose: He wanted to learn Zapin's dance. These people introduced us to their culture and we reintroduced our culture.

Novel Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Discovered in Cattle Exposed to AFFF-Impacted Groundwater.

The leaching of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from Australian firefighting training grounds has resulted in extensive contamination of groundwater and nearby farmlands. Humans, farm animals, and wildlife in these areas may have been exposed to complex mixtures of PFASs from aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs). This study aimed to identify PFAS classes in pooled whole blood (n = 4) and serum (n = 4) from cattle exposed to AFFF-impacted groundwater and potentially discover new PFASs in blood. Thirty PFASs were identified at various levels of confidence (levels 1a-5a), including three novel compounds: (i) perfluorohexanesulfonamido 2-hydroxypropanoic acid (FHxSA-HOPrA), (ii) methyl((perfluorohexyl)sulfonyl)sulfuramidous acid, and (iii) methyl((perfluorooctyl)sulfonyl)sulfuramidous acid, belonging to two different classes. Biotransformation intermediate, perfluorohexanesulfonamido propanoic acid (FHxSA-PrA), hitherto unreported in biological samples, was detected in both whole blood and serum. Furthermore, perfluoroalkyl sulfonamides, including perfluoropropane sulfonamide (FPrSA), perfluorobutane sulfonamide (FBSA), and perfluorohexane sulfonamide (FHxSA) were predominantly detected in whole blood, suggesting that these accumulate in the cell fraction of blood. The suspect screening revealed several fluoroalkyl chain-substituted PFAS. The results suggest that targeting only the major PFASs in the plasma or serum of AFFF-exposed mammals likely underestimates the toxicological risks associated with exposure. Future studies of AFFF-exposed populations should include whole-blood analysis with high-resolution mass spectrometry to understand the true extent of PFAS exposure.

Distance Learning Barriers and Bottlenecks: A Phenomenological Inquiry on the Conduct of English Language Arts (ELA) Standard Assessments

This phenomenological study explored the lived experiences of elementary English Language Arts (ELA) teachers in the United States of America concerning the distance learning barriers they faced in conducting standard assessments. Seven (7) participants were personally interviewed to gather the data using open-ended questions. Utilizing a cellular phone, all responses were recorded for transcription. Colaizzi's method for data analysis was employed. After a rigorous analysis of the transcripts, the following twelve (12) themes arose to capture the teachers’ lived experiences: Frequent Absenteeism, Poor Sense of Accountability, Distracting Workspace, Insufficient Knowledge of Technology, Dearth of Motivation and Support, Glitches of Technology, Disparity in Data, Need for Backup, Perpetual Communication to Parents, Call to Differentiate Instruction, Workload Exhaustion, and Deficient Training Ground. The study concluded that the lived experiences of elementary ELA teachers are distinct and compelling. Some distance learning barriers are student absenteeism, parents' non-participation, and the reliability of scores. The teachers were only partially convinced that scores were authentic, so they adopted creative ways to gather data to determine learning goals that needed to be addressed. Teachers faced barriers and bottlenecks, causing stress. ELA teachers remained hopeful, believing in overcoming barriers with passion. Administrators should support teachers in addressing online test challenges and emphasize parental involvement. Clear communication and reminders to students are crucial, while parents should minimize distractions and encourage focus during online assessments. Future research should focus on analyzing and addressing the setbacks that teachers experience when converting from on-site to online assessments.

Spillover effects of internal audit effectiveness among commercial banks

This study explores the multifaceted landscape of factors influencing the effectiveness of internal audit within the context of Vietnamese commercial banks. While a plethora of literature exists on the determinants of internal audit effectiveness, an unexplored dimension is the examination of spillover effects amongst companies operating within the same industry. This research addresses this gap by investigating not only the factors that impact the effectiveness of internal audit in Vietnamese commercial banks but also the inter-bank spillover effects of such effectiveness. Utilizing data obtained from 24 commercial banks listed on the Vietnam Stock Exchange and Vietnam Upcom (The Unlisted Public Company Market), we employ a Bayesian spatial regression model (a robust analytical tool) to conduct comprehensive analyses of the interrelationships and co-movements of internal audit effectiveness across these banks. Our findings offer empirical support for the positive effects of key determinants, namely, the "Competence of the IA Department," "IA Independence," and "Management Training Ground," on the effectiveness of internal audit in Vietnamese commercial banks. Notably, our results also validate the significant positive inter-bank spillover effect of internal audit effectiveness. This underscores the importance for banks to collectively prioritize measures aimed at enhancing the quality of internal audit, including the establishment of a joint internal audit association and the organization of collaborative training initiatives for internal audit personnel.