Group Of Trainees Research Articles

Implementation of Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) Training in Large Cohorts of Second Year Medical Students

ABSTRACT Substance use disorders are debilitating disorders with far reaching effects. However, many healthcare providers do not receive sufficient training on how to identify or respond to individuals who are at risk for SUDs. Because of this, residents of rural communities, who are served by fewer healthcare providers, are unlikely to encounter providers who are trained to respond effectively to SUDs. SBIRT is a tool used to intervene among patients engaging in risky substance use. Although numerous SBIRT training programs exist across the country, most have focused on relatively small groups of trainees, and have prioritized the training of mental health professionals. In response to this finding, we implemented a large-scale SBIRT training program designed to prepare approximately 540 medical students to meet the needs of patients at risk for or suffering from SUDs in West Texas. In this paper, we focused on medical student perceptions of the quality and utility of our SBIRT educational initiative. Student evaluations of the SBIRT training remained high across three cohorts of second-year medical students. The goal of this report is to provide recommendations to help enable any group to develop, adapt, and implement large-scale SBIRT training programs in other locations.

279 Preparing Foundation Trainees for Surgical On-Calls

Abstract Aim Foundation trainee feedback has highlighted low levels of confidence with the prospect of surgical on-calls. Key areas of concern are assessing and managing the acute surgical patient, identifying which patients need an operation and having the technical skills to competently assist in theatre. This lack of confidence prevents trainees engaging in an educational and rewarding rotation. We have designed and facilitated a day of robust workshops, addressing these key educational needs. Method Pre and post course questionnaires assessed the efficacy of teaching. Lectures on the assessment and management of acute surgical patients in general surgery, urology and trauma and orthopaedics were delivered by core surgical trainees. A named consultant oversaw quality assurance. Addressing the technical skills development need, an afternoon of surgical skills workshops covered, suturing, knot tying, laparoscopic principles, and theatre etiquette. Small groups of trainees rotated through each workshop, delivered by senior specialty trainee registrars, to ensure high fidelity training Results Trainees rated themselves in key areas pre and post course on a scale from 1-5. Pre course, 66% of trainees scored 3+ in “confidence in managing a surgical patient on-call”. This rose to 100% post course. Similarly; “Confidence in decision making regarding whether a patient should proceed to theatre” increased from 37.5% to 93.7%. “Suturing skills” improved from 37.5% to 100%. Conclusions All trainees that attended the course displayed marked improvement in their confidence and competence. We feel this course or similar should be incorporated into the foundation teaching program locally and has scope to be expanded regionally.

The Effects of Mindfulness Training on Psychological Flexibility and Self-Regulation Behavior in Overweight Adolescents

Background: Emotional eating has already been linked to certain predictors and correlates. So, the aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of mindfulness and diet training on psychological flexibility and self-regulation behavior in overweight adolescents.Materials & Methods: The present study was an applied and semi-experimental pretest-posttest design with control group. The statistical population of this study included all female adolescents of the first high school in Tonekabon, Iran, who were studying in the academic year of 2018-2019, among which 30 students were selected by multistage cluster sampling method using random sampling method in two groups of mindfulness training (n=15), and control group (n=15). Data were collected using The Brawan et al. Self-Regulation Questionnaire (1991), Bond et al.'s The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (2011) in two periods before and after the mindfulness intervention. Data were analysed using SPSS software version 22.0.Results: According to the results of covariance analysis of mindfulness training showed on mental flexibility that mindfulness training was effective on mental flexibility of overweight adolescent girls with F = 161.47 and P <0.005. Moreover, these results showed that mindfulness training has been effective on mental flexibility of overweight adolescents with F = 376.28 and P <0.005.Conclusion: Based on the results, mindfulness training is effective in improving mental flexibility and self-regulatory behavior in the tendency of overweight adolescents in the first year of high school with a body mass index above 21.5 (BMI≥21.5). Therefore, mindfulness training method is an efficient, practical and effective method in improving mental flexibility and self-regulatory behavior and can be used by counselors and therapists to improve mental flexibility and self-regulatory behavior.

Methods of Primary Selection of Young Football Players

There is a conflict between the objective need to improve the training of young players, the identification of promising athletes and the lack of scientifically sound methods of their selection on the indicators of physical development, physical fitness, functional status, personal psychological status. The aim of the study was to scien- tifically explain the methodology of sports selection of children for football. Methods included analysis and gen- eralization of literature and content of the Internet, questionnaires, interviews, pedagogical observation, testing, pedagogical experiment, methods of mathematical statistics. The study involved 15 football coaches and 32 nov- ice players aged 6-7 years. The study was divided into two stages. We found that the reason for dropout during the first year of training was the lack of a well-developed system of initial selection parameters. The methodology of primary selection of children for football lessons is developed and experimentally tested, consists of two parts, each of which defines the key organizational stages, tasks and relevant selection criteria. The conclusion and rec- ommendation for football was based on a comprehensive assessment of indicators and the degree of motivation to play football. The effectiveness of the developed selection method was confirmed by the increase of physical and technical fitness after 1 year of training in the group of initial training.

A Survey of of interval training on the expression of ICAM, VCAM and galectin-3 proteins in the heart tissue of asthmatic rats

Background: Asthma is a heterogeneous disease whose inflammatory processes are involved in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction, and increases the prevalence of cardiovascular disease. This study was designed to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of interval training on some of the effective factors in atherosclerosis in heart tissue of asthmatic rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 15 rats were randomly divided into three groups of sham, asthma, and asthmatic-interval training. The model of asthma was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 1 ml ovalbumin for 2 weeks, and then asthmatic-interval training rats for 8 weeks participated in interval training. During the training protocol period, twice weekly intraperitoneal injections of ovalbumin 1 ml, and were placed into a glass container exposed to 5% ovalbumin spray. 48 hours after the last training session, the rats were anesthetized and their hearts were ejected. The levels of proteins expression of ICAM, VCAM, and galectin-3 were measured by immunohistochemistry, and western blotting, respectively. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA in SPSS at the significant level α=0.05. Results: The results of this study showed that the expression of ICAM (P=0.001), VCAM (P=0.001), and galectin-3 (P=0.001) was significantly increased in heart tissue of asthma rats. Whereas, interval training decreased the expression of ICAM (P=0.001), VCAM (P=0.001), and galectin-3 (P=0.01) proteins in the asthmatic-interval training group compared to the asthma group. Conclusions: It seems that, interval training is effective in preventing atherosclerosis in patients with asthma.

A reweighting offset bin classification network for surface defect detection and location of metal components

The detection and accurate location of metal components surface defects are the basis of automatic laser cladding/laser additive manufacturing repair. Most deep-learning methods utilize regression networks trained with non-maximum suppression and loss function to correct the offset. However, these methods are unable to implement sufficient punishment for accidental offset, resulting in an inaccurate offset prediction. In this investigation, we proposed a reweighting offset bin classification network to solve this issue. The network discretizes the offset values into multiple offset bins by its probability distribution and corrects the offset of the bounding box by predicting the probability of these bins. In addition, the offset bins are classified into different balance groups for parallel training to ensure that all bins have relatively balanced weight norms. Comparative experiments conducted on the advanced detection network and defect datasets demonstrate that our method can locate defects accurately.

The characteristic of the component body composition of athletes involved in game-based and cyclic kinds of sports

Objective:to determine a component body composition of students specializing in volleyball and athletics and to conduct a comparative analysis of the results.Materials and methods:the study was conducted at the Department of physical training and sports at the Yaroslavl State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. The study included students from different groups of physical training: volleyball (10 men and 10 women), athletics (10 women) (experimental groups), and first­year students that attended physical training classes (14 men and 16 women) (control group).Results:significant differences were revealed between the anthropometric measurements in the experimental groups of the studied women and between the results of anthropometric measurements in the female volleyball players, female athletes, and students from the control group. Significant differences were revealed in the component body composition of the studied women from the experimental and control groups. The analysis of the results of anthropometric measurements in the experimental and control groups of men did not reveal any significant differences between the parameters. Bioimpedancemetry revealed significant differences in the composition of the internal milieu of volleyball players in comparison with the control group.Conclusions:1. differences were revealed in the component composition of the body of female athletes involved in game­based and cyclic kinds of sport as well as in the parameters of bio­impedance of female volleyball players and the control group. Female volleyball players had higher parameters of total body fluids, intracellular and extracellular fluids, fat­free, fat, and active cell mass in comparison with female light athletes and the control group. The differences in the obtained results were more significant in the experimental groups. 2. Bio­impendance analysis of men showed significant differences in the component body composition of volleyball players in comparison with untrained students. The parameters of total body fluids, fat­free, fat, and active cell mass in sportsmen exceeded the same parameters in the control group. 3. Differences were established in the anthropometric parameters depending on the sport­oriented specialization of female students. Female volleyball players had higher values of mass, length, body weight index, and body surface area, the circumferences of the pelvis, thighs, and wrists in comparison with the results obtained in female light athletes. Similar differences were revealed in the anthropometric parameters of female volleyball players and students from the control group. Significantly lower values of the body weight index, circumference of the chest and pelvis of female athletes were registered in comparison with students from the control group. Male volleyball players did not have significant differences in the anthropometric parameters. They tended to have an increase in the body mass, length and surface area of the body, circumference of the chest, thighs, and wrists.

Comparison of Six Weeks of Weight Training with a Combination of Beta‑hydroxy‑Beta‑methylbutyrate and Creatinine and Two Weeks of Non-training on the Concentrations of some Blood Biochemical Factors in Male Powerlifting Athletes

In this study, concentrations of some blood biochemical factors in male powerlifting athletes were compared through 6 weeks of weight training with combined beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) and creatinine (Cr) supplements and 2 weeks of non-training. Thirty-two male athletes aged 21-30 years were randomly divided into four groups of eight individuals: Cr, HMB, HMB + Cr, and weight training. The training program was designed for 6 weeks and four sessions per week. The HMB group consumed 3 g of the supplement on training days and 1g on non-training days, the Cr group consumed three servings of 5 g on training days and 5 g on non-training days, and the HMB +Cr group consumed the same amount of HMB and Cr supplements as the HMB and Cr groups. During 2 weeks of non-training, the HMB, Cr, and HMB + Cr groups received daily 1 g, 5 g, and 1 g of HMB + 5 g of Cr, respectively. The hypotheses were tested by two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: There were no significant differences in Cholesterol (Chol.), Triglyceride (TG), and Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) levels after the post-test and 2 weeks of non-training. There were significant differences in High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) in post-test between groups of weight training and HMB (p = 0.000), weight training and HMB + Cr (p = 0.002), Cr and HMB (p = 0.000), and Cr and HMB + Cr (P = 0.001). The weight training and HMB (p = 0.000), weight training and HMB + Cr (p = 0.003), Cr and HMB (p 0.000) =), and Cr and HMB + Cr groups (p = 0.001) were significantly different in 2 weeks of non-training. Conclusion: Six-week weight training with combined HMB and Cr supplement and 2 weeks of non-training can significantly change the concentrations of some blood biochemical factors in male powerlifting athletes.

Использование технологии «академическая дискуссия» на практических занятиях по английскому языку с курсантами и слушателями образовательных организаций МВД России

The study aims to demonstrate the possibilities of organising practical English classes, using the pedagogical technology “academic discussion”. The article outlines the difficulties of conducting an academic discussion in educational organisations of the Ministry of the Interior of Russia, against the backdrop of which the specificity of this technology, which requires consideration when training per-sonnel for internal affairs agencies, is shown. Using the example of the topic “Identification in Police Investigation”, the author demonstrates the possibility of organising an academic discussion in a group of officer cadets and/or trainees. Scientific novelty of the study lies in identifying the optimal ways to imple-ment the “academic discussion” technology for the development of foreign-language professional communica-tive competence of officer cadets and trainees in educational organisations of the Ministry of the Interior of Russia. As a result, the author has developed an algorithm for conducting an academic discussion as a form of organising practical English classes, the main purpose of which is to improve foreign-language professional communicative competence in the field of oral speech.

Effect of Spirulina platensis green-blue algae consumption, and circuit resistance training (CRT) on lipid profile in overweight and obese middle-aged men

Background and Aims: Researchers have recently considered the impact of herbal supplements combined with exercise on weight control. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Spirulina platensis green-blue algae consumption, and circuit resistance training (CRT) on lipid profile in overweight and obese middle-aged men. Materials and Methods: This was a single-blind, quasi-experimental, and applied study. The study population included 60 overweight and obese men in the age range of 30-55 years with a body mass index of more than 25 (kg/m2). The participants were purposefully selected and randomly divided into four groups of training plus spirulina (N=15); training plus placebo; spirulina; and Placebo. The intervention and placebo groups took two 500 mg spirulina capsules, and placebo capsules daily for eight weeks, respectively. The CRT was performed for eight weeks and three sessions per week based on a flexible timing pattern, with the observation of the principle of overload with rest intervals between stations and sets. Results: There was a significant difference between the study groups in terms of the levels of triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) of the participants (P&lt;0.05). Moreover, in the intra-group investigation, there was a significant reduction in the values of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglyceride (TG), in the groups of training plus spirulina and training plus placebo, cholesterol (TC), and (Aspartate aminotransferase) AST in the groups of training plus spirulina had a significant decrease, Moreover, a significant increase was observed in the levels of HDL and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the group of training plus spirulina. Conclusion: It seems that the consumption of Spirulina platensis green-blue algae combined with CRT can be effective in controlling weight and obesity and preventing obesity-related diseases through the improvement of some indices of metabolic profile and body composition.

State movement for controlling trains operating under the virtual coupling system

Train Virtual Coupling System (VCS) has been proposed as a new signalling system for controlling trains by building a group of trains as convoys in order to increase line’s capacity. This is achieved because the consecutive trains under the VCS is separated only by a relative braking distance; this is much shorter than the separation distance required in the Fixed Block Signaling (FBS) and Moving Block Signaling systems (MBS). In order to achieve the high capacity obtained from the VCS, the trains in a virtually coupled convoy should keep at a distance as close to the relative braking distance as possible and run at the same speed for maintaining the safe distance between them. In this paper, we propose a distance and velocity difference approach and introduce the multiple state movements for stimulating train’s movement under the VCS. The simulated results show that the capacity can be significantly increased and maximized in which the actual separation distance between trains when they are in convoy state is slightly longer than the minimum safe distance. It could be ensured that the train has proceeded safely in that the actual separation distance is surely longer than the minimum safe distance throughout the operation time period. In addition, we show that the trains can also proceed smoothly, in that a following train catches up with its leading train and joined in the convoy with a stable movement.

The Rapid Implementation of a Psychological Support Model for Frontline Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study and Process Evaluation.

The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the need for psychological support initiatives directed toward frontline healthcare workers, which can be rapidly and sustainably implemented during an infectious disease outbreak. The current case study presents a comprehensive model of psychological support that was implemented at an intensive care unit (ICU) during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. The psychological support model aimed at promoting a resilient stress reaction among frontline staff by protecting physical, social, and psychological resources. The initiatives, targeting different groups of workers, included education and training, peer support, psychologist-supervised and unsupervised group sessions, on-boarding for transferred staff, manager support, and individual sessions for workers experiencing strong stress reactions. The results of the process evaluation of this rapid implementation suggest that peer support initiatives as well as daily group sessions were the most appreciated forms of psychological support. Psychologists involved in organizing and providing the support highlighted several aspects of a successful implementation of the support model: offering support during work hours (preferably after shift), positive attitude of line managers that framed support initiatives as a team effort, and involvement of experienced psychologists able to quickly adjust the content of the support according to the current needs. The study also identified two main problems of the current implementation: the lack of efficient planning due to the use of volunteer work and the need for more structural resources on the organizational level to ensure long-term sustainability of the support model and its implementation among all groups of healthcare staff. The current case study highlights the importance of establishing permanent structural resources and routines for psychological support integrated in clinical practice by healthcare organizations to improve both rapid and sustainable response to future crises.

The large group in training Parts I and II

This article studies the work of large groups in the training of group psychotherapists and is organized in two parts for sequential publication. We review the literature on the history and evolution of large groups in general, concentrating on those devoted to the large group in training, starting from the very first, Skynner’s, from which we take our title. The core of the paper explores the learning experience provided by the Large Training Group (LTG) serving students on the Diploma and Qualifying Courses at the Institute of Group Analysis, London (IGA). We describe the LTG from the standpoint of its staff and participating students over a period of some eight years; discuss the role of the staff sub-group in the evolution and co-creation of a particular discourse and we give special attention to the question of leadership and the role of the convener. Each of its two parts contains a vignette that is discussed in the light of the literature reviewed; and each contains a summarizing table, the first devoted to our principles of practice and the second to the primary purposes of the LTG and our staffing responsibilities.

Comparison of the Effect of Eight Week Training Program Schedule With Two Different Stretching Patterns Strengthening on Changes in the Status of Lower Cross Syndrome

Objective: Different timing of performing stretching and strengthening exercises can have different effects on the condition of Lower Crossed Syndrome (LCS). This study aims to compare the effects of eight-week training using stretching and strengthening exercises intermittently and simultaneously on the status of LCS in female college students. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, the study population consists of 300 female students of Guilan University aged 19-25 years. To assess LCS, the New York Posture Rating tool was used. 120 patients who had hyperlordosis were re-evaluated using flexible ruler for precise measurement of LCS. Finally, 45 students with a lumbar curvature angle of &gt;45 degrees were selected and randomly divided into three groups of intermittent training (n=15), simultaneous training (n=15), and control (n=15). The training program consisted of corrective exercises for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, each for 60 minutes. One-way ANOVA was used for data analysis in SPSS v. 20 software Results: The difference between the intermittent training and control groups was significant (P=0.30), while no significant difference was observed between the simultaneous training and control groups (P=0.68). Conclusion: Performing stretching and strengthening exercises intermittently has a greater effect on reducing LCS than performing these exercises simultaneously.

Gene expression of angiogenesis and apoptotic factors in female BALB/c mice with breast cancer after eight weeks of aerobic training.

Objective(s):Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, caused by a disorder in the angiogenesis and apoptosis process. Exercise can affect the process of angiogenesis and apoptosis in the tumor tissue. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the changes in angiogenesis and apoptotic factors in mice with breast cancer after 8 weeks of exercise training.Materials and Methods:Sixteen females BALB/c mice (age: 3-5 weeks and weight: 17.1 ± 0.1 g) with breast cancer were randomly divided into two groups of aerobic training and control. The aerobic training included 8 weeks and 5 sessions per week of running with an intensity of 14-20 m.min-1. HIF-1α, VEGF, miR-21 and cytochrome C, Apaf-1, caspase-9, and caspase-3 gene expressions were examined by real-time PCR. Repeated measures ANOVA, Bonferroni’s post hoc test, and independent samples t-test were used to analyze the data (P<0.05).Results:The results showed that aerobic training reduced the growth of tumor volume and significantly reduced miR-21 gene expression. Aerobic training also significantly increased the gene expression of HIF-1α, cytochrome C, Apaf-1, caspase-9, and caspase-3, while changes in VEGF gene expression were not statistically significant.Conclusion:It appears that aerobic exercise training reduces tumor size and ameliorates breast cancer by reducing miR-21 gene expression, suppressing the apoptosis process, and reducing angiogenesis.

Effects of fine particulate matter on cognitive function and gut microbiota in adult male mice

To study the effects of fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5))exposure to cognitive function and intestinal flora abundance and diversity in adult male mice. The SPF grade male C57 BL/6 J mice with 8 weeks old were randomly divided into control group(NS group), PM_(2.5) exposure group(PM_(2.5) group), probiotic group(VSL#3 group) and PM_(2.5) + VSL#3 group(PMV group), with 8 mice in each group. The PM_(2.5) group and PMV group mice were exposed to PM_(2.5) using animal exposure system equipped with real-time PM_(2.5) concentration, and concentrated 6 times the outdoor PM_(2.5) concentration, 8 h every day, 5 d every week for 4 weeks. The VSL#3 group and PMV group mice were given VSL#3, 0.5 mL, 2×10~9 CFU/mL. After four weeks of exposure, feces from mice were collected for 16 s rRNA high-throughput sequencing, and the cognitive function was evaluated using Morris water maze and object recognition experiments. The escape latency of PM_(2.5) group in four-day training [(54.99±6.77) s, (41.21±9.98) s, (36.27±13.11) s, (30.01±14.80) s] were higher than that of NS group [(32.19±4.59) s, (20.50±6.77) s, (19.93±7.30) s, (16.94±9.91) s], and the difference were statistically significant(P&lt;0.05). The escape latency of PMV group on the first and second day of training [(39.02±6.23) s, (28.83±9.53) s] were lower than that of PM_(2.5) group(P&lt;0.05). The target quadrant residence time of mice in PM_(2.5) group [(18.30± 8.88) s] was lower than that in NS group and PMV group [(30.53±9.10) s, (30.00±10.61) s]. Compared with NS group(6.09±0.40), the shannon index of PM_(2.5) group and PMV group(5.05±0.65 and 5.46±0.52) were significantly reduced(P&lt;0.05). The target quadrant time was positively correlated with the relative abundance of Actinomyces(r=0.576, P&lt;0.05), and the recognition index was positively correlated with the relative abundance of Firmicutes(r=0.612, P&lt;0.05). PM_(2.5) could lead to cognitive dysfunction in mice, which is related to diversity and abundance of the intestinal flora. Probiotic can improve cognitive function.

The Comparision of two methods of continuous and interval training for eight weeks on Aplin 13 and fibroblast growth factor in elderly rats

Background: This study aimed to compare the two methods of continuous and interval training for eight weeks on Aplin 13 and fibroblast growth factor in elderly rats. Materials and Methods: In this study, 30 elderly male rats were randomly divided into three groups of continuous training (n=10), interval training (n=10), and control group (n=10). Interventions were performed for eight weeks. Blood samples (3 cc) were taken from the tails of elderly male rats 72 h before and after the last session of the protocol to evaluate the research variables (Aplin 13 and fibroblast growth factor). One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the findings, and the Tukey test was utilized for the homogeneity of variance of groups. All statistical tests were performed in SPSS software (version 17) at a significance level of α=0.05. Results: Aplin 13 had a significant increase in the continuous exercise group (P&lt;0.05). Moreover, the fibroblast growth factor was significantly increased in the continuous exercise group (P&lt;0.05). Aplin 13 had a significant increase in the interval exercise group (P&lt;0.05). Fibroblast growth factor was significantly increased in the interval exercise group (P&lt;0.05). No significant changes were observed in the control group. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that eight weeks of continuous and interval training caused a significant increase in the levels of Aplin 13 and fibroblast growth factor in elderly male rats. Therefore, these exercises and especially periodic exercises can be used as a suitable way to increase angiogenesis in the elderly.

Examining LightGBM and CatBoost models for wadi flash flood susceptibility prediction

This study presents two machine learning models, namely, the light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM) and categorical boosting (CatBoost), for the first time for predicting flash flood susceptibility (FFS) in the Wadi System (Hurghada, Egypt). A flood inventory map with 445 flash flood sites was produced and randomly divided into two groups for training (70%) and testing (30%). Fourteen flood controlling factors were selected and evaluated for their relative importance in flood occurrence prediction. The performance of the two models was assessed using various indexes in comparison to the common random forest (RF) method. The results show areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROC) of above 97% for all models and that LightGBM outperforms other models in terms of classification metrics and processing time. The developed FFS maps demonstrate that highly populated areas are the most susceptible to flash floods. The present study proves that the employed algorithms (LightGBM and CatBoost) can be efficiently used for FFS mapping.

An Efficient Model for Train-Track-Bridge-Coupled System under Seismic Excitation

When an earthquake occurs, due to the high operation speed of the train group, there is still a long distance from braking to stopping, so it needs a large number of bridge spans to calculate the integrated dynamic response, which leads to a large amount of calculation of the train-track-bridge (TTB) system under a seismic event. In order to reduce the amount of calculation, this paper proposed an efficient model called closed-loop model for simply supported railway bridge. The proposed model is realized by coupling the head and end of the rail-slab-bridge system through the utilization of pseudo-element. Simulation comparison of TTB response with and without seismic excitation between conventional TTB model and efficient model indicates that, under the premise of ensuring calculation accuracy, the efficient model shows the advantage of fewer degrees of freedom (DOF) of model and higher computational efficiency. For instance, under El Centro earthquake excitation, the time cost of proposed model is only 6% of conventional model. Meanwhile, six seismic events with different acceleration amplitudes are imposed on the efficient model, and the results of car-body acceleration, wheel-rail force, and wheel load reduction ratio are gathered and discussed; it can be concluded that, except Trinidad earthquake, for other earthquake samples investigated in this paper, with acceleration amplitude larger than 0.8 g, the train operation is at the risk of derailment.

The effect of two methods of resistance training with and without blood flow restriction on coagulation indices and blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetic patients

Introduction: Imbalance of the homeostasis system can lead to blood clot formation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two resistance training methods with and without blood flow restriction on coagulation parameters and blood glucose levels in diabetic patients. Methods: 41 patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly divided into three groups of resistance training with and without blood flow restriction and the control group. The subjects of the resistance training group with and without flow restriction performed the training for 8 weeks with intensities of 20, 40, 60, 80% of one maximum repetition and 20 and 30% of one maximum repetition, respectively. During this period, the subjects in the control group led a normal life and did not have a regular exercise program. Coagulation parameters, hematocrit and blood glucose levels were measured before and 48 hours after the last training session. Analysis of variance with intergroup factor and Bonferroni post hoc test were used to evaluate the effect of intervention on quantitative factors. SPSS22 statistical software was used to analyze the data. Significance level was considered for all statistical analyzes P <0.05. Results: Prothrombin Time index in both groups of resistance training increased significantly compared to the control group (P ‹0.05); But no significant difference was observed in Partial thromboplastin time and hematocrit index (P ›0.05). Fibrinogen factor also decreased in training groups (P ‹0.05). Blood glucose decreased in the resistance training group without restriction of blood flow compared to the control group (P ‹0.05). Conclusion: Eight weeks of resistance training can prevent thrombosis and sudden onset of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes by reducing fibrinogen levels and increasing the Prothrombin Time index. This type of exercise also plays an insulin-like role by lowering blood sugar levels.