Trafficking In Human Organs Research Articles

السياسة الجنائية لمواجهة الاتجار بالأعضاء البشرية = Criminal Policies to Address Trafficking in Human Organs

الاتجار بالأعضاء البشرية | العضو البشري | نقل وزراعة | بيع وشراء الأنسجة | الجريمة المنظمة | الوسطاء | المتبرع المسروق | تجارة | المنقول منه | المنقول إليه | استئصال | Trafficking in Human Organs | Human Organ | Transfer and Transplant | Sale and Purchase of Human Tissue | Organized Crime | Brokers | Donor | Trade | The Transferred | To Person | The Transferred | From Person | Removal

Alignment of Brazil to convention 216: trafficking in human organs, under a comparative public law perspective between european union and Brazil

Alignment of Brazil to convention 216: trafficking in human organs, under a comparative public law perspective between european union and Brazil

A Critical Look at the Council of Europe Convention against Trafficking in Human Organs and what it Means for the Global Fight against Organ- and Transplant-Related Crimes

EuCLR European Criminal Law Review , Seite 404 - 439

The Defense Efforts of Non-Governmental Organizations against the Phenomenon of Trafficking in Children

The research describes the defense efforts of NGOs in the face of the phenomenon of child trafficking in Egypt. These efforts are represented in demanding child rights; coordination with the security agencies and providing NGOs with security education materials for children; improving the level of defense services among NGOs; and the rehabilitation of children victims of trafficking especially after the rise of trafficking in human organs. Thus, the main objective of theresearch is to describe the defensive efforts of the NGOs against the phenomenon of trafficking in children. The main research question was what are the defensive efforts of the NGOs against the phenomenon of trafficking in children?The study results indicated the importance of the role of NGOs in combating child trafficking through their defense efforts.The study results show that: The most active efforts in upholding child rights protection against all forms of violence withchildren .The most active efforts in coordinating with security authorities for providing NGOs with materials on safety and security education for children Raising awareness on the provisions of the Anti-Human Trafficking Law.The most active efforts of NGOs in improving defense services Raising awareness on trafficking in children and combating itcame in the first place

Overview on transplantation of human organs and tissues act

Organ transplantation is a boon to medical field as it helps in saving the lives of those who would otherwise die. A lot of poor people were conned of their organs and illegal trafficking of the same became a well-connected business hub. Transplantation of Human Organs Act, 1994 was passed in 1994 to prevent illegal trafficking of human organs and to lay down regulations for removal, storage and transplantation of the human organs for therapeutic purpose and to prevent the commercial dealings of the same, which was further amended in 2011. In this article, authors want to attract the attention of readers towards the legal procedures, operating protocol and involvement of various authorities and their powers related to transplantation of human organs. Most of the population, including doctors do not have the knowledge of standard operating procedures due to which mediators may take undue advantage or the incognizance may discourage a potential donor. Authors hereby emphasis on registration for organ donation so that everybody can have a life after death.

Trafficking in Human Organs and Human Trafficking for Organ Removal: A Healthcare Perspective

Trafficking in Human Organs and Human Trafficking for Organ Removal: A Healthcare Perspective

The Codification of Transplant-Related Crimes in the Convention Against Trafficking in Human Organs

The Codification of Transplant-Related Crimes in the Convention Against Trafficking in Human Organs

MODELS OF THE LEGAL CONSTRUCT OF CONSENT FOR POST MORTEM ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION ILLUSTRATED BY THE EXAMPLE OF POLAND, NORWAY AND USA

Each country which allows for organ transplantation developed legal regula-tions concerning the related procedure the objective of which is to both ensure the safety of the procedure and to prevent trafficking in human organs . There are however substantial differences between the solutions adopted by particular legislators .The most commonly used models include the legal construct of explicit consent (represented by Norwegian legislator) and presumed consent (adopted in Poland) . A half-way model described as a bridge between those two constructs is the gift law construct adopted in the USA .The analysis of particular legal regulations related to transplantology may have an impact on amendments to Polish legislation aiming at an increase in the number of organ transplants .

Specific forms of human trafficking in Slovenia: overview and preventive measures

Paper presents a research study on specific forms of human trafficking in Slovenia. The research indicates that the vulnerability of migrant workers in Slovenia results from their social vulnerability and deteriorating social conditions in the countries of origin. Employers are aware of these conditions and take advantage of the situation, which results in planned recruitment of workers in countries of origin. Furthermore, cases of human trafficking for the purpose of forced criminality and forced begging, as well as trafficking in children, are also indicated in the research. However, in the time period under review the Slovene police detected only a few underage victims of crimes that can be considered as trafficking. No evidence of trafficking in human organs, tissues and blood was found, but the research unveiled some cases indicating illegal intercountry adoptions. The research results and recommendations can guide further action and the planning of preventive activities.

Normative framework for combating trafficking in human organs

Trafficking in human organs is a specific and complex criminal phenomenon that takes place in several phases, with the participation of a large number of actors, often covering several jurisdictions. To effectively countering are necessary conceptual and terminological demarcation of organ trafficking from other similar phenomena, fundamental scientifically research of its shape and dynamics, and the construction of an adequate legislative framework, both at the national and international level. This paper first analyses the conceptual - terminological framework in which research of organ trafficking is range, and then presents a review and analysis of the development of ethical and normative international standards aimed at prevention and suppression this phenomenon. In the end, we analysed the current solutions in the domestic legislation. Nowadays, there are two parallel legislative regime that regulate the matter of organ trafficking. The first legislative regime that organ trafficking treated exclusively as a modality of transnational crime of human trafficking, and a second, recent, that organ trafficking treats as forbidden (incriminating) activity that violates a regulatory system of organ (tissue cells) transplantation.

The Council of Europe Convention against Trafficking in Human Organs 2015

The Council of Europe Convention against Trafficking in Human Organs 2015

Council of Europe Convention against Trafficking in Human Organs

Council of Europe Convention against Trafficking in Human Organs

An analysis of the emerging role of social media in human trafficking

Purpose This paper aims to explore the relationship between human trafficking brokers and trafficking victims by using examples from both the international labour and human organ trafficking industries. It proposes an evolution in the brokerage process from geographic to online networks and how this alters the nature of the relationships between parties. The study aims to expand the understanding of contemporary trafficking brokerage networks in developing areas. Design/methodology/approach The paper opted for an ethnographic study which involved living among trafficking victims in 21 developing countries during the period of 2008-2015; 17 cases are presented as exemplars of the trafficking industry environment, told from the perspective of both trafficking victims and the brokers who have profited from them. The data were complemented by commentary, which developed common themes across both labour and human organ trafficking. Findings The paper provides insights about how change in the brokerage process is brought about by the shift from geographic to online networks. It suggests that trafficking operations have learned how to use online social media and the dark Web. Moreover, it illustrates the impact of these networks on the power imbalance in human trafficking and the experience of its victims. Research limitations/implications The study is limited to labour and human organ trafficking in developing nations, but the concepts may have wider implications in other forms of human trafficking. Practical implications The paper includes implications for the development of a framework to understand the impact of online trafficking networks. Originality/value This paper fulfils an identified need to study how human trafficking networks are evolving in the digital age.

JURIDICAL ANALYSIS OF LEGISLATION RELATED TO THE CRIME OF TRADE IN HUMAN ORGANS FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE KIDNEY ORGAN TRANSPLANT (Comparative Studies Between Indonesia with Philippines)

In accordance with organ transplant’s evolve especially the kidneys it is necessary to rule out specific health legislation in dealing with transplantation of human body’s organs to prevent human trafficking of human organs. The approaches used is the approach of legislation and comparisons to provide an overview of the regulation of transplantation of human body’s organs in Indonesia, and to know the comparison with other countries that have specific rules on transplants. The result is that the regulations in Indonesia does not have rules on organ transplants from living non-related organ donation and found no legal protection againts the donor. Keywords: Organ transplant, kidney transplant, human trafficking, health legislation.

Challenges in Implementing the European Convention against Trafficking in Human Organs

AbstractThe newest convention of the Council of Europe requires states parties to criminalize all activities related to the trafficking in human organs. It is the first international agreement specifically aimed at addressing this form or criminal trade. Trafficking in human organs is mostly a transnational criminal enterprise: the article highlights how contracting states will have to face specific problems in prosecuting offences committed in foreign countries. The effectiveness of the convention depends on the parties’ determination in solving such problems and in avoiding taking advantage from some reservations that – though admitted by the convention – could undermine its possible value as a means of combating transnational crime.

OCENA MORALNA TRANSPLANTACJI EX VIVO I HANDLU LUDZKIMI ORGANAMI W ŚWIETLE ETYKI KANTA

In the article I justify the acceptability of ex vivo transplantation and I provide the ethical evaluation of trafficking in human organs from the Kantian perspective. Firstly, I refer to passages of Kant's works, where he explicitly states that depriving oneself of one’s body parts for other purposes than self-preservation is not permitted. I explain that the negative ethical evaluation of the disposal of the body parts was given various justifications by Kant. Subsequently, I provide partial criticism of this justification, resulting in the recognition of the admissibility of ex vivo transplantation. Secondly, I analyse the Kantian slippery-slope argument which, as some philosophers believe, supports banning trade in human organs. It turns out, however, that this argument has wider application, namely it applies to all forms of the instrumental treatment of the human body. Using a previously introduced distinction between organs of the first and the second order, I show that the slippery-slope argument is inconclusive. However, I propose a reinterpretation of this reasoning, which results in using this argument as an additional reason to support prohibiting trade in human organs.

Preventing Trafficking in Organs for Transplantation: An Important Facet of the Fight Against Human Trafficking

Most countries now have national legislation that outlaws both human trafficking and organ trafficking. However, international conventions and domestic laws alone have not been enough to stop the trade in organs. As of 2007, a conservative estimate was that 5% of the approximately 100,000 organs transplanted annually were derived from exploiting the poorest and most vulnerable people in society; anti-trafficking efforts have since reduced, though not eliminated, this practice. The Declaration of Istanbul (DoI) was created in 2008 to engage medical professional societies to collaborate with governments and others in combating organ sales, transplant tourism, and trafficking in human organs. In 2010, the Declaration of Istanbul Custodian Group (DICG) was formed to actively promote and to monitor the implementation of the DoI principles. The removal of prohibitions on organ purchases, which is now being promoted in some wealthy nations, is unlikely to shorten transplant waitlists (because organ sales crowd out voluntary, unpaid donation) and would be based on the false view that such sales do not exploit the sellers. To combat such exploitation, the DICG advocates for ratification and enforcement of the new “Council of Europe Convention against Trafficking in Human Organs,” as a complement the Palermo Protocol to the United Nations organized crime convention that prohibits human trafficking for organ removal. To increase ethical organ donation by living related donors, the DICG encourages countries to adopt means to cover donors’ financial costs, which now discourage donation. It also works with the World Health Organization to encourage ministries of health to develop deceased donation to its maximum potential toward the goal of achieving national self-sufficiency in organ transplantation so that patients do not need to travel to foreign destinations to undergo organ transplantation using kidneys and partial livers purchased from poor and vulnerable people. Success in combating human trafficking for organ removal and organ trafficking will be greatly enhanced through organizations like the DICG forging strong relationships with human rights organizations.

Council of Europe Convention Against Trafficking of Human Organs

Council of Europe Convention Against Trafficking of Human Organs

Criminalization of Trafficking in Human Organs According to the 2014 Council of Europe Convention

EuCLR European Criminal Law Review , Seite 243 - 276

Transnational crimes related to health: How should the law respond to the illicit organ tourism?

In this paper, to paraphrase Scheper-Hughes, we explore the contested legalities and illegalities of medical tourism. Increasingly, individuals are travelling outside of their home jurisdiction to access health services. This may be for a range of reasons: for speed, for cheapness or in some cases to bypass criminal restrictions at state level. This paper explores those who fall into the latter category and who travel to avoid statutory or regulatory prohibitions in relation to certain clinical procedures in England and Wales. In this paper, we consider the appropriate legal response to illicit transplant tourism. We examine the legitimacy of using extra-territorial jurisdiction to enforce the ban on the commercial trade in organs found in the Human Tissue Act 2004. We suggest that this, along with the recent Draft Council of Europe Convention against Trafficking in Human Organs, provide an effective response to the transnational crime of illicit organ tourism.