German Tradition Research Articles

Формирование понятия «административный акт» в европейской административно-правовой доктрине

The article focuses on the formation of the main approaches to the content of the concept of an administrative act in European administrative law. The subject of the analysis is either the rule of law or the doctrine of France, Germany, Italy and Spain. The author notes that administrative act as an independent category arises in France as a result of the creation of a separate administrative jurisdiction. The article gives a detailed analysis of the evolution of approaches to the administrative act in France, as a result, the author shows gradual narrowing of its content and reveals its prerequisites. The author states that the interpretation of the administrative act given by M. Hauriou as an expression of the will of the administration in order to cause legal consequences served as the basis for the application (with some adaptation) civil law developments regarding legal transactions (invalidity of administrative acts, conditional administrative acts, etc.) to administrative act. The article examines the approaches of the German doctrine and shows common features and differences between the concept of an administrative act in Germany and in France. The study determines construction of an administrative act by analogy with a judicial decision as a characteristic feature of the German legal order. In this regard, its focus on the settlement of a specifi c case becomes its key parameter, which, unlike France, excluded the possibility of considering regulatory acts of the administration as a type of administrative acts. Much attention is given to the approaches to the administrative act in Italy and Spain. The author shows that these countries point departed from the French and German traditions in the middle of XX century and adopted a much broader defi nition of the administrative act.

Княжеская фибула из села Рэзень

The fibula is a stray find discovered by locals near the Răzeni village in the Ialoveni district of the Republic of Moldova and in 2022 was transferred to the National Museum of the History of Moldova. This is a two-plate fibula with a rhombic foot and a semicircular head. Its body was made of white metal (silver?) enclosed in a gold overlay. The shields and the arched bow were decorated with carnelian and overlaid metal elements (grain, double spirals, ribbed and openwork). This type of brooches is part of the “ethnographic” female costume of the Chernyakhov culture of the late Roman period. At the beginning of the Great Migration Period, this dress served as the basis for the formation of the “princely” costume of the East German tradition with large two-plate brooches, which became widespread in the 5 th century AD from the Atlantic to the North Caucasus. The fibula has a prestigious character and belongs to the “princely” culture of the initial phase of the Migration Period. According to the general morphology, it belongs rather to the D1 period i. e., 360/370—400/410, and according to the design analogues on large brooches, it belongs to the D2 period or 380/400—440/450. In Eastern Europe, both of these periods are usually combined in the framework of the so-called Hunnic time. Two versions of the identification of this fibula are possible. Perhaps this is a children’s copy of a large fibula. Another scenario is that the size of the fibula reflects the status level of their owners. It is possible that this item was intended for ladies who occupy a high position in society, but who, according to the hierarchy, were “below” the bearers of large polychrome brooches.

Pomiędzy bestsellerem a poetologią. O aurze dzieła, dyskrecji wobec czytelnika i tajemnicy formy na przykładzie noweli Siegfrieda Lenza Minuta ciszy (2008)

Siegfried Lenz’s novella (2008, English edition 2009) has not only been appreciated by literary critics, but also turned out to be a great bestseller. The novella is a frequent subject of research analysis, es- pecially in terms of its location in the tradition of German and world novella writing. This diversity of reception is astonishing and presents an interesting phenomenon. The novella tells a banal love story, but through an intentional silence and a series of intertextual tropes it also creates mysteriousness. The analysis proposed here is based on Walter Benjamin’s notion of “aura” in the 1930s. From today’s point of view, this concept requires a few additions, primarily from the perspective of systems theory. As it turns out this concept can be applied both to the content of the novella and to the strategy of literary criticism, as well as to explain the role of form and context in the personal perception of the text.

Imperial Academy of Sciences and organization of statistical research in Russia

This article is devoted to the history of the institutional formation of statistical research in the Imperial Academy of Sciences. It is noted that the first experiments in statistical descriptions of the territory of Russia date back to the second quarter of the 18th century. They were in line with the German tradition of descriptive government studies and involved the systematization of geographical, ethnographic, political, and economic information important for the development of the country. The spread of government studies in Russia was facilitated by German scientists invited to the country. Based on a wide range of published sources and archival materials, the author analyzes the process of adding the list of academic disciplines with statistics and government science and studies the contribution of the first academic statisticians to the development of this branch of knowledge. The article analyzes various forms of supporting statistical research by the Academy of Sciences.

The child – Object or subject of child care?

The term “subject” and its theoretical implications are essential to German tradition of socialpedagogy and social work. If we look back in history, there is a sharp contrast to the practices of social work, especially in the field of child and youth welfare. This applies to Switzerland, Germany and internationally. In Swiss history, objectification is most clearly expressed in the German term “Verdingkinder”, which terminologically indicates the active process of objectification (Ding = object). Informed by historical research, questions can be addressed to current practice of child and youth welfare. Against the background of current research results, it seems too easy to dispose of the critical questions in the past. The article looks in the historical rear-view mirror to assess the Swiss “state as a parent” and to develop conclusions for contemporary questions of child and youth Welfare. The analytical framework will focus on the categories of objectification and subjectification, informed by Martha Nussbaums theories and theories of the German-speaking socialpedagogy by Michael Winkler.

ReclaimingHeimat, Uprooting National Socialism in Anna Seghers’s “Das Ende”

This article explores Anna Seghers’s use of nature and pastoral writing in her exile tale “Das Ende” (1945). I argue that, by writing a story in which villagers and nature work together to hunt and rid Germany’s war-torn landscape of Zillich, a former concentration camp guard, Seghers engages critically with German traditions of Heimat writing to “reclaim” the style as a productive mode to depict the monumental task of rebuilding Germany after the Second World War. Much of Anna Seghers’s postwar and exile works refl ect in literature what she viewed as the responsibility of writers to contribute to the re-education and denazifi cation of the German people during and following the war. “Das Ende” is no exception; it seeks to understand how fascism permeated the minds and hearts of ordinary Germans, and the work Germans must undertake to overcome such indoctrination.

Street Life and Morals: German Philosophy in Hitler’s Lifetime by Lesley Chamberlain

Reviewed by: Street Life and Morals: German Philosophy in Hitler’s Lifetime by Lesley Chamberlain Jeremy Best Street Life and Morals: German Philosophy in Hitler’s Lifetime. By Lesley Chamberlain. London: Reaktion Books, 2021. Pp. 237. Cloth $40.00. ISBN 978-1789144949. Street Life and Morals: German Philosophy in Hitler’s Lifetime details a survey history of philosophical thought in Germany during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. At various times in Lesley Chamberlain’s book, she stresses that philosophers from Friedrich Nietzsche to Hannah Arendt struggled to answer a trio of questions raised by the forces of modernity: how to manage liberal, capitalist social relations; technological change and innovation; and the fate of reason itself. [End Page 322] The sections of the book lay out in detail the various interventions and suppositions made by major philosophers of Germany’s early twentieth century to answer these questions. Organized in a basically chronological order, the book conforms to the titular lifetime of Adolf Hitler and begins roughly in 1889 and continues to 1945. An introductory chapter opens the book and then the narrative proceeds to a second chapter detailing the social, economic, and urban transformations of Germany as perceived by philosophers like Georg Simmel and Siegfried Kracauer. The next chapter discusses “Kantianism” in Germany and twentieth-century attempts to adapt what Chamberlain emphasizes was an eighteenth-century philosophy to urban industrial life. Ernst Cassirer and Edmund Husserl figure prominently in this chapter. The most substantial chapter, the fourth, discusses the thought of key figures including Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer, Walter Benjamin, and Arendt of the Frankfurt School along with Martin Heidegger. Chamberlain details their engagement with the crisis of modernity and philosophy posed by the Weimar and Nazi period. The concluding chapter attempts to show that the philosophy that came out of this period, particularly from the Frankfurt School and its affiliates, was a “positive outcome,” a remnant of a lost German tradition. The book ends with two appendices, one on Kant’s relevance to National Socialism and one on the experiences of philosophers during the Third Reich. The strengths of Chamberlain’s book lie in its intense and erudite interest in the thought and lives of the philosophers detailed in the book. For a reader unfamiliar with the corpus, this book provides a useful overview of the era’s major ideas and their interconnections. Chamberlain’s overview of Simmel and Arendt, in chapters two and four, respectively, are of noteworthy quality. These virtues mean that Street Life and Morals would be especially suitable for an educated, non-academic reader who desires to understand the history of philosophical ideas in Germany during the Interwar period. Similarly, a scholar seeking a general overview for reference would benefit from the text. Disappointingly, the book examines the crisis of philosophical confidence and sensibility during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries without satisfactorily showing the connections to the wider social and political crisis that lay at the root of the Nazis’ ascendance. Reading the book’s chapters is to immerse oneself in a traditional history of ideas; a discussion of philosophers, their lives and ideas, and their relationships. Only infrequently does Chamberlain connect the wider historical context of Weimar Germany and the Third Reich to these histories. It reduces the lifetime and impact of Adolf Hitler on Germany to little more than a framing device. It would have been highly productive to have the shifts and changes in the ideas of Heidegger, Edmund Husserl, or others connected to the rapidly and radically shifting social, political, and cultural history playing out in Germany at the time. Nor does Chamberlain bring in the extensive scholarship on the intellectual lives of German [End Page 323] academics and cultural figures during the Weimar era. These weaknesses limit the book’s utility for historians and cultural scholars of the period who are not expressly interested in one, some, or all of the philosophers that Chamberlain examines. The approach and tone of the book are uneven when read from an academic perspective. Frequently, Chamberlain inserts herself into the narrative with critiques of the quality of a philosopher’s prose or similar asides. In fact, this approach reinforces the general...

Women Philosophers in the Long Nineteenth Century: The German Tradition ed. by Kristin Gjesdal and Dalia Nassar

Reviewed by: Women Philosophers in the Long Nineteenth Century: The German Tradition ed. by Kristin Gjesdal and Dalia Nassar Alison Stone Kristin Gjesdal and Dalia Nassar, editors. Women Philosophers in the Long Nineteenth Century: The German Tradition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021. Pp. 336. Hardback, $99.00. "How plausible, [Dalia Nassar and I] kept asking, is it that women published philosophy in the early modern period and then simply ceased to think and publish philosophy in the nineteenth century?" remarked Kristin Gjesdal recently (interview with Richard Marshall, 3:16am [blog], https://www.3-16am.co.uk/articles/gadamer-herder-and-the-womenphilosophers-of-the-long-nineteen-century?c=end-times-series). Not plausible at all—yet this is what historians of women in philosophy often seem to have assumed, judging by the remarkably small amount of scholarship on nineteenth-century women philosophers compared with those of the early modern period or the twentieth century. Eileen O'Neill, for instance, claims that it was "not a particularly friendly century for women philosophers" (1). In fact, as Gjesdal and Nassar observe, women were "significant contributors" to the "thriving intellectual cultures in German-speaking countries" at this time (1). Gjesdal and Nassar contrast Germanic countries to France and Britain in this regard, yet I would add that nineteenth-century Britain too had a vibrant print and periodical culture that created openings for women philosophers such as Harriet Martineau, Anna Jameson, Frances Power Cobbe, and many others. The broader point remains: the nineteenth century has only seemed empty of women philosophers because we have not yet investigated the women thinkers of this period or challenged the canons and narratives from which they have been excluded. Recognizing German women philosophers is particularly important because the vast majority of scholarship on the nineteenth century focuses on the German tradition. Consequently, unless we recover the work of German-speaking women, we will never change the narrative about this period. This makes the present anthology invaluable for both teaching and research. Edited by Gjesdal and Nassar, it contains new translations, nearly all by Anna Ezekiel, of texts by historical German-speaking women philosophers. Regarding teaching, many courses on post-Kantian European philosophy include no women until Beauvoir or Arendt. Such courses typically cover Fichte, Hegel, Marx, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Husserl, and Heidegger. The editors have clearly designed this volume to enable instructors easily to bring women into such courses, by providing extracts—of suitable lengths for teaching—from women affiliated respectively with German idealism and Romanticism (Germaine de Staël, Karoline von Günderrode, and Bettina von Arnim), Marxism (Clara Zetkin, Rosa Luxemburg), Nietzscheanism (Hedwig Dohm, Lou Salomé), and phenomenology (Edith Stein, Gerda Walther). Some of these women are already well-known as political activists, as with Luxemburg and Zetkin, or under the elastic heading of "writers," as with Staël and von Arnim. But this collection presents these women's writings in a new light, showcasing their philosophical side. After all, we have learned to read Marx and Nietzsche philosophically: why not extend the same courtesy to Staël or Luxemburg? For researchers, this collection will likewise be invaluable. Post-Kantian European philosophy has been slow to respond to the wider questioning and broadening of the traditional philosophical canon. It remains sadly common for narratives of nineteenth-century German philosophy to discuss men only—a position that this book makes untenable. [End Page 336] Hopefully it will galvanize philosophers to integrate these women into the historiography of the post-Kantian tradition at last. In the introduction, the editors helpfully contextualize the selected writings, arguing that these women's exclusion from academic institutions led them to philosophize in ways that spoke to general audiences, connected with lived experience, and addressed practical and political concerns. In short, these women did a type of philosophy that was not purified but socially engaged, and can be a model for us today. Thereafter the book consists of sections on nine women philosophers, ordered chronologically. Each section begins with an editorial introduction to the philosopher and her interests, ideas, writings, and interlocutors. The writings included from Staël—whose work spans the period from the French Revolution into Romanticism—are "On Women Writers" from...

The correlation of the voice and the piano parts in the vocal music of Schubert’s predecessors

This article analyzes the historical and cultural background of F. Schubert’s achievements in the field of chamber vocal music, in particular, in correlation with the vocal and piano parts. We are talking about the fact that the basis of Schubert’s Lied are the traditions of German and Austrian folk songs, the work of minnesingers, meistersingers, predecessor composers. Reliance on folklore determines the intonation, the rhythmic and structural patterns of Schubert’s songs. The influence of the masters of minnesang and meistersang is felt in the harmony and composition logic of the Austrian genius. The legacy of Mozart and Beethoven is especially close to the romantic achievements of Schubert. In the chamber-vocal music of these Viennese classics are used different types of correlation between the vocal and instrumental music scores: accompaniment prevails according to the principles of the general bass, but there are already some examples of relative independence of the music score ensemble. There appear instrumental introductions, conclusions, interludes. The texture of the piano part is diversified according to the types of presentation, and contains an imitation of the sounds of nature.

Europe Reinvents Its Security System—for the Short Term

Europe Reinvents Its Security System—for the Short Term note: The author would like to thank the Norwegian Ministry of Defence for its support of his research on the impact of the Ukraine war on the security situation in East Asia. It would be a platitude to state that the Russia-Ukraine war has had a massive impact on the European security system, but it is essential to emphasize that the fast and profound reconstruction of this traditionally well-structured system addresses primarily the most immediate security challenges, while mid- and long-term problems remain clouded in uncertainty. Russia's aggression against Ukraine, unleashed on February 24, 2022, after eight years of violent conflict, produced a painful shock for most European politicians and publics. Although Russia, through its invasion of Ukraine, hoped to create confusion and discord among its neighbors, the European Union has risen to the challenge, recognizing the invasion of Ukraine as a direct threat to the security of all stakeholders in regional peace. The immediacy of this threat has brought together Europe's interest-based and value-based policies and focused them on the common goal of ending the war with a just peace, ensured by resolve to increase investments in collective security. Europe has sustained its remarkable unity behind the commitment to ensure Russia's defeat, as the proceedings of the 2023 Munich Security Conference confirm.1 Impressive as these efforts have been, however, perhaps inevitably they deal only with the foreseeable future, the horizon of which may turn out to be very close indeed. U.S. Leadership Is Too Good to Last The onset of Russian aggression toward Ukraine not only severely distorted European designs for cooperative architecture and plans for resource allocation; it also called into question the basic tenets of European security philosophy. The belief that profitable economic engagement makes Russia a conflict-averse, even if difficult, partner was ingrained [End Page 30] in traditional German Ostpolitik as well as in French preferences for cultivating dialogue with Moscow, Italian eagerness to turn a blind eye to the smoldering conflict in eastern Ukraine, and many other self-deceptive policies. The break with these illusions was swift and radical, and the German term Zeitenwende (historical turning point) is applicable to many decisive turns in European policymaking all the way from Finland and Sweden down to Greece and Cyprus.2 One prominent feature in this war-driven revision of European security thinking is the broad acceptance of and increased demand for U.S. leadership, so that the long-running, even if not particularly productive, debates on security autonomy have been momentarily reduced to irrelevance.3 U.S. president Joe Biden has succeeded in alleviating the worries about the reliability of the U.S. security commitment that were generated by the policies of his predecessor, and he has delivered on the promise to build an alliance of democracies capable of withstanding the pressure from revisionist autocracies. The U.S. initiative that established the Ramstein format for coordinating the supply of arms to Ukraine has been crucial in making every difficult decision—from the delivery of mid-range strike weapon systems (such as the M142 HIMARS) to forming the "tank coalition" designed to empower the Ukrainian army to make a new counteroffensive breakthrough.4 The states that have embraced re-energized U.S. leadership, like Poland, have found their role in the new war-centric security system strongly reinforced, despite their infractions of core European democratic values and tensions with influential neighbors, such as Germany.5 This reconfiguration of the security structure around U.S. leadership remains key to the goal of ensuring Ukraine's capacity to restore its territorial integrity, but it will become incongruous after this victory is achieved. The issue is not only that [End Page 31] the United States needs to direct more attention to its domestic agenda and more resources to the competition with China in the Indo-Pacific theater, both of which will necessitate a significant reduction of its engagement in European affairs from the moment of Ukrainian triumph; no less important is that there has been a strong increase in the EU security profile, which is currently overshadowed by the focus...

Zwischen Transfer und Transformation: Horizonte der Rezeption von Musik Michele Calella and Benedikt Lessmann

This volume collects contributions to a lecture series held at the University of Vienna in 2017/18. The format of a lecture series offers advantages and disadvantages when discussing fundamental academic questions. One of the advantages is certainly the multiplicity of possible perspectives. One of the disadvantages is that the coherence of the discussion is always at risk. Each speaker, working in isolation, is tempted to develop the topic from scratch rather than in response to colleagues. In the present volume this leads to occasional redundancies and unresolved dissonances. Yet, individualism also has its charm. Each chapter deals with the topic of ‘music reception’ in a more or less direct way, so the authors usually offer introductions to related topics as well. The result is twelve rather free variations on a familiar theme, without further subdivision. In the 1970s musicologists, in exchange with the leading literary theorists, intensively discussed reception aesthetics and reception history. Carl Dahlhaus was sceptical about the feasibility of a reception history, given the confusing and incomplete nature of the sources. He also feared competition for attention with ‘the work’, which he preferred to focus on. Nevertheless, in the 1980s reception studies became firmly established in German musicology. Today’s interest in musical mobility and mediation address questions related to those of reception studies, but negotiate ideas using a different vocabulary: the terms ‘transfer’ and ‘transformation’, to which the volume’s title alludes, suggest this, and authors seek to probe these new perspectives, looking back at the long-established field of reception studies. Michele Calella, one of the co-editors, begins with a historical overview and some basic considerations on the specifics of reception as a musical phenomenon. He identifies successive phases of interest in ‘verbal reception’ of music (dominant in the 1970s), ‘performative reception’ (since the 1980s), followed by interest in ‘compositional reception’ (also since the 1980s). This suggests a musicological evasion of the reception-aesthetic ‘provocation’ (Hans Robert Jauss), according to which the (musical) work is not to be considered as an autonomous object, but primarily in terms of the receptive acts of the reader (listener). Within musicology, research on reception initially became synonymous with history of music criticism and public discourses on music, or was integrated into the work paradigm as musically articulated reception. Calella’s observation that the topic of reception was only taken up in the English-speaking world with some delay (around the turn of the millennium) (p. 21) seems contradictory, since he also points out how musicology in general foregrounded the reception phenomena in the course of its ‘cultural turn’. Perhaps the specifics of the German tradition of reception studies cannot be found in the English-speaking academic world; the reception-aesthetic ‘provocation’ may hide under another name or has been absorbed into a cultural studies-oriented praxeology of music. Calella’s concluding reference to sound studies and cultural-transfer research suggests such an expansion, or perhaps a dissolution, in which everything would somehow end up as an object of reception research that is not strictly related to the autonomous work or to the author’s intention.

Plasma Ferritin Concentrations in the General Population: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Anthropometric, Metabolic, and Dietary Correlates

BackgroundElevated concentrations of ferritin seem to be detrimental to human health while being quite common in the elderly. Data on dietary, anthropometric, and metabolic correlates of circulating ferritin levels in the elderly are scant. ObjectivesWe aimed to identify a dietary pattern, anthropometric, and metabolic traits associated with plasma ferritin status in an elderly cohort (n = 460, 57% male, age: 66 ± 12 y) from Northern Germany. MethodsPlasma ferritin levels were measured by immunoturbidimetry. Reduced rank regression (RRR) yielded a dietary pattern explaining 13% of the variation in circulating ferritin concentrations. Cross-sectional associations of anthropometric and metabolic traits with plasma ferritin concentrations were assessed using multivariable-adjusted linear regression analysis. Restricted cubic spline regression was used to identify nonlinear associations. ResultsThe RRR pattern was characterized by a high intake of potatoes, certain vegetables, beef, pork, processed meat, fats (frying and animal fat), and beer and a low intake of snacks, representing elements of the traditional German diet. BMI, waist circumference, and CRP were directly, HDL cholesterol inversely, and age nonlinearly associated with plasma ferritin concentrations (all P < 0.05). After additional adjustment for CRP, only the association of ferritin with age remained statistically significant. ConclusionHigher plasma ferritin concentrations were associated with a traditional German dietary pattern. The associations of ferritin with unfavorable anthropometric traits and low HDL cholesterol were rendered statistically nonsignificant upon additional adjustment for chronic systemic inflammation (measured as elevated biomarker of the measurement of inflammation (CRP)), suggesting that these associations were largely driven by the proinflammatory role of ferritin (an acute-phase reactant).

The Destiny of Phenomenology: Gadamer on Value, Globalism, and the Growth of Being

The Destiny of Phenomenology: Gadamer on Value, Globalism, and the Growth of Being

The architecture of transcendence: John Webster and Dietrich Bonhoeffer on divine agency, Christology and theological method

AbstractJohn Webster and Dietrich Bonhoeffer are two theologians invested in prioritising certain conceptions of divine transcendence within their respective theological projects. Specifically, both appeal to conceptions of divine transcendence and agency amidst what they understand to be the problematic naturalisation of theological discourse in modern Protestant theology, particularly within its liberal German traditions. The way they understand transcendence, however, and the doctrinal loci they choose to affect it, leads to different conceptualisations of the possibilities, scope and organisation of systematic theology. Where Webster (especially in his later work) seeks to prioritise God's immanent perfection and aseity through theology proper, Bonhoeffer instead emphasises God's freedom pro me within the person of Jesus Christ. These differences in first theological foundations have important consequences for the shape of theological method and doctrinal architecture within the practice of contemporary systematic theology.

The times they are a-changin’: profiling newly tenured business economics professors in Germany over the past thirty years

This study examines how the profiles of newly tenured business economics professors in Germany have changed over the past thirty years. We document how business economics professors have become more diverse over time, e.g., in terms of their gender and the internationality of their education. Furthermore, we show that the size of the professional networks of newly tenured professors increased strongly during our investigation period and that those professors who obtained tenure more recently publish with a stronger international focus than their peers who obtained tenure earlier. Most importantly, we find that the publication requirements for newly tenured business economics professors have changed over the past thirty years. Specifically, we document increased requirements for publications in highly renowned international journals. However, we also find that traditional German business economics journals (e.g., the Journal of Business Economics and the Schmalenbach Business Review) remain highly relevant outlets for recently tenured business economics professors. Thus, by documenting and quantifying these effects, our study contributes to research on business economics professors by highlighting how the times they are a-changin’.

Teaching as a pedagogical responsibility: an introduction

ABSTRACT In this special issue, the research interest is focused on classroom activities. To adequately understand and examine the classroom situation, the wholeness and complexity of the teaching situation should be maintained and paid attention as much as possible throughout the research process. In dialogues and comparisons between the German concept of Didaktik and the American concepts of curriculum theory and pedagogy, the differences between a European, continental, and Anglo-Saxon conceptualization of education often have been emphasized. Inspired by both the German tradition of Bildung and the American philosophy of pragmatism, we here understand classroom activity as communication on selected parts of collective knowledge and social culture, shaping the conditions for both the continuity and renewal of society. Furthermore, the concept of didactics is viewed as the conceptualization of empirically based pedagogical problems in classrooms. Even if both the traditions of Bildung and pragmatism embrace a reflective approach, Dewey’s pragmatism places more emphasis on freedom and openness in terms of communication across social boundaries and on a mutual dependency between education and democracy. In terms of democracy, a Deweyan view of pragmatism could thus contribute to the German didactic tradition and the meanings of the concepts of didactics and pedagogical responsibility.

Русская классика в немецкой книжной графике XX в.: особенности художественного мышления

The present paper actualizes the issue of graphic interpretation of the artistic text of Russian classics by German graphic artists. The study analyzes the specifics of artistic and imaginative thinking in the German tradition of book illustration by the example of illustrations for publications of Russian classics in the first half of the twentieth century. In particular, the paper examines graphic cycles of German expressionist artists of the 1920s, dedicated to the works of N. V. Gogol and F. M. Dostoevsky, as well as illustrations of Russian classical literature created by German artists who emigrated from Germany in the 1930s. The authors note that the style of German book illustration remained influenced by expressionism even in the post-war period, regardless of the cultural context, as evidenced, for example, by the works of graphic artists in the German Democratic Republic. The article also examines the book graphics of the Leipzig school and representatives of the Halle school. German graphic artists' works dedicated to the works of Russian classical literature provide rich material for the analysis of the mediated intercultural dialogue of artists with Russian writers and Russian culture. The authors explore the national originality of imaginative thinking in the Russian and German traditions, noting which aspects of the works the artists sought to emphasize, and which were ignored.

WERNER JAEGER: THE CONCEPT OF THE “THIRD HUMANISM”

The article examines the development of the classical humanist tradition in German thought of the 20th century and the main figure of this tradition - Werner Jaeger. The authors analyze the situation in German classical studies at the beginning of the 20th century and conclude that the German project of classical philology, Altertumswissenschaft, was in a state of crisis at that time. Jaeger and his associates proposed a way out of this crisis with the help of the concept of "third humanism". "Third humanism" became a significant phenomenon in the spiritual movement of the beginning of the 20th century in Europe. Jaeger calls this humanism "third", because he considers the first humanism of the Renaissance, and the second - German humanism of the 18-19 centuries. The main principle of "third humanism" is the conviction that ancient culture not only had a great influence on the peoples of subsequent eras, but also became an eternal model of culture for all mankind. Humanism is a tradition through which antiquity can give us an impetus to preserve the "immutable values" embodied in Greek culture. Jaeger also analyzes the influence of ancient humanism on medieval Christian thinkers and argues that they drew on ancient political philosophy in their teachings about the church. The authors explain the fact that Jaeger's concept was not widely known for a long time because it was falsely associated with Nazi ideology in Germany in the 1920s and 1930s. The article presents arguments against this misunderstanding of the third humanism and all Jaeger's ideas. The final conclusions from the article indicate that the concept of the third humanism is a promising direction in modern classical studies, it can also become an effective strategy of cultural development, education policy, which is oriented towards humanistic goals. The authors also insist that the ideology of the third humanism can become a way to develop a truly humanistic policy in the modern world.

The Importance of Being First: Economic and Non-economic Dimensions of Inventorship in American and German Law

Abstract This Article examines the right to be acknowledged as the first inventor of a new technology in patent law. Technological inventions usually result from cumulative research and development, and several people sometimes arrive at the same invention almost simultaneously. However, only one person is usually considered to be the “inventor,” and receives all the credit and honor. This Article focuses on the legal systems of Germany and the United States, comparing how they conceptualize the right to be seen as inventor. These systems have developed in substantially different philosophical and cultural climates: while the German legal system has been deeply influenced by Kantian and Hegelian thought, the American legal system has been inspired more strongly by liberal and utilitarian ideas. These two schools of philosophical thought have different perspectives on the relationship between personal identity and work; while the German tradition emphasizes the deeply personal relation between individuals and their work, the Anglo-Saxon approach is, in general, more instrumentalist and utilitarian with regard to work. One way in which these differences express themselves is the different ways in which the right to be acknowledged as the first inventor is understood and regulated. The right to be acknowledged as the first inventor is deeply connected with one’s identity as a professional, whether an engineer, technician, or scientist. On the other hand, this right does not necessarily have pecuniary significance. Hence, the protection of the right to be considered as the first inventor allows a glimpse into the different visions of identity and work found in these legal systems. This Article examines to what extent German and American legal systems recognize and protect the right to be perceived as the first inventor. It demonstrates that the two legal systems differ profoundly in the ways they perceive and protect the right to be considered as the first inventor. True to its visions of professional dignity, German law carefully protects this right, independently from any pecuniary interests. In contrast, American law grants a remarkably weak protection to the right to be considered as the first inventor, focusing primarily on its monetary aspects. Hence, one can here discover different visions of the role of individuals in society, and specifically of the role of individuals as creators and not just consumers. What is at stake here is whether questions of honor, dignity, and symbolic property, above and beyond material benefits, are recognized as playing a role in the economic system.

Німецькі концерни: повоєнне відродження та роль у відбудові економіки

The article is concerned with studying of the role of the role of big business in the post-war reconstruction of the German economy after the Second World War. The purpose of the article is to study the role of concerns in the post-war recovery of the German economy to extrapolate this experience in the development and implementation of the reconstruction plan of Ukraine. The main features of the German corporate sector in the post-war years are characterized based on the scientific analysis of historical and economic literature. As a result of the study, the largest concerns in traditional German industries were determined and the features of preserving the country's military-industrial potential were identified. The dual nature of the decartelization of German industry, which provided for the fight against monopoly and at the same time contributed to the preservation of large industrial enterprises, was determined. It is established that the rapid revival of industrial empires was made possible by a combination of skillful business management, favorable market conditions and the preservation of long-standing business connections from pre-war times. The importance of diversification of the activities of large enterprises in the post-war period in order to adapt to new conditions in the domestic and international markets is emphasized. The feature of German business such as family ties in family businesses which were important for post-war recovery is determined. The results of research are important for understanding the ways and methods of recovery of big business and the economy in general after the war, and also show that there are effective forms of combining the interests of the state, business and society, which ensured the rapid revival of Germany after the Second World War.