Traditional Terms Research Articles

Electrical shock injuries: an analysis of voltage, frequency, and contact mode determinants

This article examines the precision of medical terminology commonly used to diagnose and understand the pathogenesis of electrical shock injuries. As everyday technology increasingly depends on advanced electrical mechanisms that utilize more efficient modes of electrical energy transmission, waveforms, and frequencies, emergency and trauma physicians will continue to encounter a broader array of electrical injury manifestations. This phenomenon prompts a closer examination of the diagnostic terminology associated with electrical shocks. The pathogenesis of electrical injury depends on the tissue electric field strength, frequency, current duration, and tissues involved. Some traditional diagnostic terms, for example, “entry” and “exit” wounds, arc-flash burns, and “high-voltage” and “low-voltage” electrical injuries, obscure the complexity of this pathogenesis, likely impeding medical management and advances in electrical safety science. This article presents the scientific rationale for suggested changes to medical terminology and aims to encourage future refinement.

Confusão Aeroespacial

The article discusses the adoption of the term "Aerospace" in Brazilian Aeronautics, highlighting the impropriety of its use in place of traditional terms like "Air Power." The change in terminology has led to confusion and the creation of inadequate expressions, such as "Aerospace Sovereignty," which do not reflect the reality of outer space. The author argues that it is essential to maintain clear and precise terminology to avoid ambiguities and ensure that Brazilian Aeronautics aligns with international practices without losing its identity.

A Comparative Study Of Methods Employed By The Yangs And Hawkes For Translating Traditional Chinese Medicine Terms In Hong Lou Meng From The Perspective Of Reception Aesthetics

As the quintessence of our country, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is an essential part of traditional Chinese culture and contributes to the health of the Chinese nation. TCM gradually captures the attention of the world and delivers benefits to people from the world. Hong Lou Meng, one of China’s four great masterpieces, is an encyclopedic novel that involves more than 290 pieces of medical knowledge. From the perspective of reception aesthetics, this paper studies translation strategies of TCM terms in the Yangs and Hawkes translations of Hong Lou Meng, in order to provide reference for the English translation of TCM terminology

Prediction of fuel cell degradation trends using long short term memory optimization algorithm based on four-module experimental reactor validation

To solve the problem of life prediction of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), a novel stack with four modules was used to conduct experiments. With the consistent conditions of the experimental stack, the stack voltage data was used as a life indicator to predict the remaining life of PEMFCs and the trend of performance degradation, which was advantageous for early detection of stack operation problems and timely implementation of maintenance measures. Due to the difficulty of obtaining optimal hyperparameter combinations for traditional Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) neural networks through limited experiments, which affects the prediction accuracy, the Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm is introduced. This improved the accuracy of the test set for Module 1 by 10.154 %, and reduced the prediction error for remaining service life by 11.3 %. Modules 2 and 3 were validated using the optimization algorithm, the accuracy of the test set was improved by 12.289 % and 11.044 %, The prediction error for the remaining service life has been reduced by 21.17 and 28.21 h, respectively. The four-module experimental fuel cell stack can provide multiple operating conditions simultaneously to verify the accuracy and effectiveness of the hybrid prediction model proposed in this paper.

The combined effects of heatwaves, air pollution and greenery on the risk of frailty: a national cohort study

The associations between heatwaves and frailty, as well as the joint effects of heatwaves with air pollution and greenery, are currently unknown. This study leverages data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), which collected information from 6,400 older adults between 2011 and 2018. Our outcome variable was frailty, as measured by the frailty index (FI > 0.21). Heatwaves were defined based on maximum temperature, incorporating four thresholds (≥ 97.5%, 97.5%, 92.5%, and 90%) and three durations (≥ 2, 3, and 4 days). These variables were considered as time-varying variables, representing the one-year exposure preceding survival events. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and greenery (normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)) were utilized as indicators of air pollution and greenery exposure, respectively, and were treated as time-varying indicators concurrent with heatwaves.Time-varying Cox proportional hazards models were employed to assess the independent effects, as well as the multiplicative and additive interactions of heatwaves, air pollution, and greenery on the risk of frailty. These effects were quantified using hazard ratios (HRs), a traditional product term representing the ratio of HRs, and the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI). Our findings indicate that heatwaves are associated with an increased risk of frailty, with HRs ranging from 1.035 (95% CI: 1.006–1.064) to 1.063 (95% CI: 1.028–1.101). We observed both a positive multiplicative interaction (HRs > 1) and an additive interaction (RERI > 0) between high level PM2.5 concentration, lack of greenery, and heatwaves. This study reveals that the combined effects exacerbate the adverse impact of heatwaves on the risk of frailty. Moreover, the combined effects of heatwaves, air pollution, and greenery exposure on frailty risk vary across age, gender, and educational attainment.

Class Identity Signaling through the Strategic Rebranding of Traditional Egyptian Food-Related Terms on Digital Platforms

This study investigates the way re-branding traditional Egyptian food-related terms is strategically used by an emerging socio-economic class to assert their class identity in digital milieus. Specifically, it analyzes the strategies employed for the Englishization and hybridization of culinary culture and examines the underlying socio-cultural motivations and dynamics driving such an innovative linguistic practice. Drawing on insights from sociolinguistics and sociology, we analyzed two data sets collected by means of an online survey and semi-structured interviews. Findings revealed that there is an emerging exclusive socio-economic class that manifests itself through specific lexical preferences based on diverse types of lexical borrowings. Additionally, the Englishization of traditional Egyptian food-related terms partially drove the emerging class’s rejection of social equality and solidarity with collective socio-cultural Egyptian identity. Such a class division, primarily initiated on digital platforms, was found to be motivated by complex factors at play, including age, gender, educational level, lifestyle, technology usage, etc. The findings of this study have implications for understanding the intersection of language, class identity, and technology in contemporary Egyptian society.

On Translating the Names of Harem Offices in Tang China (618–907) into Russian

Analysis and attempt to precisely translate the traditional Chinese administrative terms into Russian can be very interesting and fruitful for the understanding of the basic concepts of Chinese culture. Each title more or less explicitly encodes general ideas about the social functions of an institution or office and about the supposed ways to perform these functions. Of special interest are those cases when it is impossible to find a close Western functional analogue for the name and, therefore, it is impossible to simply replace the Chinese term with a Western one instead of trans­lati ng it. In cases cases, each name just was the function. The name is an extremely concise symbolic, allegorical description of the ideal concepts about the tasks that the state sets for this institution or official, and, at the same time, of the ideal concepts about the methods by which these tasks will be implemented. Having understood the name, we get an idea of both the task and the method. Interesting examples of such names are the positions of the female staff of the institution that we traditionally call the imperial harem.

A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Traditional Marriage Terms in Awgbu-Igbo

This research is a sociolinguistic analysis of traditional marriage terms in Awgbu, an Igbo-speaking community in Anambra State, Nigeria. The study, which adopts a qualitative research design, aims to gain insights into the social, cultural and linguistic changes in Awgbu-Igbo regarding traditional marriage terms. For data collection, indigenous Awgbu older men and women from the five villages in Awgbu who are knowledgeable in traditional marriage practices of Awgbu were interviewed using traditional marriage list of Awgbu. Traditional marriage terms, consisting of 40 terms, were collected from their responses. The theoretical framework for data analysis is J.R. Firth’s (1957) and Fillmore (1984) Lexical Semantics Theory. The findings from this research show that traditional marriage terms have socio-cultural significance in Awgbu. These terms have also changed due to globalisation, modernisation, and Christianity. Such changes involve the eradication of the ị́gbāḿmị́ị́ ceremony and ínēnē ụ́nọ̀ rites due to globalisation. Also, the use of òbènè (calabash), ìtóòtù (ceramic pot) and ìkóḿmị́ị̄/ḿmānyá (traditional cups) are now replaced with gallons, plastic and breakable cups. Likewise, the practice of égwúìtìrìm̀mọ́nwụ́ which involves dance and music performance is no longer feasible, signaling the loss of an exciting Awgbu culture.

ANALYSIS OF MERCHANT BANKING IN INDIA Niranjan Kumar Jha

Original Definition: A Merchant Bank is a British term for a bank providing various financial services such as accepting bills arising out of trade, providing advice on acquisitions, mergers, foreign exchange, underwriting new issues, and portfolio management. The Focus Definition: A Merchant Bank can be generally described as a financial services company with a private equity investment arm offering investment banking and ancillary services as well. Because a merchant bank acts not only as an advisor and broker but also as a principal, a merchant bank has a longer-term approach than a typical investment bank and is highly concerned with the viability of each investment opportunity and providing the right advice for a strong partnership with each client company. Modern Definition: A merchant bank is a financial institution providing capital to companies in the form of share ownership instead of loans. A merchant bank also provides advisory on corporate matters to the firms in which they invest. In the United Kingdom, the historical term "merchant bank" refers to a bank. A Merchant Bank can be generally described as a financial services company with a private equity investment arm offering investment banking and ancillary services as well. Because a merchant bank acts not only as an advisor and broker but also as a principal, a merchant bank has a longer term approach than a typical investment bank and is highly concerned with the viability of each investment opportunity and providing the right advice for a strong partnership with each client company. In banking, a merchant bank is a traditional term for an Investment Bank. It can also be used to describe the private equity activities of banking. This article is about the history of banking as developed by merchants, from the Middle Ages onward. Merchant banking is an important service provided by a number of financial institutions that helps in the growth of the corporate sector which ultimately reflects into the overall economic development of the country. Merchant banks were expected to perform several functions like issue management, underwriting, portfolio management, loan syndication, consultant, advisor and host of other activities. Merchant banking is a combination of banking and consultancy services.

Chains of supplies in insurance services

Insurance activity involves the work of several entities, aimed at creating an insurance product, which is then offered to clients. In traditional terms, the management of chains of insurance services supplies focused on ensuring that actions taken by external entities in respect of insurance undertakings were not detrimental to the stability and security of insurance sector. The number of challenges faced nowadays concerning social and environmental issues results in a pressure from the public on major enterprises, including those from the insurance sector, that their and their subcontractors’ activities give rise to the least negative effects possible. The result of such pressure is also that the insurance and reinsurance undertakings are starting to implement the system of supplies chains management.The aim of this article is to present the legal provisions in force concerning chains of supplies in insurance services, as well as to analyse non-normative sources that may be a basis for the management of chains of insurance services supplies in accordance with the ESC principles. The article also discusses EU legislation proposals concerning sustainable development that have a direct impact on the chains of supplies in insurance sector

Near-Optimal Stochastic Bin-Packing in Large Service Systems with Time-Varying Item Sizes

In modern computing systems, jobs' resource requirements often vary over time. Accounting for this temporal variability during job scheduling is essential for meeting performance goals. However, theoretical understanding on how to schedule jobs with time-varying resource requirements is limited. Motivated by this gap, we propose a new setting of the stochastic bin-packing problem in service systems that allows for time-varying job resource requirements, also referred to as 'item sizes' in traditional bin-packing terms. In this setting, a job or 'item' must be dispatched to a server or 'bin' upon arrival. Its resource requirement varies over time as a Markov chain while in service. Our goal is to minimize the expected number of active servers, or 'non-empty bins', in the steady state. Under our problem formulation, we develop a job dispatch policy, named Join-Requesting-Server (JRS). We show that in the asymptotic regime where the job arrival rate scales large linearly with respect to a scaling factor r, JRS achieves an additive optimality gap of O(√r) in the objective value, where the optimal objective value is Θ(r). Our approach highlights a novel policy conversion framework that utilizes the solution of a single-server problem.

Novel Use of Fractal Analysis for Quantifying Polymethylmethacrylate Distribution Patterns in Osteoporotic and Malignant Vertebral Compression Fractures Following Vertebroplasty.

Purpose: Fractal analysis is a mathematical tool which allows the evaluation of complex microstructural features within materials that cannot be expressed in traditional geometric terms. The purpose of this study is to quantify the differences in polymethylmethacrylate intravertebral cement spatial distribution patterns following vertebroplasty using fractal analysis through the examination of osteoporotic and malignant compression fractures. Methods: Frontal and lateral post-vertebroplasty radiographs were evaluated from 29 patients with osteoporotic and malignant compression fractures who underwent vertebroplasty. The individually treated vertebra were divided into osteoporotic (n = 35) and malignant groups (n = 41). Images underwent segmentation, thresholding, and binarization prior to fractal analysis. Fractal dimension and lacunarity values were derived from the region of interest in treated vertebrae using the "box-counting" and "gliding-box" techniques respectively using ImageJ. The mean values of both parameters were compared between the 2 groups. Results: The mean fractal dimension was significantly higher in the malignant vertebral compression fracture group (1.53 ± 0.08) compared to the osteoporotic group (1.34 ± 0.17; P < .001). Similarly, mean lacunarity values were significantly higher in the malignant fracture group (0.50 ± 0.09) compared to the osteoporotic group (0.37 ± 0.10; P < .001). Conclusions: Fractal dimension and lacunarity values of cement spatial distribution patterns obtained from the post-vertebroplasty radiographs can differentiate between benign osteoporotic and malignant vertebral compression fractures. This novel technique may be useful for evaluating cement spatial distribution patterns in spine augmentation procedures, although further research is warranted in this area.

CARDO AND DECUMANUS IN THE HISTORICAL URBAN PLANNING OF KYIV

The article clarifies conceptual meaning of the classical terms of the ancient gromatic (urban planning) art — "cardo" and "decumanus". The issue of continuity of the Roman, Byzantine and Old Russian planning traditions is considered on the example of the city of Yaroslav’s layout in Kyiv. The planning value of the Golden Gate in Kyiv and Constantinople has been determined. The conclusion is made about the foundation of the city of Yaroslav after begining of the St. Sophia Cathedral construction. The development of the main planning axis of the city — cardo — is shown in the project of the classical reconstruction of Kyiv in the first half of the 19th and in 20th century. The problem of using traditional terms and concepts of ancient urban planning in modern research and urban planning practice is posed. In accordance with the clearly established boundaries of the ancient castrum on the territory of Kyiv Podol, the routes of its main streets can be clearly read. So the cardo (Via Praetoria) goes from north to south, approximately from the intersection of Mezhihirska and Yaroslavska streets (rear-guard gate, Porta Decumana), through the intersection of Kostyantynivska and Horiva Street (Pretoria), to the avant-garde gate (Rorta Praetoria) within the T-intersection of Frolivska Street with Borychiv Tik (one of the oldest streets in the city). From this place, the antique Podilska cardo in medieval times continued with Andriyivsky Uzvoz and the cardo of the new town of Yaroslav (1034), and at the beginning of the 19th century. within the limits of the classicist general plan of the city — along Volodymyrska Street to the south. In this way, we record the steady development of the urban planning tradition in Kyiv from the very beginning of the city's existence. Of course, one can question the legality of the application of the Roman- Byzantine urban planning concepts "cardo" and "decuman" in relation to the modern city. However, the planning structure of the central part of Kyiv within the boundaries of the Dnieper and Lybedi rivers did not develop all at once, but over the course of two thousand years of successive urban development, therefore the basic principles that determined the main features and directions of growth are critically important for understanding the urban design of the city to this day.

TRANSFORMATION OF THE PRACTICE OF GIVING 'LIN WELIN LETO WOTER' IN KROWE ETHNIC MARRIAGES: ANALYSIS OF CAUSAL FACTORS AND COMMUNITY RESPONSE

This research explores the transformation of the practice of giving "Lin Welin Leto Woter" in Krowe ethnic marriages in Sikka Regency, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, examining the influence of ideological, social, and material factors. Using qualitative methodology, data were collected through observation, interviews, and document analysis. The results reveal ideological shifts driven by modernity and globalization, social tensions triggered by manipulation within the community, and economic impacts driving adaptation. Despite facing challenges, the Krowe community demonstrates resilience by incorporating personal symbols and adjusting practices. Traditional terms persist alongside new practices, reflecting cultural continuity. From a theoretical perspective, these practices reflect the flexibility of cultural symbols, inviting further investigation. In conclusion, the Krowe community's response reaffirms their ability to navigate change while preserving cultural identity, suggesting avenues for further research and recommendations to support cultural preservation. Keywords: cultural transformation, ideological shifts, Krowe ethnic marriages, resilience, social tensions

Morphosyntactic Annotation in Literary Stylometry

This article investigates the stylometric usefulness of morphosyntactic annotation. Focusing on the style of literary texts, it argues that including morphosyntactic annotation in analyses of style has at least two important advantages: (1) maintaining a topic agnostic approach and (2) providing input variables that are interpretable in traditional grammatical terms. This study demonstrates how widely available Universal Dependency parsers can generate useful morphological and syntactic data for texts in a range of languages. These data can serve as the basis for input features that are strongly informative about the style of individual novels, as indicated by accuracy in classification tests. The interpretability of such features is demonstrated by a discussion of the weakness of an “authorial” signal as opposed to the clear distinction among individual works.

Mushroom Picking as a Special Form of Recreation and Tourism in Woodland Areas—A Case Study of Poland

The paper looks at the potential benefits of mushrooms in terms of health, recreation, and tourism. Mycotourism is an innovative, specialised tourism product that has been successfully introduced in some regions of the world, helping to combat seasonality and promote economic development in rural areas. The aim of the study was to analyse the development of mycotourism in Poland in comparison with other countries. As a method, a questionnaire on the cultural significance of mushrooms was developed and disseminated via social media. It was found that there are strong mycophilic tendencies in Poland, leading to a strong interest in mushrooms, both in terms of cultural and culinary traditions. They are also a factor that attracts tourists to the forest areas. In contrast, the UK and Germany are more mycophobic, resulting in a lower interest in mushrooms, limited culinary use, and a lower awareness of their role in the ecosystem and their potential health benefits. The low average score for knowledge of mushrooms in countries such as the UK indicates a need for increased mycological education that can contribute to a better understanding of the conservation of these important components of the forest floor. The high proportion of people who see mushroom picking in Poland as a form of recreation emphasises its role as an important cultural and potential nature tourism asset. In Poland, where long traditions are associated with mushrooms and mushroom picking, they have a strong influence on the choice of mycological tourism, especially in regions with a rich tradition of mushroom picking. The high percentage of mushrooms used for culinary purposes, especially in Poland, emphasises their value and influences the health component of the diet, which is rich in proteins, vitamins, and minerals. Research has shown that mushroom consumption and its effects on health are perceived positively. This is evidenced by higher ratings in Poland than in the UK and Germany, indicating a general awareness of the health benefits of mushrooms, even though their use in medicine remains limited. The low level of awareness of the role of mushrooms and their potential health benefits suggests that educational and promotional activities should be increased to sensitise the public to mushrooms.

MeSH-Based Semantic Weighting Scheme to Enhance Document Indexing: Application on Biomedical Document Classification

Document indexing phase plays a significant role in text mining applications such as text document classification. The common indexing paradigm is based on terms frequency in documents known as Bag Of Words (BOW)-based representation approach. However, such classical approach suffers from ambiguity and disparity of words. In addition, traditional term weighting schemes, such as TF-IDF, exploit only the statistical information of terms in documents. To overcome these problems, we have been interested in biomedical semantic document indexing using concepts extracted from the knowledge resource MeSH. Thus, we have focused first on a disambiguation method to identify the adequate senses of ambiguous MeSH concepts and we have considered four representation enrichment strategies to identify the best appropriate representatives of the adequate sense in the textual entities representation. Second, we propose to introduce a semantic weighting scheme that quantifies MeSH concept’s importance in documents through their occurrence frequency and semantic similarities with unambiguous MeSH concepts. Our contribution lies particularly in the in-depth experimental study of the performance of these methods and precisely the impact of the semantic weighting scheme on the performance. To do that, three benchmark datasets TREC 2004 genomics, BioCreative II and OHSUMED were used.

Potential Risk of Frost in the Growing Season in Poland

Fruits, garden plants, and agricultural crops grown in Poland exhibit wide variations in their sensitivity to frost, particularly in early spring. In the case of frost, generally, the yield and quality are reduced, and sometimes, entire plants can be destroyed. This article characterizes the occurrence of ground frosts (at 5 cm agl) and air frosts (at 200 cm agl) in Poland gathered from 52 meteorological stations affiliated with IMGW-PIB between 1971 and 2020. To assess the real risk of frost to plants, the variability of this phenomenon was analyzed per thermal growing season (defined as air temperature &gt;5 °C), rather than in traditional calendar terms as presented in most studies. In the climatic conditions of Poland, the growing season is characterized by a reported 28 days with ground frost and 13.3 days with air frost, approximately. In spring, the last ground frost disappears, on average, on a country scale, on May 14, and air frost on April 27. In turn, in autumn, the first ground frost is recorded, on average, on 1 October and air frost on 14 October. On the basis of the selected characteristics of frost and the growing season, four areas of potential risk of ground and air frost in the growing season, as well as in spring, were determined with the use of cluster analysis.

Inherited retinal dystrophies and orphan designations in the European Union.

Inherited Retinal Dystrophies (IRD) are diverse rare diseases that affect the retina and lead to visual impairment or blindness. Research in this field is ongoing, with over 60 EU orphan medicinal products designated in this therapeutic area by the Committee for Orphan Medicinal Products (COMP) at the European Medicines Agency (EMA). Up to now, COMP has used traditional disease terms, like retinitis pigmentosa, for orphan designation regardless of the product's mechanism of action. The COMP reviewed the designation approach for IRDs taking into account all previous Orphan Designations (OD) experience in IRDs, the most relevant up to date scientific literature and input from patients and clinical experts. Following the review, the COMP decided that there should be three options available for orphan designation concerning the condition: i) an amended set of OD groups for therapies that might be used in a broad spectrum of conditions, ii) a gene-specific designation for targeted therapies, and iii) an occasional term for products that do not fit in the above two categories. The change in the approach to orphan designation in IRDs caters for different scenarios to allow an optimum approach for future OD applications including the option of a gene-specific designation. By applying this new approach, the COMP increases the regulatory clarity, efficiency, and predictability for sponsors, aligns EU regulatory tools with the latest scientific and medical developments in the field of IRDs, and ensures that all potentially treatable patients will be included in the scope of an OD.

Aristov, V. (2023). Idem-forma: The search of ‘identity in the dissimilar’ in literature and other arts. Moscow, St. Petersburg: Tsent gumanitarnykh initsiativ. (In Russ.)

The central notion in Vladimir Aristov’s book is Idem-forma, advanced by the author for the analysis of literary similarities that are not covered by the traditional comparative terms, e. g., contacts or typology. A physicist and a poet, Aristov undertakes the task of scholarly investigation in the style of an essay. The first three of twelve chapters in his book treat the problem theoretically in a broad context of the modern mind. Nine chapters deal with the cases of the ‘identity in the dissimilar,’ suggesting hypotheses of similarity in poetry, prose, and interdisciplinary affinities. The major cases are those where the similarity, no matter how much open to comparative argumentation, allows for viewing two works in a new light, or establishing a plausible typological parallel between them, as it is done for the novels by A. Platonov and W. Faulkner, M. Bulgakov and T. Mann. Idem-forma is an attempt to attract attention to those literary and artistic events that demand an attentive eye towards similar syntactic and rhythmic patterns in poetry, or plots and characters in prose which do not lie on the surface to be related or explained but are supposed to interact in the domain of world literature.