Traditional Suspension Research Articles

Numerical study on heat transfer and pressure performance of different suspension nozzles

The drying process of the lithium battery pole pieces makes extensive use of the suspension nozzle. It is of great significance to study the heat transfer and pressure steady-state characteristics of the suspension nozzle and to select the appropriate nozzle structure for the production of pole pieces. Based on the SSTk-ω\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\ ext{SST }}k - \\omega$$\\end{document} turbulence model, this article numerically simulates the impact jet process of suspension nozzles with slits, injection holes, and effusion holes. There is a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the distribution of their velocity field, temperature field, local Nusselt number, average Nusselt number, local pressure coefficient, and average pressure coefficient, and the comprehensive performance index of the nozzle is proposed. The results show that when the weight factor of heat transfer performance α is less than 21.61% and the weight factor of pressure performance β is more than 78.39%, the comprehensive performance of the traditional suspension nozzle with double slits is the best. As the α is increasing, the β is decreasing. The comprehensive performance of the suspension nozzle with effusion holes is the best. The turbulent intermittence, interaction between neighbouring jets, and edge effects affect the heat transfer and pressure uniformity of the suspension nozzle.

Measurement of particle size in suspension based on VIS-NIR-RGB sensors and gradient-boosted regression tree

To better utilize the spectral features of near-infrared and visible light and address issues in traditional suspension particle size detection, such as long measurement cycles, high costs, and complex operation, we propose a new method that combines multispectral sensor characterization technology with machine learning algorithms for rapid particle size measurement. By integrating a lab-designed light source driving circuit and spectral data acquisition device, we obtained 15 spectral data points for visible light, near-infrared, and red–blue–green (RGB) values to build a prediction model. The near-infrared-based model obtained a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9130, whereas models combining RGB-near-infrared and visible-near-infrared features performed best, with R2 values of 0.9670 and 0.9845. These models improved performance by 5.91% and 7.83%, effectively overcoming the limitations of single spectral features in different suspensions. This combination of visible and near-infrared light with machine learning proves effective for detecting average particle size in suspensions.

Controller of Pneumatic Muscles Implemented in Active Seat Suspension

In this work, we present a study on seat suspension technology that integrates pneumatic muscles, marking a significant advancement in active vibration control. This innovative approach addresses the limitations of traditional suspension systems, providing enhanced comfort and adaptability. A key achievement is the development of a mathematical model for controlling horizontal seat vibration, which serves as a valuable design tool for evaluating seat suspension under various conditions and control strategies. The creation of a custom microcontroller, benchmarked against a standard from National Instruments, highlights the practical applications of this research. Positive results suggest a promising future for this technology in industrial settings, where vibration reduction is critical. The system’s scalability and user-adjustable signal levels further enhance its potential for widespread industrial adoption.

An experimental investigation of an energy regeneration suspension

Energy absorbed from road bumps in traditional suspensions is dissipated as heat. An energy regeneration suspension (ERS) has the capability to capture and store this energy in batteries. It has the potential to be used in several categories of vehicles, encompassing cars, trucks, buses, and even trains. ERS technology shows significant promise in enhancing the fuel efficiency and environmental sustainability of vehicles. In this paper, the design of an ERS that converts kinetic energy into electrical energy is presented. The primary objective is to identify key design parameters that result in high magnetic intensity levels in the air gap of the ERS model. Optimizing these parameters is essential to maximize the advantages of ERS while minimizing any drawbacks. The study investigates the impact of different magnetic permeability materials in the ERS model using ANSYS software. A test rig is established based on the analysis results to assess the energy regeneration efficiency of the ERS model under various excitations. Experimental results demonstrate that ERS models with higher permeability inner sleeves exhibit superior energy regeneration efficiency.

Dynamic modelling and analysis of a physics-driven strategy for vibration control of railway vehicles

This work introduces a new control strategy that prioritises low computational load and ease of implementation, with the objective of enhancing the vertical suspension performance of railway vehicles. The vibration isolation technology that leverages the interaction and combination of structure, device, and control is discussed. The advantage of the combination of structure and control is investigated. The phase–frequency relationship of the control strategy and the dynamic response under various physical structural configurations are analyzed. Furthermore, a physics-driven control strategy is presented, in which the optimised structure can enhance the control effect. To verify the proposed physics-driven strategy, the fundamental mechanism between the control strategy and the physical structure is investigated, and the performance of the physics-driven strategy based on inertial suspensions is verified under modified track irregularity with periodic roughness. The results indicate that the proposed physics-driven strategy can significantly improve the vibration isolation quality. For example, the acceleration of a car body is over 10% lower than that realised with the traditional suspension. Furthermore, the physics-driven control strategy maintains the simplicity of the conventional skyhook damper control. This work proposes a new design principle for vibration control systems that has significant potential for practical applications.

In Situ Array Microextraction and Metabolic Profiling of Small Extracellular Vesicles to Guide and Monitor Maternal Delivery.

The advantages of small extracellular vesicles (sEV) in disease management have become increasingly prominent, with the main challenge lying in meeting the demands of large-scale extraction and high-throughput analysis, a crucial aspect in the realm of precision medicine. To overcome this challenge, an engineered on-plate aptamer array (16×24 spots) is developed for continuous scale-up microextraction of plasma sEV and their in situ metabolic analysis using mass spectrometry. With this integrated array strategy, metabolic profiles of sEV are acquired from the plasma of 274 antenatal or postpartum women, reducing analysis time by half (7.5h) and sample volume by 95% (only 0.125µL usage) compared to the traditional suspension method. Moreover, using machine learning algorithms on sEV metabolic profiles, a risk score system is constructed that accurately assesses the need for epidural analgesia during childbirth and the likelihood of post-administration fever. The system, based on admission samples, achieves an impressive 94% accuracy. Furthermore, post-administration fever can be identified from delivery samples, reaching an overall accuracy rate of 88%. This work offers real-time monitoring of the childbirth process that can provide timely guidance for maternal delivery, underscoring the significance of sEV detection in large-scale clinical samples for medicine innovation and advancement.

Research on Efficient Suspension Vibration Reduction Configuration for Effectively Reducing Energy Consumption

Reducing vehicle energy consumption is crucial for sustainable development, especially in the context of energy crises and environmental pollution. Energy regenerative suspension offers a promising solution, yet its practical implementation faces challenges like inertial mass issues, cost, and reliability concerns. This study introduces a novel suspension configuration, optimizing shock absorber technology with energy regenerative principles. The objective is to drastically cut energy consumption. Through a frequency domain analysis, this study identifies the root causes of increased energy consumption and worsened vibration in traditional suspensions. This study presents a comparative analysis of the frequency-domain characteristics between the novel suspension configuration and the traditional one. This study reveals that the new configuration exhibits a low-pass filtering effect on the shock absorber’s velocity, effectively minimizing vibrations in the low-frequency range, while mitigating their impact in the high-frequency range. This approach mitigates the trade-off between increased energy consumption and worsened vibration in the high-frequency range, making it a promising solution. Simulations show that this configuration significantly reduces acceleration by 7.04% and suspension power consumption by 10.47% at 60 km/h on the D-level road, while maintaining handling stability. This makes it a promising candidate for future energy-efficient suspension systems.

MAGNO TUNE: ADVANCED ROAD SURFACE RECOGNITION & EMS OPTIMIZATION

Electromagnetic suspension systems represent a revolutionary technology in the automotive industry, offering unparalleled comfort, control, and safety in vehicle dynamics. This project delves into the design, implementation, and performance evaluation of electromagnetic suspension systems used in vehicles and road surface detection. This paper is an overview of traditional suspension systems and their limitations in providing a smooth ride quality while maintaining optimal handling characteristics. It then introduces electromagnetic suspension systems as an innovative solution to these challenges. Key components and principles of electromagnetic suspension systems are discussed, including electromagnetic actuators and sensors for road surface detection. The integration of these components into the vehicle chassis is explained, highlighting the synergy between mechanical and electrical engineering disciplines. Furthermore, the project explores the benefits of electromagnetic suspension systems, such as enhanced ride comfort, improved stability, and adaptive damping capabilities. Overall, this project provides valuable insights into the advancements and applications of electromagnetic suspension systems, paving the way for the future of vehicle ride and handling dynamics.

Optimal Design and Performance Evaluation of HMDV Inertial Suspension Based on Generalized Skyhook Control

The hub motor driven vehicle (HMDV), due to the increase in unsprung mass and the influence of uneven electromagnetic radial forces from road excitations, results in the deterioration of body acceleration, significantly impacting ride comfort. This seriously impacts ride comfort. However, the inerter proves effective in reducing low-frequency vibrations in body acceleration, and skyhook control significantly enhances ride comfort. To fully exploit the benefits of the inerter, comprehensively elevate skyhook control performance, and effectively counteract the worsening of body acceleration caused by the hub motor, this study integrates skyhook control with an inertial suspension system. This integration markedly improves the suspension’s low-frequency isolation performance, thereby substantially enhancing vehicle ride comfort. Firstly, establish a quarter-vehicle dynamics suspension model based on the Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) driven wheel motor system. Subsequently, confirm the constraints of two different generalized skyhook inertial suspension structures separately and optimize their parameters to determine the most suitable parameters for each structure. Finally, analyze the impact of these two suspension types on body acceleration to derive the optimal structure. Simulation results demonstrate that, compared to traditional suspensions, the optimized generalized skyhook inertial suspensions reduce the Root Mean Square (RMS) values of body acceleration and suspension working space by 18.8% and 22%, respectively. This reduction is particularly significant in the 0[Formula: see text]2[Formula: see text]Hz frequency range, effectively enhancing ride comfort. It also adequately validates the effective utilization of the advantages of inertial suspensions and skyhook control.

Analysis of the isolation performance of two operator’s seat suspension systems

From the good isolation results of Negative-Stiffness (NS) suspension and Three-Parallel (TP) suspension, the new isolation models designed by NSTP suspension (combination of NS and TP) and TPNS suspension (combination of TP and NS) to improve the operator’s shaking and riding quality have been investigated based on a 3-D dynamic model of car. Sensitivity of initial parameters in NSTP and TPNS suspension are analyzed and optimised via root mean square of the vertical acceleration ( a wzs), pitching acceleration ( a wϕs), and rolling acceleration ( a wθs) of operator’s seat. Research shows that (1) the vertical-riding quality in operator’s seat designed by NSTP and TPNS suspension is enhanced by 54.9% and 55.5% compared to the traditional suspension of operator’s seat; (2) the isolation efficiency in the vertical direction of both NSTP and TPNS suspension is similar. However, the a wϕs and a wθs with TPNS suspension are greatly deteriorated by 48.9% and 54.5% in comparison with NSTP suspension; (3) design parameters of NSTP suspension greatly affect the a wzs, a wϕs, and a wθs; whereas design parameters of TPNS suspension insignificantly affect the a wzs, a wϕs, and a wθs; and (4) the a wzs, a wϕs, and a wθs with optimised TPNS suspension are smaller than designed TPNS suspension by 42.8%, 71.3%, and 78.1%, respectively. Therefore, optimised TPNS suspension should be applied to further ameliorate operator’s shaking and riding quality.

Optimizing Hydro-Pneumatic Inerter Suspension for Improved Ride Comfort and Handling Stability in Engineering Vehicles Using Simulated Annealing Algorithm

This study introduces a novel hydro-pneumatic inerter suspension (HPIS) system for engineering vehicles, aiming at enhancing ride comfort and handling stability. The research focuses on addressing the limitations of conventional suspension systems by incorporating an inerter element into the vehicle suspension. The unique aspects of HPIS, such as nonlinear stiffness and nonlinear damping characteristics of the hydro-pneumatic spring, are explored. Firstly, a half-car dynamic model of the HPIS suspension is established, and an improved simulated annealing algorithm is applied to optimize the suspension parameters. Then, we compare the dynamic performance of different HPIS structures, specifically parallel and series layouts. For practical analysis, a simplified three-element HPIS suspension model is used, and the suspension parameters are optimized by a simulated annealing algorithm at speeds of 10 m/s, 15 m/s, and 20 m/s. Key findings reveal that compared to the traditional suspension system of S0, the front and rear suspension working space of S1 decreased by 40%, 40.1%, 40.2% and 30.7%, 30.8%, 30.9%, while with the body acceleration and pitch acceleration deteriorated by 3.1%, 3.2%, 3.3% and 63.4%, 63.8%, 64.0%. However, the S2 can improve all the dynamic performance and offer better ride comfort and handling stability.

A basement membrane extract-based three-dimensional culture system promotes the neuronal differentiation of cochlear Sox10-positive glial cells in vitro

Spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) in the mammalian cochleae are essential for the delivery of acoustic information, and damage to SGNs can lead to permanent sensorineural hearing loss as SGNs are not capable of regeneration. Cochlear glial cells (GCs) might be a potential source for SGN regeneration, but the neuronal differentiation ability of GCs is limited and its properties are not clear yet. Here, we characterized the cochlear Sox10-positive (Sox10+) GCs as a neural progenitor population and developed a basement membrane extract-based three-dimensional (BME-3D) culture system to promote its neuronal generation capacity in vitro. Firstly, the purified Sox10+ GCs, isolated from Sox10-creER/tdTomato mice via flow cytometry, were able to form neurospheres after being cultured in the traditional suspension culture system, while significantly more neurospheres were found and the expression of stem cell-related genes was upregulated in the BME-3D culture group. Next, the BME-3D culture system promoted the neuronal differentiation ability of Sox10+ GCs, as evidenced by the increased number, neurite outgrowth, area of growth cones, and synapse density as well as the promoted excitability of newly induced neurons. Notably, the BME-3D culture system also intensified the reinnervation of newly generated neurons with HCs and protected the neurospheres and derived-neurons against cisplatin-induced damage. Finally, transcriptome sequencing analysis was performed to identify the characteristics of the differentiated neurons. These findings suggest that the BME-3D culture system considerably promotes the proliferation capacity and neuronal differentiation efficiency of Sox10+ GCs in vitro, thus providing a possible strategy for the SGN regeneration study.

Vibratory Impact of 3 Different Ambulance Suspension Systems on the Simulated Neonate and Health Care Provider During Normal Driving Conditions

ObjectivePatients and health care providers experience varying degrees of vibration during interfacility ground transport. The impact of vibration on term and preterm neonates may result in physiologic instability and increased risk of intracranial hemorrhage, whereas the impact on health care providers has been shown to include an increase in perceived and physiologic stress levels and may contribute to chronic back and neck pain. This study aimed to evaluate 3 common ambulance suspension systems and the corresponding vibratory impact produced during typical interfacility driving conditions on adult caregiver and neonatal patient mannequins. MethodsType 3 ambulances with air, liquid, and traditional suspensions were evaluated using various driving tests to simulate typical road conditions. Vibrations were measured using triaxial accelerometers placed on the chassis, upon the head of a seated caregiver mannequin in the ambulance bench seat, and the head of a neonatal mannequin supine and secured in an isolette. Data analysis included the average vibration frequency, root mean square values, and maximum vibration amplitudes. ResultsThe results showed that the supine neonatal mannequin experienced the highest vibration frequency and amplitude in the vertical (x) direction, whereas the adult caregiver mannequin experienced higher vibration frequencies in both parallel (y) and lateral (z) directions and the highest vibration amplitude in the y direction. The liquid suspension system consistently demonstrated the lowest vibration levels in all driving conditions and directions, whereas traditional suspension had the highest values. ConclusionThis study provides important insights into the vibrations incurred by simulated neonatal patients and health care providers during ambulance transport. The directional vibration frequency and amplitude differ between a neonatal mannequin and an adult mannequin when placed in typical positions with typical restraints during varied ambulance driving conditions. In all directional movements and driving conditions, a liquid suspension system decreases vibration frequency and amplitude more than air or traditional systems. The live patient and caregiver impact of these results should be further investigated.

Comparison of different small-scale cultivation methods towards the valorization of a marine benthic diatom strain for lipid production

Marine benthic diatoms have the capacity to produce quality biomass and bioactive compounds for various commercial applications. Amphora sp. NCC169 is one of such species that have high-value lipid production. However, mass-production of Amphora sp. NCC169 in traditional suspension photobioreactor is challenged by its sensitivity to stirring and turbulence. The aim of this study is to compare the biomass and lipid productivity of Amphora sp. NCC169 cultures between a Fernbach flask and a low-maintenance, laboratory-scale culture system adapted from previously described vertically oriented porous substrate bioreactor (PSBR) designs. Results revealed that cells in the PSBR could achieve significantly higher biomass productivity (Pbiomass = 0.51 ± 0.05 g·m−2·day−1) and lipid productivity (Plipid = 0.10 ± 0.03 g·m−2·day−1) than those in Fernbach flasks after 20 days of cultivation (Pbiomass = 0.29 ± 0.01 g m−2 day−1; Plipid = 0.07 ± 0.01 g·m−2·day−1). Cellular photosynthetic efficiency remained favorable in both culture conditions (Fv/Fm > 0.5) for the duration of the experiments.

The Mastoid Crevasse and 3-Dimensional Considerations in Deep Plane Neck Lifting.

Advances in face and neck lifting involve release of tethering points along the superficial musculoaponeurotic system-platysma complex to freely manipulate the deep natural glide plane in the face and neck. The aim of this article was to determine a combination of deep plane techniques for addressing the face and neck and to elucidate, for the first time, a measurable endpoint for the gonial angle. Analysis of deep plane tethering and decussation zones was also undertaken. Extended deep plane surgery performed in 79 patients (158 hemifaces; age, 30-75 years; 95% female), over a 3-month period, was reviewed. Patients were followed for 1 year. Measurements were performed systematically during deep plane face and neck lifting. Before intervention, the mean [standard deviation] gonial depth was 9.4 [3.6] mm on the left and 8.3 [2.7] mm on the right. The mean depth created below the gonial angle when measuring the traditional suspension to the anterior mastoid was 15.8 [3.3] mm on the left and 13.7 [2.5] mm on the right. The distance postoperatively when measuring the gonial depth after performing the crevasse technique was 23.2 [2.2] mm on the left and 22.5 [2.5] mm on the right. This represents a mean increase in the advancement of 7.4 mm on the left and 8.8 mm on the right (average, 8.1 mm) which was demonstrated to be statistically significant bilaterally (P < .0001). The deep plane techniques described here aid manipulation of the deep plane and deep neck space, while also providing measurable endpoints and more effective modes of fixation by utilizing the mastoid crevasse. The use of techniques that release tension and allow redrape produce the most natural and well-balanced results.

Dynamic analysis of an electro-hydraulic interconnected actuator energy regeneration suspension

A hydraulic interconnected suspension with energy recovery (EHA-HIS) is proposed to enhance riding comfort and road-holding ability while converting vibration energy into usable electrical energy. This paper mainly focuses on the dynamic analysis of a vehicle suspension model integrated with the EHA-HIS. The mathematical model of EHA-HIS is established based on the system structure analysis. The characteristics of the EHA-HIS are given based on a parameter analysis including the input and structural parameters under a sinusoidal excitation. Thereafter, vehicles equipped with the EHA-HIS and traditional suspensions are compared in terms of dynamic performance, and the simulation is implemented to study the energy harvesting performance of a vehicle with the EHA-HIS. The simulation results suggest that the damping force and harvested power are proportional to the frequency and amplitude of the sinusoidal input. The simulation also shows that the piston diameter has the greatest influence on the characteristics of the EHA-HIS. The analysis indicates that EHA-HIS can recover vibration energy while improving vehicle dynamic performance, and the harvestable power increases with the road grade and vehicle speed.

Comfort-Oriented Semi-Active Suspension Configuration with Inerter-Based Network Synthesis

This paper presents a comfort-oriented semi-active suspension system composed of a network-synthesized passive section and a controllable section based on a semi-active inerter. Firstly, the semi-active suspension system is divided into a passive part and a controllable part. For the passive part, first-order and second-order robust positive real controllers are designed. The problem with H2 cost is considered, and the bilinear matrix inequalities (BMI) are solved using an iterative method to obtain two admittance functions. The admittance functions are physically realized as two mechanical networks composed of mechanical passive elements such as inerter, spring, and damper (ISD). Then, the parameters of these mechanical elements in those networks are optimized by Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). Secondly, a semi-active inerter based on Sky-hook control is introduced for the semi-active part of the suspension system. Finally, the semi-active ISD suspension structure is verified by a quarter vehicle model. The simulation results show that the first-order and second-order suspension systems optimize the RMS of the spring mass acceleration by 14.2% and 23.9%, respectively, as compared to traditional suspension systems. Furthermore, frequency-domain analysis also shows that both suspension systems effectively reduce the value of spring mass acceleration in the low-frequency band.

A New Approach to Selecting Optimal Parameters for the Sliding Mode Algorithm on an Automotive Suspension System

Stimuli from the road surface cause car vibrations. The suspension system ensures the vehicle’s stability and smoothness when moving. In this research, the author introduces the use of active suspension with a hydraulic actuator to improve the comfort of cars. Car oscillations are described based on a quarter-dynamics model with five state variables. Besides, the nonlinear system’s SM (sliding mode) control algorithm is used to control the system. The SM algorithm’s parameters are optimally selected using the multiple loop algorithm. The multiple loop algorithm allows the values to vary within a predefined limit and provides an optimal parameter based on the vehicle’s vibration conditions. This is a new point in the paper compared to previous studies. The output of the simulation problem includes displacements and accelerations of both the sprung and unsprung masses. In addition, the change of dynamics force at the wheel is also considered when evaluating the interaction between the wheel and the road surface. According to the paper’s results, the vehicle body’s acceleration and displacement values are strongly reduced when using the SM algorithm, compared with cars with only traditional suspension. In addition, the change in dynamics force at the wheel is not significant when using this algorithm. As a result, the car’s smoothness has been improved while the vehicle’s stability has not been lost. The phenomenon of “chattering” still occurs in some cases; however, its effect is negligible.

PID control of a zero stiffness magnetic suspension system

–As a result of the developments in today's technology, magnetic suspensions have started to beused instead of traditional suspensions (mass-spring-damper) in order to prevent vibrations in structures. Inconventional suspensions, there is an undesirable continuous force transfer from the ground to the useraccording to the action-reaction principle of the existing spring and damper used in the suspension system.Although the mass-spring-damper parameters are well adjusted in a conventional suspension, thistransmitted force transfer cannot be reduced to zero. The main purpose of this study will be a magneticsuspension design to eliminate this undesirable situation. In the designed magnetic suspension, the magneton the linear guide system will be tried to be kept in the zero transmitted force position with the help ofonly magnetic forces without any mechanical contact and lubrication. A total of 3 magnets will be used inthe proposed magnetic suspension system. The magnet on the linear guide will be capable of free slidingand this sliding magnet will be actuated by the rotary magnets standing in a fixed position at ends of thelinear guide system by using the repulsive or pulling forces. The position control of the sliding magnet isachieved by a PID control. Therefore, since no mechanical spring and damper connections will be used inthe proposed suspension system, zero spring force effect could be created.

Application of phase-shifted full-bridge soft-switch technology in suspension chopper

Suspension chopper is a high-power electrical equipment which controls the suspension state of maglev train. Its performance directly determines the stability and safety of maglev train. However, the traditional suspension chopper has the problem of high voltage spikes of IGBT and load, which poses a threat to the safe operation of high-speed maglev train. In order to solve this problem, this paper designs a phase-shifted full-bridge suspension chopper, which only adds an auxiliary circuit and four parallel capacitors. The soft-switch is realized by using the phase-shifted control signals, so as to reduce the voltage spikes. Compared with other voltage spike suppression methods, the method has the advantages of good suppression of voltage spikes, simple circuit structure, less use of components, and insensitive to component parameters. The performance of the designed circuit is simulated by ANSYS Simplorer, and verified by experimental test platform. The simulation and experimental results show that the phase-shifted full-bridge suspension chopper can greatly reduce voltage spikes of the load and IGBT.