Traditional Sources Of Income Research Articles

Impact of Income Diversification on Capital Market Investment Decision: A Study on Indian Public Sector Banks

Income diversification strategy is one of the useful tools of risk management technique. Banks have identified different sources of income apart from their traditional source of income. Capital market is one of such source of income identified by the banks today. Every year banks invest a large volume of fund in capital market. In this study it is attempted to observe the impact of income diversification on the capital market investment decision of the public sector banks in India. For this purpose data are collected from 12 public sector banks for 5 years period from 2017 to 2021. Variants of panel data regression analysis are applied in this study. The result revealed that there is a significant impact of income diversification on the capital market investment of Indian public sector banks.

북한 마약산업의 주요 실행 주체와 생산 시설 연구

The purpose of this study is to examine the main actors and production facilities in the North Korean drug industry and their implications. North Korea's drug production and smuggling are known to have started in the 1970s, but this is a long-standing crime since the division of Korea in August 1945 and continues to serve as its traditional source of income. The North Korean authorities' drug crimes have not been cut off, and the “drug business,” which was relatively small until the 1970s, has expanded to an industrial level from the 1980s that continues to this day. Despite the fact that North Korea's drug problem is an old problem, the current situation is known only in a fragmentary manner. Therefore, this paper is a follow-up on the studies dealing with North Korean drug problems from 1945 to the 1980s, with a focus on unveiling the reality of the development of the North Korean drug industry that began to thrive in the 1990s. Moreover, this is a foundational study to better understand North Korea's drug production capacities (technology and scale), networks and patterns, and the ripple effect it has on the Korean Peninsula and the international community. Unlike the typical criminal syndicate, the actors in North Korea's drug industry are workers and special agencies delegated and entrusted with the authority to operate the drug industry by suryong, or the great leader. In other words, these syndicates are actors that carried out operations in espionage, terrorism, weapons, and trade under the suryong dictatorship and were granted additional authority to operate the drug industry. These actors include Kim Jong Il’s younger sister Kim Kyung Hee and her husband, Jang Song Thaek, Office 39, Reconnaissance General Bureau, Ministry of State Security, Military Security Command, and the Second Economic Committee. The production facilities managed by these syndicates include the Ranam Pharmaceutical Factory, the Mannyon Pharmaceutical Factory, the Hungnam Pharmaceutical Factory, the State Academy of Science, espionage agencies, and third-country production facilities. The actors in North Korea's drug industry can be executed, dismissed, purged, expelled, or replaced at any time at the will of the leader. In addition, production facilities are repeatedly closed, restarted, and relocated due to personnel changes or security reasons. In other words, suryong and the North Korean leadership are unlikely to give up the drug industry as long as they generate huge profits even if temporary changes such as replacing intermediate managers, production facilities, and trafficking routes occur like a typical drug cartel. All North Korean officials under the Kim Jong Un dictatorship are also easily crossing the borders of law, morality, and national borders by any means for the sake of serving Kim Jong Un's interests and goals. Looking only at drug crimes led by North Korean authorities, the use of the term “state” itself may not be appropriate for North Korea as it goes beyond “criminal state” or “mafia state.” The reason is that in North Korea, “private” criminal organizations cannot infiltrate the regime on their own, and the leader and the leadership themselves possess criminal characteristics, making it contradictory to be the subject of punishment for drug crimes committed by themselves.

Review on mangrove restoration: Re-greening the sea coast

Mangroves are important coastal resources that can provide exceptional ecosystem benefits. Several of its ecosystem functions, including sediment buildup, carbon sequestration, and storm surge protection, are being recognized as practical tools for climate change adaptation and mitigation. Its unique capacity to endure extreme environmental circumstances makes them; in particular, the only viable option for ecosystem-based adaptation in exposed coastal locations. Mangroves are among the most severely damaged tropical ecosystems, and they are continuing to disappear as a result of increased human activity. Especially in the Asia-Pacific region, where they exist in the form of complex socio-ecological systems, mangroves remain heavily threatened due to numerous anthropogenic activities. Mangroves are under grave danger; hence it is imperative that prompt steps be taken to methodically conserve and restore their ecosystems. The Asia-Pacific region is the location of nearly half of the existing mangroves, scattered over some of the poorest and post-conflict states. Dependence on traditional sources of income and the recent trend of coastal development have had a negative impact on the region's mangrove sustainability. Lacks of supportive policies and mangrove conversion to non-forest uses has been further fueled by insufficient institutional intervention. Nevertheless, in recent years, participatory, multi stake holder-based approaches for mangrove conservation and/or restoration have gained immense popularity in the region of Asia pacific. Participatory management which exemplifies an ameliorative approach can also support sustainable development, community empowerment, and social inclusion. Despite its asserted superiority, a number of new sustainability challenges need to be carefully examined and reconciled due to conflicting results of earlier experiences.

ENTREPRENEURIAL CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN SHEEP HUSBANDRY SECTOR OF J&K

The Indian agrarian society is transforming with socio-economic development and demand for livestock has been on the increase exponentially. The demand is expected to rise further with increase in population and purchasing power in the coming decades. Sheep livestock has a pivotal role in Jammu & Kashmir as a traditional source of income, energy, manure and fuel. Entrepreneurship in this sector is not taking effect despite institutional and government push. as the prospect entrepreneurs and traditional breeders face various challenges at the gass root level. The present study explores the challenges and opportunities with a generic view of the sector in Jammu and Kashmir. A primary data analysis was conducted on data collected via survey questionnaire from 100 respondents across various verticals of the trade. Frequency analysis indicated that the sector is a major livelihood source in the region and a great potential opportunity to organize a thriving business. However, enterprising in this sector isn’t free of challenges. The sector requires identification of challenges, and innovation to overcome them

Organizing for social change and innovation: Challenges and opportunities of organizations

A diverse range of organizations, encompassing for-profit organizations, social enterprises, non-profit and public organizations, are driven by a strong social mission to resolve societal challenges and drive social change. Such organizing necessarily involves navigating complexity in the form of potentially competing values (e.g., Gehman, Trevino & Garud, 2012), institutional logics, organizational forms and identities (Smith & Besharov, 2019). Often, in order to balance the competing needs for innovation and stability, organizations are forced to “deviate from socially legitimate templates for organizing and thus experience unique organizing challenges” (Battilana & Lee, 2014, p. 397). Research has shown that many organizations which navigate complexity and combine opposing elements struggle to maintain a balance between their various aims (Smith, Gonin, & Besharov, 2013) and experience mission drift (Besharov & Smith, 2014; Ramus & Vaccaro, 2017), often resulting in the abandonment of social aims in favour of commercial goals (Mair, Battilana & Cardenas, 2012). Scholars have recognized that most organizations cope with a multiplicity of opposing demands – mostly social and commercial – to some degree (Shepherd, Williams & Zhao, 2019), for example with for-profit organizations increasingly engaging in the generation of social value and not-for profit organizing engaging in commercial activities to substitute their traditional sources of income. Yet our understanding of how organizations can resolve challenges and instead leverage the unique opportunities they face remains vague. Building on existing research, the aim of this symposium is to explore the challenges and opportunities of organizing from various angles. The presenters will explore key questions that individually and collectively enhance our understanding of how organizing efforts can drive social change. To accomplish this, each paper draws on different theoretical lenses and empirical contexts. Changing hybrid organizations – The role of values Presenter: Janina Klein; Vrije U. Amsterdam, School of Business and Economics Presenter: John Matthew Amis; U. of Edinburgh Going back to the origins: The Andean indigenous ontology as a catalyst of positive-impact Presenter: Ignacio Pavez; U. del Desarrollo Presenter: Sebastián Andrés Barros; U. del Desarrollo Turning poison into medicine: Leveraging technology to stimulate diversity and inclusion Presenter: Katerina Gonzalez; Suffolk U. Presenter: Jennifer Franczak; Pepperdine U. Presenter: Angela Hall; Michigan State U. Presenter: Jacob Albert McCartney; Michigan State U. Employees’ responses to organizational initiative to change its moral culture Presenter: Boram Do; Yonsei U. Presenter: Soobin Park; -

Desiccation of Lake Chad as a cause of security instability in the Sahel region

Abstract The Lake Chad basin is one of the most unstable regions in Africa. The lake itself has shrunk and nowadays it covers less than 10 % of its area in 1960. These environmental changes have wider geopolitical consequences in the whole region, which encompasses countries such as Nigeria, Niger, Chad and Cameroon. Therefore, it seems that environmental threats may act as the detonators for larger political conflict as well as for a struggle for land and may cause growing instability in affected countries. The region is fragile, owing to the fact that several terrorist and Islamist groups are operating there. The most serious threat in the Lake Chad basin is militant Islamist group Boko Haram, which is based in north eastern Nigeria, but it is also active in neighbouring countries. As a result of both ecological changes and security threats, people are losing their traditional sources of income from herding and it is likely that there will be large waves of migration from the area. The paper focuses on the environmental challenges in the Lake Chad basin and their effect on the security in the region. The main attention will be paid to the strategies and actions of militant terrorist groups such as Boko Haram that will be analysed in the wider regional geopolitical context.

The origins of the Bamiléké hedgescape “bocage”. Development from 1900 to 1960

This paper analyses the evolution of the Bamileke bocage (hedgescape) between 1900 and 1960. The process was nonlinear and consisted in waves of extension and withdrawal resulting from farmers’ innovations and foreign influences. We distinguish four time periods, which we feel correspond to evolutionary phases of the wooded landscapes: the arrival of the Europeans (1900-1915), the period from European pacification to the liberalisation of the coffee trade (1915 to 1945), the period of liberalised coffee trade (1945 to 1960), and the period of havoc at the time of independence (around 1960). At the beginning of the 20th century, clusters of hedgerows were all that remained in the mainly savannah landscape around settlements. Between 1915 and 1945, the hedgerow system quickly spread and dominated the landscape. The Bamileke region appeared to have crossed a demographic threshold that required a more intense land development system with a more developed bocage. Coffee production, which was introduced by the French, provided the farmers with an alternative cash crop. The best lands were used to grow coffee, not to rear livestock, formerly the traditional source of income. The enclosure system was gradually abandoned, with hedges used mainly to delineate allocated lands and as a source of wood and non-wood forest products. After 1945, the system continued to expand in the colonised areas. But it later shrank in areas where conflict broke out in the early days of independence. It later again expanded, but sometimes in a modified form.

English

The caterpillar fungus, Yartsa Gunbu (Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) G.H. Sung et al.), offers one prime example of the phenomenon, where a resource of immense economic value runs the risk of being over-exploited, more so when its exploitation remains a ‘common property resource’. The ever-increasing demand of the commodity in the international markets and concomitantly its ever-increasing price, hovering at present at US$ 20,000 per kilogram locally, has resulted in not just its rampant exploitation but also the degradation of the very habitat, thus endangering its sustainability. The present study conducted across 9 broad study sites, across 110 villages and 2511 harvesters, within the Pithoragarh district, Central Himalaya delves into the following broad objectives; (i) quantity of the harvested lot from the region; (ii) effect of over-harvesting vis-a-vis the degradation of the prime habitat on the quantity harvested each year, as also (iii) its effect on the population size of the host larva (Thitarodes), and lastly, (iv) comparative study of the income generated out of the sale of Yartsa Gunbu, with the traditional sources of income. Field visits were made to each of the village; information was gathered through open-ended questionnaire. Host population size study was conducted in three selective sites through hand-sorting method. While over-all quantity of the harvested lot has shown an increase; habitat-wise the quality harvested has shown a perceptible decline in three broad study sites, a trend likely to be replicated by rest of the sites, which currently though is experiencing an increased yield. Key words: Economy, ethnobotany, habitat ecology, Ophiocordyceps sinensis, sustainability, Yartsa Gunbu.

Africa looks to its entrepreneurs

With a majority of African nations diversifying from traditional sources of income, entrepreneurship is increasingly seen as a key to economic growth. So far, entrepreneurship has yielded huge returns for entrepreneurs, and according to experts, there lies great untapped potential to drive the African continent into its next phase of development.

Ethical Behaviour and Operating Performance of Insurance Broker Firms

In this research we investigate whether there is a relationship between the ethical behaviour of insurance brokers and their operating performance. Specifically, we focus on the practice of deferring the premiums charged to clients in order to invest them in short–term financial products and, as a result, gain an additional financial return to their traditional sources of income. We consider this practice to be an unethical behaviour since uninformed clients, that is, those who are not aware of the legal process of brokerage, expect the broker to immediately process the policy with the insurance company once the premium has been paid. We find that the better the performance and the larger the firm size, the worse the ethical behaviour.

Innovations in Placing Advertisements on Television: An Analysis of News Channels in India

An accepted fact worldwide is that, advertisements are the most important source of income for any media product. However, in case of News channels in India, they are the only traditional source of income because the other source, „subscription‟ is more of an expense head than a reliable stream of income. This is because, while, a majority of news channels in India are not paid for, all of them have to spend a lot of money for carriage of their signals and placing them at a prominent position in the list of channels as compared to their competitor. According to FICII KPMG media and entertainment industry report 2012, news channels are paying subscription fees which are disproportionately higher than their revenue from subscription. Since this has left news channels over dependent on their advertisement income, they are ever exploring new ways of placing advertisements on screen. While on one hand this has left their screen space highly cluttered on the other hand the marketing teams of news channels are creating a lot of innovations to integrate their news content with the advertisement. This paper has reviewed different news channels and after discussing with media marketing and media planning experts has tried to categorize different ways of placing advertisements on television which are being practiced today.

Embedding international migration: the response of Bolivian local governments and NGOs to international migration

International migration is an integral part of the lives of many people in the South, and many households add remittances to their income in order to finance the daily costs of living that cannot be met by their traditional source of income. In the literature, a debate has emerged on the impacts of these remittances on development, focusing in particular on the micro level, namely the impact on households. Many studies also contend that national governments should try to redirect the impacts of remittances. However, the role of actors in local governance structures seems to be overlooked in this discussion. We argue that in the discussion on managing development through remittances, local governments and other stakeholders at the local level — such as NGOs — might also play a role, especially in those countries that have implemented decentralization. However, thus far, interventions aimed at leveraging remittance flows and facilitating migration processes are only in an initial phase. Our study of 12 municipalities in Bolivia shows that a lack of knowledge and capacities among local governments and NGOs is a decisive factor.

The Future of Higher Education: Rhetoric, Reality, and the Risks of the Market (review)

Reviewed by: The Future of Higher Education: Rhetoric, Reality, and the Risks of the Market Gustavo J. Gregorutti The Future of Higher Education: Rhetoric, Reality, and the Risks of the Market, by Frank Newman, Lara Couturier, & Jamie Scurry. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2004. 304 pp. ISBN 0-7879-6972-9. It is difficult to find books that effectively portray and interconnect past, present, and future trends in higher education. While it is relatively easy to describe the past, to unfold current forces of change within an established market and to foresee new tendencies is the task that Newman, Couturier, and Scurry have undertaken in The Future of Higher Education, and they do so successfully. Funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts and the Ford Foundation, this book not only provides an overview of current trends and topics in higher education but also reviews emerging issues, among them new market players in academic funding, competition between institutions, the increase of for-profit and virtual institutions, the influence of technology on teaching approaches and learning, and the rethinking of the mission of universities in the context of the 21st century. The book's main concern is with market-oriented pressures that are reshaping institutions of higher education. The authors offer creative approaches to new challenges in an attempt to stimulate a productive dialogue among policymakers, politicians, faculty, and administrators, as the authors explain at the outset of the book: First, we want the book to serve as a wake-up call to the leaders of our colleges and universities. A second goal is to provide policy makers with policy solutions that have emerged worldwide to restructure higher education. A third goal is to convince both of these groups—the academic and the political leaders—as well as the engaged civic leaders including business and community leaders, that American society has an enormous stake in preserving, clarifying, and enhancing the public purposes of higher education. (p. xii) Based on past examples such as the Morrill Act of 1862, the Wisconsin experience in the early 1900s ("the university in the service of the people," p. 216), and the G.I. Bill of 1944, the authors argue that higher education leaders and society at large must take responsibility for restructuring the established market forces into a new model that ensures the public purpose of education. [End Page 487] The book is not divided into distinct sections, although the chapters are grouped naturally into three parts. In the first five chapters, the authors describe how American universities have come under fire for tensions and contradictions in their missions and outcomes. A society that has increasingly seen education as a private asset to obtain personal profit has distorted and overemphasized one of the many dimensions in a rich universe of values. Over the last 15 years, there has been increasing concern about the mission and future of higher education, since universities have increasing influence in the new globalized society (Etzkowitz, Webster, & Healey, 1998). Competition among colleges and the growing influence of market values are compelling universities to become entrepreneurial in order to survive and prosper in a continually changing environment (Callan & Finney, 1997; Duderstadt, 2000; Slaughter & Leslie, 1997). On one hand, Newman, Couturier, and Scurry point out that higher education needs more resources to cope with increasing costs. Many traditional sources of income, such as state support and federal grants, are diminishing. On the other hand, the new missions of a knowledge-driven economy and society are creating perplexing paths through a transition that seems never-ending. Political and corporate actions playing with market-oriented rules have generated changes in the environment surrounding universities and have triggered important changes in higher education. This entrepreneurial environment is challenging the mission and traditional view of higher education. This identity crisis finds universities, for instance, facing demands for equal opportunities for low-income and minority students in the context of demographic shifts. Education must mirror society's needs to avoid social risks. In this book, Newman, Couturier, and Scurry depict academics, businessmen, and political leaders as being somewhat confused about the goals and purposes of higher education. The authors remark that policymakers must have a strategy to fill the gap between...

Educating through Social Policy: Compensation for Blindness in Sweden – An Example of Creating Norms and Identities

Swedish industrialization at the turn of the century 1900 severely hit the trades, which were the traditional source of income for blind people. The public debate caused by the new conditions led to a political decision in 1934 that provided for state-financed compensation for blindness. This decision reveals that politicians, experts and blind people themselves agreed to view “the blind” as a group of disabled persons that was particularly dependent on public support. This article focuses on underlying norms and identities present in this debate. The instruments for the study are adapted from the historian Anders Berge and the sociologists Zygmunt Bauman and Richard Jenkins. Berge argues that social policy a century ago combined the ambition to create some security and to provide moral education. Bauman and Jenkins have developed theories concerning the process of identity creation based upon a “we-and-them” perspective.

Libraries and Politics: Where Two Worlds Meet

Examines the relationship, particularly in respect of funding, between libraries and both local and central government. Following two decades of financial pressure and retrenchment, public and academic libraries are benefiting from recent government initiatives recognizing and developing their potential; several examples are given. These initiatives have enabled libraries to develop facilities, services and resources beyond the scope of their traditional sources of income, and have fostered new partnerships between libraries and other bodies, both public and private. However, as funding flows to projects and initiatives, cautions on two areas of concern. Firstly, government policy objectives may distort professional priorities, and changes in political climate can alter the specific allocation of resources. Secondly, a method of continuous funding is needed for maintenance of core services and to enable successful projects to be carried forward. The library profession presently enjoys political sympathy and support; it needs to use this to ensure its continuing active engagement in the debate about financing the provision of public services.

Aboriginal Community Incomes and Migration in the NWT: Policy Issues and Alternatives

This paper examines the likely impact of induced migration from smaller communities to larger centres in the event of further cuts in federal expenditures in the NWT. With the exception of a few communities located near mineral resource industries, government employment and transfer payments provide the major source of cash income for most aboriginal communities. This income is critical as a source of money to invest in machinery and equipment to enhance the cash and in-kind income from traditional activities. However, promoting migration to larger centres would increase dependence by reducing access to these traditional sources of income, and by increasing the need for government subsidies to provide housing in the larger centres at a time when adequate housing already exists in smaller communities. Policy alternatives to migration are discussed.

Intellectual property rights and the transfer of technology from university to industry

Historically universities have seen themselves entirely as teaching organizations. They have seen their income coming from students’ fees, assisted by grants from government. These traditional sources of income are now under pressure and all colleges are looking for ways to exploit the valuable resources they have built up. Colleges are increasingly turning to contract research, campus companies and licensing of technology for extra sources of income. Since colleges are basically not in the business of manufacturing, the main method through which they must exploit their technology is by licensing; but licensing cannot effectively be carried out without protection. This article discusses such forms of protection and the safeguards which must be taken to make sure that commercial exploitation will actually take place.

Report on Income-Generating Projects to Assist War-Affected Women

Because of the duration, depth and devastation of the Lebanese conflict, Lebanese women's roles changed drastically during the war. Many women lost their husbands, whi Ie others were abandoned and left to fend for themselves as the social order disintegrated. Women's traditional sources of income and other means ofsubsistence in their villages of origin were lost.