Traditional Role Research Articles

Daddy’s (not) home: work and gender-related factors in men’s attitudes towards shared parental leave

ABSTRACT Uptake of Shared Parental Leave (SPL) in the UK remains poor, with fewer than 2% of eligible fathers utilising the policy since its introduction in 2015. With limited extant research addressing the policy, reasons behind the low level of uptake remain unclear. Specifically, the role of work (family supportive organisation perceptions [FSOP]) and gender-related factors (perceived social identity threat and traditional gender role orientation) in men’s attitudes towards SPL have been largely overlooked. This study sought to identify the extent to which work and gender-related factors influenced employed men’s attitudes towards SPL, utilising social role theory to understand the mechanisms underpinning these relationships. A survey of 120 employed men captured attitudes towards SPL, traditional gender role orientation, perceived social identity threat, and FSOP. Results showed that perceived social identity threat was positively associated with traditional gender role orientation, which was, in turn, the mechanism through which FSOP and perceived social identity threat affected attitudes towards SPL. At low levels, FSOP moderated the relationship between perceived social identity threat and traditional gender role orientation, but did not moderate the indirect effect between perceived threat and attitudes towards SPL. Theoretical contributions and recommendations for organisations to improve workplace gender equality are discussed.

Has Women's Participation in Local Government Been Strengthened? A Legal and Political Analysis in Riau Province?

This research delves into the critical role of women within the Village Consultative Body in Siak, Indonesia, with the aim of bolstering their involvement in local community empowerment endeavors. Employing a comprehensive sociological-legal research approach and drawing from a diverse array of data sources—ranging from primary field research to secondary and tertiary literature—the study offers profound insights into the multifaceted dynamics of women's roles within these bodies. Despite strides made in recent years towards gender equality, the study reveals persistent limitations hindering women's full participation in the Village Consultative Body. Cultural norms, deeply ingrained in societal structures, often perpetuate traditional gender roles, constraining women's agency in decision-making processes. Additionally, disparities in education levels and limited access to resources further marginalize women's involvement. However, amidst these challenges, the study illuminates the invaluable contributions of women to community development within the Village Consultative Body. Their participation not only brings diverse perspectives to the decision-making table but also fosters the development of better human resources within the community. In light of these findings, the study advocates for concerted efforts to bolster women's engagement in local governance structures. This includes initiatives aimed at challenging and reshaping entrenched cultural norms that inhibit women's agency, as well as addressing systemic barriers to education and resource access. Furthermore, recognizing the vital role of women in community development, the study underscores the need for targeted interventions to support and empower women within the Village Consultative Body. In conclusion, the research underscores the imperative of addressing the multifaceted challenges faced by women in their pursuit of equality and active participation in local developmental processes. By fostering an environment that values and amplifies women's voices and contributions, local governance structures can become more inclusive, responsive, and effective in addressing the diverse needs of their communities.

Women in Shakespeare's Tragedies and Comedies

William Shakespeare's plays are renowned for their portrayal of complex and compelling female characters. In both his tragedies and comedies, Shakespeare challenges traditional gender roles and stereotypes, presenting women who are intelligent, independent, and assertive. This study examines the roles of women in Shakespeare's tragedies and comedies, focusing on the plays "Macbeth," "Hamlet," "Othello," "Twelfth Night," "Much Ado About Nothing," and "A Midsummer Night's Dream." The objective of this study is to analyze the portrayal of women in Shakespeare's tragedies and comedies, exploring how their characters challenge traditional gender roles and stereotypes. The study utilizes a qualitative approach, analyzing the text of the plays to identify key themes and character traits associated with the female characters. The analysis includes a comparison of the portrayal of women in the tragedies and comedies, highlighting differences and similarities in their roles and behaviors. The analysis reveals that women in Shakespeare's tragedies are often portrayed as victims of male ambition and jealousy, while women in his comedies are depicted as witty, intelligent, and independent. Overall, Shakespeare's female characters challenge traditional gender roles and stereotypes, presenting a more nuanced and empowering view of women. Women play crucial roles in Shakespeare's tragedies and comedies, challenging traditional gender roles and stereotypes. The study highlights the importance of considering the context of Shakespeare's time when analyzing his portrayal of women, as well as the enduring relevance of his female characters in modern society.

The New Woman Avatar in Chetan Bhagat’s One Indian Girl

The paper aims at exploring the female protagonist, Radhika Mehta, of One Indian Girl by Chetan Bhagat in the light of the ideals of the New Woman in Indian context. This is an ideal which had emerged in the late 19th century and has had a profound influence to date. It associates women as independent, physically adept and mentally acute, and able to work, study, and socialize equal to men. Having been exposed to many Western countries during her career, Radhika focuses on her status and career, earns more than boys normally does, involves in premarital sex, and shows her individuality. However, she cannot renegotiate the traditional roles altogether. Rather, she tries to evade a critique of power relations within the family and attempt to get the best of both worlds, concretizing existing gender roles and taking on additional new ones.

Cybersecurity and Online Formation of Companies in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Germany

67Within the European Member States, it should now be possible to establish a limited liability company fully online. This study compares how the Directive which mandates online formation, has been implemented in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Germany. In particular, it examines whether and, if so, how these countries approach the various cybersecurity risks involved in online formation. The Directive considers these cybersecurity risks, however, the focus is mainly on the requirements regarding the availability of online formation and to a lesser extent the requirements pertaining to the authentication of the founders, as well as the authenticity and integrity of electronic documents. The primary emphasis of the Directive is strongly placed on achieving the objective of facilitating easier, quicker, and more time- and cost-effective company formation. The approach taken by the Netherlands, Belgium, and Germany in implementing the Directive and enabling online formation demonstrates a notable level of similarity. All have made sure to safeguard the traditional role of notaries in company formation in these countries. Despite the Directive’s emphasis on availability, the primary concern for these Member States lies in ensuring the security of online formation. All impose strict requirements regarding cybersecurity and opted for the highest standards regarding authentication (assurance level ‘high’) and authenticity (qualified electronic signatures).

Bicycle facilities and women's cycling frequency – An intersectional analysis of gendered travel behaviour

Bicycle facilities are a widely used sustainable transportation policy tool, but their role in mitigating gendered barriers to cycling is less studied. This paper presents the findings from an online household survey conducted in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), Canada, focusing on 10 neighbourhoods- five with a newly constructed facility and five without. In this work, we explore how socially influenced and intersectional gendered experiences (expressed through age, employment, having children and trip-chaining) may influence commute-related cycling, in the presence or absence of bicycle facilities. Results from binomial logistic regression models indicate a higher likelihood of cycling at least once a week, for commuting purpose, amongst women who are 30–44 years old, who work part-time or are students, who have children, and who engage in trip chaining during commute, in neighbourhoods with a bicycle facility. We also found that in the absence of bicycle facilities, women’s likelihood of cycling frequently was no different than men’s. Using a feminist geography lens, we argue that the presence of new bicycle facilities potentially allowed some women to minimize the barriers they experience when cycling, including social expectations around feminine performance on streets. We show the importance of intersectional analyses in cycling research. By addressing women’s traditional gender roles, opportunities and patriarchal division of labor, transportation policy can positively influence women's participation in cycling.

The Impact of Educational Attainment on Women's Empowerment: A Multidisciplinary Analysis

This study investigated the multiple relationships between the educational attainment and women's empowerment. It also examined how education helps women to gett knowledge, critical thinking, and the ability to struggle any complex situations. To empowers them in various aspects of life, including economic independence, social and political participation, and overall well-being. Secondary research methods was employed in this study which engage a multidisciplinary approach, analyzing the link through the eye of Human Capital and Feminist Theory examining how education challenges traditional gender roles and empowers women to advocate for themselves and their communities. The study has limited to current research and proposes a future direction which emphasized the need to consider cultural contexts, quality education and safety measures to maximize education's empowering potential for women across diverse situation.

The impact of automation on maritime workforce management: A conceptual framework

This study presents a systematic literature review and content analysis focused on the impact of automation on maritime workforce management. The main objective was to explore how the integration of automation technologies is reshaping the skills requirements, employment patterns, and operational dynamics within the maritime industry. Utilizing a comprehensive search strategy across multiple academic databases and employing stringent inclusion and exclusion criteria, the study identified and analyzed relevant peer-reviewed articles, conference papers, and industry reports published in English. The methodology involved a detailed examination of the selected literature, categorizing findings according to the effects of automation on workforce dynamics, skill requirements, and the socio-economic implications for maritime professionals. Key findings highlight a significant shift in the industry towards higher demand for technical proficiency and digital literacy among the workforce, coupled with a potential decrease in traditional manual roles. The analysis also revealed a dual impact of automation, offering opportunities for enhanced operational efficiency and safety, while also posing challenges related to workforce displacement and the need for extensive re-skilling. Conclusively, the study underscores the necessity for strategic interventions by industry stakeholders, including targeted training programs and policy frameworks, to facilitate a smooth transition towards an automated maritime future. Future research directions emphasize the importance of longitudinal studies to assess the long-term impacts of automation on the maritime workforce, ensuring the sustainable integration of technological advancements while safeguarding worker welfare and industry growth. Keywords: Maritime Automation, Workforce Management, Skills Development, Technological Advancement

Bridging Horizons: Exploring STEM Students’ Perspectives on Service-Learning and Storytelling Activities for Community Engagement and Gender Equality

This study explores STEM students’ perspectives on service-learning and story-telling activities to enhance community engagement and advance gender equality, investigating their impact on students’ perceptions, experiences, and understanding of gender dynamics within rural communities. Through qualitative analysis of interviews, reflective journals, and participatory videos, this study explores the transformative potential of service-learning and storytelling initiatives in empowering rural women, challenging traditional societal roles, and advocating for equal opportunities, particularly in STEM disciplines. Findings reveal the multifaceted benefits of these activities, including the development of empathy, cultural awareness, leadership skills, and a commitment to social justice among participating students. This study highlights the importance of integrating service-learning and storytelling into STEM education to cultivate inclusive practices, promote community development, and advance gender equality in rural settings.

Abstract PO5-11-06: Initial Results from a Cohort Study on the Impact of Breast Cancer on Employment in Mexican Patients

Abstract BACKGROUND As breast cancer (BC) survival has increased, care must focus beyond the traditional role of curing a disease and provide further attention to patients’ quality of life. In Mexico, women represent an important part of the labor force; and the impact of BC diagnosis and treatment on patients’ employment status has not been thoroughly evaluated. This study shows the initial results of a nation-wide effort to understand the changes in the employment status of Mexican BC patients after their initial treatment. METHODS An online survey was created and distributed in June 2023 through the social media networks of Médicos e Investigadores en la Lucha Contra el Cáncer, a BC NGO. BC patients who had initiated treatment and lived in Mexico were invited to participate. The survey consisted of multiple-choice questions and the opportunity to explain certain responses. Results were analyzed using REDCap, Excel and SPSS. RESULTS 67 patients completed the survey and were employed: 51% had a full-time job, 33% were self-employed, and 16% had a part-time job. Their average age was 50 years (25-68). Only 43% reported having medical insurance from their jobs; of these, 83% included cancer treatment. Most participants (39, 58%) reported having support from their bosses and co-workers at the moment of diagnosis, 13 (19%) did not disclose their diagnosis in their workplace, 10 (15%) perceived an indifferent attitude, and 5 (7%) reported lack of support. Table 1 describes the changes in work status during their initial part of treatment (including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation). After their treatment ended, from the 67 who were initially employed, 34 (51%) patients became unemployed, 26 (39%) were employed, and 7 (10%) were employed with temporary disability. Of the 26 employed patients, 12 (46%) had a full-time job, 7 (27%) had a part-time job and 5 (19%) were self-employed. Of those who were unemployed, 14 (41%) were actively looking for a job. Of the 26 employed participants, 17 (65%) worked at the same place they did before BC diagnosis, 6 (23%) worked at a different place, and 1 (4%) had a second job. Reintegration for most patients was gradual (15, 58%) or immediate (7, 27%). The majority (18, 69.2%) felt supported by their workplace during reintegration. Of note, 11 (42%) patients described having to decrease their work hours/load. When asked about their disease as an obstacle in their work, 8 (31%) patients had to slow down their job rhythm, 8 (31%) had to endure symptoms while working, 6 (23%) had no impediments, and 2 (8%) could only do partial work. Most patients (21, 81%) reported having permits to attend medical consultations or receive treatment, and 9 (35%) mentioned having salary discounts due to their medical appointments. The main motivations to return to work were economic need (11, 42%), returning to “normal life” (10, 39%) and personal growth (3, 12%). Of the 67 patients that were employed before their BC diagnosis, 44 (66%) considered their current health status as an obstacle for their reintegration into the workforce. Moreover, 25 (37%) considered not having any limitations, but 20 (30%) and 14 (21%) reported physical and psychological limitations, respectively, as impediments to their successful reintegration. CONCLUSION BC can represent an obstacle when returning to “normalcy”, given the psychological and physical burden that the diagnosis and its treatment entail. In this study, half of the participants became unemployed upon finishing their BC treatment. This study represents the first necessary step to design strategies that favor the continuation and successful laboral reintegration of BC patients who wish to do so. Table 1: Change of work status during BC treatment BC: Breast Cancer Citation Format: Arantxa Ramirez-Cisneros, David G Gonzalez-Sanchez, Daniela Vazquez-Juarez, Alejandra Platas, Alejandra Platas, Fernanda Mesa-Chavez, Giovanni M. Carrillo, Cynthia Villarreal-Garza. Initial Results from a Cohort Study on the Impact of Breast Cancer on Employment in Mexican Patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO5-11-06.

Abstract 2139: Galectin-3 Plays A Critical Intracellular Role In Macrophages By Promoting The Repair, Removal, And Replacement Of Damaged Lysosomes And Protecting Against Atherosclerosis

Galectin-3 (Gal3) is a β-galactoside-binding lectin predominantly known as a secreted inflammatory biomarker in cardiovascular disease, with significantly elevated circulating levels in patients with atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. However, the molecular mechanisms of Galectin-3 action and whether its intracellular role contributes to atherogenesis remain unclear. Using several databases of bulk and single cell RNAseq, we first show that Gal3 transcripts are upregulated during plaque progression with particular abundance in the myeloid/macrophage lineage and foamy macrophages. Furthermore, Gal3 transcripts correlate significantly with increases in a network of lysosomal genes, suggesting a possible link between macrophage Gal3 and lysosomal function. Indeed, instigation of lysosome membrane damage in primary macrophages via cholesterol crystals and LLOMe triggers robust recruitment of Gal3 to lysosomes by sensing exposed carbohydrate moieties of proteins including Lamp1. Gal3 recruitment initiates a two-pronged lysosomal recovery program composed of either lysosomal repair involving the ESCRT complex or lysosomal removal and replacement involving autophagy/lysophagy and TFEB-mediated lysosomal biogenesis. Gal3-KO macrophages corroborate these findings displaying blunted ESCRT recruitment, diminished autophagy and TFEB activation, and resultant accumulation of damaged lysosomes. Gal3-deficiency also results in enhanced apoptosis and inflammasome/IL-1β activation upon triggering of lysosomal stress in macrophages. These findings are recapitulated in vivo, where Gal3-null bone marrow transplanted in atherogenic LDLR-null mice yields increased lesion size as well as altered plaque composition with macrophage accumulation, apoptosis, and necrotic core formation, characteristic features of the advanced plaque. Taken together, our data implicate unique and previously unrecognized protective function for intracellular Galectin-3 in macrophages and atherosclerosis which are distinct from its traditional role as an inflammatory biomarker in cardiovascular disease.

Submissive housewives, unfaithful spouses, dysfunctional marriages and violence: the portrayal of gender roles and marriage in Moroccan jokes

ABSTRACT This paper examines Moroccan marital discourse as portrayed in popular culture, specifically jokes that circulate orally and online. Our analysis focuses on fifty jokes related to husbands, wives, and marriage. We employed content analysis for the entire dataset and critical discourse analysis (CDA) using Van Dijk's ‘socio-cognitive’ method for a subset of jokes. The study reveals prevalent stereotypes and societal views on husbands and wives, with a special emphasis on the role of women in Moroccan marriages. These views represent shared ideologies, influencing how individuals in society think, speak, act, and interact. The humour reflects marital conflicts, infidelity, and misogyny as commonplace. Several jokes normalise violence and animosity toward wives. The selected jokes predominantly depict women as passive, insecure, nagging, and reliant on their husbands, who are the primary breadwinners. Women’s contributions to the family are typically limited to motherhood and cooking, and their concerns are shown to be trivial. Negative portrayals of wives, a prevalence of jokes in which females are engaged in infidelity, and reinforcement of traditional gender roles demonstrates a societal concern with regulating the female body and maintaining patriarchy.

The Traditional New Woman and Emerging New Man in Republican China

This study focuses on the agony of married New Women, as well as the emerging New Man, in the 1920s and 1930s. While the New Woman in love has attracted considerable scholarly attention, the dilemma of New Women after marriage remains mostly ignored. Relying on literary works as well as articles in newspapers and periodicals, this essay attributes the New Woman's acute dissatisfaction to the uncontested gendered division of labor and the discontinuity between romantic relationships and institutionalized marriage. Intellectuals proposed communal childcare as the solution to the New Woman's dilemma; however, this still left the gendered labor division intact. This essay identifies the traditional role of the New Woman in the family and observes the emergence of xianfu liangfu (賢夫良父, “good husband and wise father”), a counterpart to xianqi liangmu (賢妻良母, “good wife and wise mother”). This understudied discourse demands equal responsibility at home and an attentive fatherhood from men.

Working Mothers: Good mothering, Parental Guilt and Work Volition

Abstract: Working mothers experience marked work-family conflict which negatively affects their career progression and mental well-being. This study aimed to determine the interrelationship between good mothering expectations, parental guilt and work volition in working mothers. The participants included a total of 150 working mothers between the ages of 21 and 59. The inclusion criterion was working mothers with children of ages 21 or below. The study included participants primarily from India (90.8%), with a smaller representation from Australia (0.7%), the UK (2%), the US (0.7%), Egypt (0.7%), Turkey (0.7%) and Romania (5.4%). Three scales were utilized: the Good mothering Expectations Scale, the Guilt about Parenting Scale, and Work Volition. The results indicate a weak significant correlation between traditional roles and parental guilt (Rho = .345). The significant F-statistic (14.137) with a very low p-value (000) suggests that there are statistically significant differences in parental guilt scores among the traditional roles. No statistically significant relationships were found between guilt about parenting and work volition. The results of the study indicate that working mothers who subscribe to traditional mothering roles face increased amounts of guilt.

Peran Tradisi Wetonan dalam Menjaga Identitas Budaya Masyarakat Adat Jawa

The wetonan tradition is a birth calculation system based on the Javanese calendar, a cultural heritage of the Javanese indigenous people that is rich in spiritual values and local wisdom. In this context, the wetonan tradition is not only a series of ceremonies or astrological calculations, but also a cultural heritage that includes local wisdom values and spiritual beliefs that have been passed down from generation to generation. In the current era of globalization, the wetonan tradition is faced with various challenges that threaten its survival. Changes in people’s attitudes and mindsets, urbanization, and doubts about traditional values are some of the main challenges. Shifting values and priorities in society, changes in value and belief systems, and doubts about the role of tradition in the era of globalization are some of the main challenges. However, preserving the wetonan tradition is crucial to maintaining a rich and diverse cultural identity and strengthening the solidarity of Javanese indigenous communities. To maintain and face the challenges of the wetonan tradition remaining relevant and valued by the community, concrete steps are needed. In facing this challenge, it is important to continue to educate the public about the cultural and spiritual values contained in the wetonan tradition, as well as to replant these values to strengthen the sustainability of the wetonan tradition amid the ongoing flow of modernization and globalization. Thus, the wetonan tradition can continue to live and develop as an integral part of the cultural identity of Javanese society. The preservation of this tradition not only ensures the continuity of a rich cultural heritage, but also strengthens solidarity and togetherness in Javanese indigenous communities. Therefore, measures to maintain and preserve the wetonan tradition need to be continuously strengthened to ensure that this cultural heritage remains alive and relevant for future generations.

Exploring indigenous intellectual property rights and e-governance: a legal analysis of customary aboriginal knowhow in Arunachal Pradesh, India

The research study examines the legal protection of clan-based aboriginal healing processes, handicrafts, and unique creative works, which have been undermined from the ab initio. The government should shield the interests of their customary know-how under the IPR approach and community-based legal shields and documentation in the e-database. The research aims to investigate conventional aboriginal know-how practices of the Galo clan and e-governance meadow relating to the CAK issue and recommend lawful aspects. The researchers surveyed and collected information from 46 houses in Aalo town, Darka village, and Kabu village in West Siang District and Basar District in Arunachal Pradesh, the primary sources. The paper reports on findings from a study conducted in Arunachal Pradesh, India, to assess attitudes towards customary Aboriginal know-how (CAK) and its conservation. The survey demonstrates multiple views regarding the significance of safeguarding CAK through intellectual property rights (IPR) laws, traditional knowledge's role in socio-economic development, and whether e-governance can effectively help preserve CAK. In conclusion, a delicate balance must be between preserving traditional Galo practices and embracing modernity. A structured survey questionnaire collects quantitative data on attitudes, perceptions, and practices related to customary aboriginal know-how (CAK) conservation and legal protection. The questionnaire includes closed-ended questions to elicit specific responses from the informants regarding their views on safeguarding CAK, the role of intellectual property rights (IPR) laws, and the potential of e-governance in preserving CAK.

Examining the roles of traditional leaders in promoting quality education in Ghana

PurposeThe government of Ghana since independence has undertaken steps to develop educational infrastructure setup. This notwithstanding, the educational sector is beset with challenges such as low-quality education and low enrolment rates in Senior High Schools (SHS) of children from large households, among others. Given the myriad of challenges bedevilling the education sector, there have been calls for collaboration among public leaders to promote education. The paper, therefore, examines traditional leaders' roles in promoting quality education in Ghana.Design/methodology/approachThrough a desk review approach, the study examines the role of traditional leaders in promoting quality education in Ghana. This approach was adopted due to its flexible nature.FindingsThe study found that traditional leaders have provided educational materials and resources to deprived schools. They have established scholarship schemes for needy but brilliant students, promoted gender parity in education, constructed educational facilities and promoted a healthy teaching environment.Practical implicationsThe paper provides stakeholders in Ghana’s educational sector with the opportunity to review educational policies and include traditional leaders to influence educational policies. The recommendations call for support from the GETFUND and Scholarship Secretariat of Ghana to assist community-initiated projects and scholarship schemes established by traditional leaders.Originality/valueThe paper provides evidence to support the importance of traditional leadership, which has come under criticism from a democratisation perspective in contemporary times.

The Counter-Stereotypical Representation of Latinas in the American Police Procedural Comedy Series Brooklyn Nine-Nine (Fox & NBC, 2013-2021)

The representation of Latinas in America has always been stapled with stereotypical traits since their initial appearance in the mainstream media because the representation is depicted from the point of view of Anglo-Americans. It is then intriguing to analyze the representation of Latinas in the American police procedural comedy series Brooklyn Nine-Nine which its Anglo-American producers claimed to be counter-stereotypical to the existing Latina representation in the American mainstream media. Using Roland Barthes' Semiotics, the analysis shows that these characters defy traditional roles by being depicted as competent, assertive professionals with legal citizenship. The findings show that these characters defy traditional roles by being depicted as competent, assertive professionals with legal citizenship. They also diverge from sexualized stereotypes through their portrayal as authoritative figures, avoiding overly sexualized tropes in speech and attire. This portrayal offers a counter-narrative to existing media stereotypes of Latina women.

Patriarchal Dominance in English Literature

Patriarchal dominance has been a prevalent theme in English literature throughout its history. Many literary works reflect and critique the societal norms and power structures that have historically favored men over women. Patriarchal norms prescribe rigid gender roles and expectations for men and women, reinforcing stereotypes and inequalities. Women are often relegated to traditional roles as caregivers, homemakers, and subordinate members of the family, while men are expected to be the primary breadwinners and decision-makers. These gender roles perpetuate unequal power dynamics and limit women's autonomy and agency. Prominent examples include Shakespeare's plays, where gender roles and power imbalances are often central to the plot, and classic novels like Jane Austen's "Pride and Prejudice," which explores women's limited options in a patriarchal society. Over time, literature has evolved to challenge and subvert these patriarchal norms, with authors like Virginia Woolf and Charlotte Perkins Gilman addressing issues of gender inequality and women's autonomy. Feminist literature and criticism have also played a significant role in analyzing and deconstructing patriarchal themes in English literature. Patriarchal dominance, characterized by the historical and societal power imbalance that favors men over women, has been a recurring theme in English literature throughout the ages. This theme reflects and critiques the prevailing gender norms, roles, and inequalities that have persisted within different periods and cultures of English-speaking societies. From early literary works to contemporary literature, patriarchal dominance remains a complex and enduring subject of exploration.

Survey of tick-borne pathogens in grazing horses in Kyrgyzstan: phylogenetic analysis, genetic diversity, and prevalence of Theileria equi.

Tick-borne pathogens (TBP) are an important group of organisms that can affect animals and humans all over the world. Equine piroplasmosis (EP), caused by Theileria equi and Babesia caballi, is considered one of the most important tick-borne diseases and can cause significant clinical symptoms and mortality in horses. Moreover, EP plays a restrictive role in international horse traditions and transportation. Although these species can cause similar symptoms, there are different 18S rRNA genotypes of T. equi (five genotypes) and B. caballi (three genotypes). Besides piroplasma species, Anaplasma and hemotropic mycoplasmas (HM) are known as other important tick-borne pathogens reported in horses. In this study, we investigated the presence, prevalence, genetic diversity, and phylogenetic analyses of TBPs using PCRs and DNA sequencing in grazing horses in Kyrgyzstan. For these purposes, a total of 311 blood samples were collected from Chuy, Issyk-Kul, Naryn, Osh, Talas, and Jalal-Abad. DNA amplification of TBP revealed that 23 (7.40%) out of 311 samples were found to be positive for T. equi. However, B. caballi, HM, A. phagocytophilum, and A. capra were not detected in this study. The infection rate of T. equi was higher in males (8.11%) than in females (6.35%) (p=0.2880) and in those older than 5 years (9.02%) than in the 1-4 age group (6.35%) (p=0.1950). Phylogenetic analysis of 18S rRNA revealed that A and E genotypes of T. equi have circulated in grazing horses in Kyrgyzstan. Information about the genetic diversity of T. equi is important for understanding the population dynamics of the species and developing effective control strategies against this pathogen. This is the first molecular investigation of A. capra in horses in Kyrgyzstan. Although this pathogen has been detected in different hosts in Kyrgyzstan, it was not detected in this study. However, considering the wide host spectrum of A. capra, it is thought that more large-scale studies are needed to understand the effect of horses on the epidemiology of this pathogen.