Traditional Rice Varieties Research Articles

Hydroponic screening of traditional rice varieties in Assam, India to estimate their potential resistance to Al toxicity under P deficiency

Acid soils encompass nearly one-third of the available terrestrial land surface worldwide. Acidic soil is one of the major abiotic constraints for agricultural practices by potentially creating aluminum (Al) toxicity and/or phosphorous (P) deficiency. Assam, being an agricultural state of India, has the majority of its area covered by acidic soils due to the varied terrain in the region. Soil acidification increases the solubility of Al present in the soil from its nontoxic silicate or oxide forms into highly phytotoxic ionic Al (mainly the trivalent cation Al<sup>3+</sup>). Ionic Al can form complexes with the available phosphorous leading to plant nutrient deficiency. In the present investigation, screening of traditional rice varieties from Assam was conducted for tolerance to combined Al toxicity and P deficiency. Seedlings of 41 rice landraces from various agro-climatic locations were subjected to three different concentrations of Al (0, 50, 100 µM) for 24, 48, and 72 h under P deficiency in static nutrient culture to identify the extent of their resistance to these stressed conditions. Different morpho-physiological parameters (root and shoot lengths, fresh and dry weight yields, chlorophyll and relative water content) were evaluated after stress treatment. All the experiments were conducted in a randomized block design with three replicates. Based on the overall morphological characters, total stress response index (TSRI) was calculated which showed a variation ranging from 18 to 23. Accordingly, the varieties were classified into different groups of resistance. Varieties ‘Moti’ and ‘Baismuthi’ were found to be the least resistant, whereas ‘Holpuna’, ‘Beto’, and ‘Soria Sali’ were identified as most tolerant varieties to Al toxicity under P deficiency. The findings of the present investigation could be exploited for developing promising varieties in future rice breeding programs.

Comparative analysis of leaf vein density in Sri Lankan traditional rice varieties

The C3 photosynthetic pathway of rice is less efficient than the C4 pathway. The possibility of conversion from C3 to C4 pathways in rice is currently under experiment. In plants undergoing such a transition, higher leaf-vein densities (LVD), and development of Kranz anatomy is expected to be present at an initial stage. High LVD could exist among traditional rice and those could be used as a starting point towards developing C4 rice. In the present study, LVD (estimated by average vein length between, two large longitudinal veins (LLV), two small longitudinal veins (SLV), and the vein length per unit area (TLV)) of 23 Sri Lankan rice accessions were analysed by performing a one-way ANOVA, with mean separation using Duncan’s multiple range test. Among the tested varieties LLV, SLV, and TLV were found to be significantly (p<0.05) different among accessions. Based on the mean separation, the highest LLV was shown by Thanthiribalan, and the lowest by Dewareddhiri, Mahasuduwee, Suwadel and five other accessions. The highest SLV was reported in three accessions and the lowest was in Mahasuduwee, Suwadel and Mahakuruwee. The highest TLV was reported in Mahasuduwee, Suwadel and Mahakuruwee and the lowest in IR 64. Unlike TLV estimation, SLV can be measured directly. Given that TLV and SLV are negatively correlated (r=-0.9183) a low SLV will be a suitable parameter to select for high TLV. The accessions, Mahasuduwee, Suwadel and Mahakuruwee carried a higher LVD (lower SLV and LLV leading to higher TLV) and can be recommended as candidates for studying C3 to C4 photosynthetic pathway conversion in rice.

Comparison of Methods for Genomic Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Extraction Suitable for Whole-Genome Genotyping in Traditional Varieties of Rice

The utilization and conservation traditional rice genotypes have attracted global attention. Optimization of DNA isolation protocol for genetic characterization of plants is a necessary and primary step. Over the recent years, next generation sequencing and microarray technologies have revolutionized scientific research, with their applications to high-throughput analysis of biological systems. Isolation of high quantities of pure, intact, double stranded, highly concentrated DNA is prerequisite for successful and reliable large-scale genotyping analysis. Therefore, standardization of DNA isolation is a basic requirement. Here we employed three methods of DNA isolation namely, Dellaporta, Hi-purA and modified CTAB techniques for isolation of genomic DNA from 25 indigenous rice genotypes. From the results, it was found that genomic DNA isolated by modified CTAB method to be the most appropriate for extracting high quality and maximum quantity DNA suitable for genotyping. The quality and quantity of the differentially extracted DNA was subsequently assessed by spectrophotometric measurements and gel electrophoresis.

The effects of access to credit on productivity: separating technological changes from changes in technical efficiency

Improving productivity among farm microenterprises is important, especially in low-income countries where market imperfections are pervasive and resources are scarce. Relaxing credit constraints can increase the productivity of farmers. Using a field experiment involving microenterprises in Bangladesh, we estimate the impact of access to credit on the overall productivity of rice farmers, and disentangle the total effect into technological change (frontier shift) and technical efficiency changes. We find that relative to the baseline rice output per decimal, access to credit results in, on average, approximately a 14 percent increase in yield, holding all other inputs constant. After decomposing the total effect into the frontier shift and efficiency improvement, we find that, on average, around 11 percent of the increase in output comes from changes in technology, or frontier shift, while the remaining 3 percent is attributed to improvements in technical efficiency. The efficiency gain is higher for modern hybrid rice varieties, and almost zero for traditional rice varieties. Within the treatment group, the effect is greater among pure tenant and mixed-tenant farm households compared with farmers that only cultivate their own land.

Varietal Trial of Traditional Upland Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Varieties Collected in the Province of Negros Occidental

Thirteen traditional upland rice varieties (Kadidit Pilit, Red 64, Masipag 9, Masipag 15, Dinorado, Mindoro, Camuros, Masipag 22, Palawan, Suleg, Biday, Pilit , Pilit Talacdan) were evaluated in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in three replicates at the experimental area of Central Philippines State University (CPSU), Kabankalan City, Negros Occidental from November 2012 - April 2013. The parameters compared were their agronomic data on growth and yield, including grain characteristics. These data were processed using the one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with the Statistical Tool for Agricultural Research (STAR) (Version 2.0.1) while Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) were used to compare significant treatment means at 1% level. The upland rice varieties showed significant variation in growth, yield showed distinct grain characteristics. Biday variety was the tallest, produced longer and wider leaves, and bore the longest panicle. Mindoro and Masipag 22 produced the most number of tillers. Pilit talacdan had the biggest culm, produced the heaviest panicle, with the highest number of filled grains per panicle. Pilit variety gave the heaviest weight of 1,000 grains. The grain features were also found to be distinct in each variety. The yield significantly varied among the upland rice varieties. Pilit and Pilit Talacdan gave the highest yield among the varieties grown at CPSU condition. The performing varieties would be used for upland rice improvement and breeding program and for further verification in the farmer’s field.

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English

Grain size and shape reflects variability in metabolite and elemental composition in traditional rice varieties

Traditional rice varieties serve as a pool for diverse germplasm. Present study investigates the compositional variability of metabolites and elements in traditional rice varieties with varying grain size and shape. Grain quality characterization of traditional rice varieties including medium, small and bold shaped grain types was performed. Additionally, whether these differences in the size and shape of varieties are reflected in the metabolite and elemental composition of their grains was explored. Two major clusters were obtained from hierarchical clustering of varieties based on the similarities of grain size and shape. The second cluster was further separated into four sub-clusters (clusters II, III, IV and V). A single variety representative of each cluster was selected for further analysis. Metabolite analysis and elemental analysis of grains was carried out by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), respectively. A total of 47 metabolites belonging to different metabolite groups and a total of 35 minerals were identified from dehulled grains of selected varieties. Distinct differences detected amongst the representative varieties from five clusters with respect to their metabolite and elemental profiles were further confirmed by partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) of the data obtained from both GC–MS and ICP-MS platforms. This study further highlights the usefulness of metabolite and elemental profiling complemented by suitable statistical tools to explore the prospect of an inherent correlation between grain quality features, biochemical composition and genetic background.

Performance of Traditional Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Varieties under System of Rice Intensification during Kharif Season in South Odisha Conditions

A field experiment was carried out at the Bagusala Farm, of M.S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi, Odisha during the kharif season of 2018. Four traditional rice varieties namely, V1, Red rice (kondo dano), V2, Manipuri black rice, V3, Balami and V4, Dudheshwar were taken into consideration and the treatments were laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. The traditional rice variety Dudheshwar got highest values of growth attributing characteristics, yield attributes and yield of rice. The highest grain yield (6560.25 kg ha−1) and straw yield (10632 kg ha−1) were achieved by treatment V4-Dudheshwar. In terms of net return and benefit: cost ratio, the variety Manipuri black rice is resulted in higher profitability as compared to other traditional rice varieties.

Consumer Preferences for Traditional Aromatic Rice: Policy implication and Recommendation.

This study seeks to ascertain urban consumers’ preferences for traditional aromatic rice varieties vis-a-vis conventional aromatic rice varieties. It used a mixed method approach that includes focus group discussion and key informant interviews to get first-hand information relating to consumers’ perception and preferences, and then utilizes quantitative analysis of survey data to determine factors affecting consumer preferences. The results suggest that consumers, who are aware that traditional aromatic rice varieties are cultivated without the use of chemicals and pesticides, prefer to purchase traditional aromatic rice than conventional aromatic rice. They also believe that traditional aromatic rice varieties are tastier and healthier. Income is not only found to be important determinant of people’s evaluation of the importance of ‘nutrient content’, ‘environment friendliness’ and their disposition towards reading labels during the purchase but also act as a predictor of the willingness to pay higher price for traditional aromatic rice varieties in comparison to conventional aromatic rice varieties. The results provide insights to retailers to target the identified segments and policy makers about changing consumers’ preferences for a non–toxic and environmentally friendly traditional aromatic rice varieties.

Comparison of phytochemicals, antioxidant and hypoglycemic activity of four different Brown rice varieties

Abstract Our study investigated the nutrient profiles, bioactive metabolites, antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties of traditional rice varieties such as Puzhuthikar (PTS), Elupaipoo Samba (EPS), Valan Samba (VS) and Garudan Samba (GS). The total phenols and flavonoids were significantly higher in PTS followed by GS, EPS and VS. Gas chromatography and Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) spectra showed therapeutically relevant secondary metabolites present in the rice varieties. Precisely, this is the first report about the metabolites of traditional rice varieties to the best of our knowledge. PTS displayed higher DPPH radical scavenging and total antioxidant activity, whereas, EPS had the significant capacity to reduce ferric ions and superoxide anions. The α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory concentration reveal the effectiveness of PTS and EPS in type-II diabetes management. Overall, the results suggested that EPS and PTS extracts may afford a novel and an alternative source of nutrients, therapeutically relevant metabolites, antioxidants and blood glucose regulators.

Willingness to Pay for Ecolabelled Products: The Case of Traditional Rice Varieties in the Philippines

Willingness to Pay for Ecolabelled Products: The Case of Traditional Rice Varieties in the Philippines

Elemental composition analysis in Sangyod rice by instrumental neutron activation analysis

Sangyod Muang Phatthalung Rice is a traditional rice variety grown in the area of Phatthalung province for more than a hundred years. Sangyod rice is the first rice variety of Thailand that has been registered as Geographical Indication (GI). It is also good rice for anyone who is searching for good health. The concentrations of nine elements (Mg, Al, Cl, As, Br, K, Mn, Rb and Zn) in Sangyod rice, locally cultivated in four districts (Pak Phayun, Tamot, Pa Phayom and Muang) in Phatthalung province, were determined using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). The method validation of INAA was verified by SRM 1568a Rice Flour. All elements were found to be in a good agreement with the certified values. The results were analyzed using analysis of variance and Tukey’s HSD test. There were no statistical differences in concentrations of Mg, Al, As, Br, K and Mn in rice from four districts. The concentrations of Cl, Rb and Zn found in rice were significantly different according to the cultivation region. Therefore, Cl, Rb and Zn were good characteristic indicators for Sangyod rice that could be applied to identify the geographical origins of rice.

Comparative Analysis of Physicochemical and Pasting Properties between Traditional and High Yielding Rice Varieties of Bangladesh

The physicochemical and pasting (rheological) properties between Bangladeshi traditional and high yielding varieties (HYV) of indica rice have been compared. Seven representatives of traditional indica parboiled rice namely Dudhkolom, Magursail, Ashiana, Kajalsail, Dadkhani, kataribhog, Jalidhan, and seven high yielding varieties namely BRRI 22, BRRI 23, BRRI 28, BRRI 29, BRRI 31, BRRI 40, and BRRI 41 have been chosen based on their popularity and availability. The flour particle size obtained after grinding ranged from 204.05 µm (Ashiana) to 311.85 µm (Magursail) for traditional variety and 224.87 µm (BRRI 31) to 281.70 µm (BRRI 28) for HYVs. Amylose content (AC) ranged from 21.18 % (Kajal sail) to 25.81 % (Dudhkolom) for traditional variety and 22.16 % (BRRI 31) to 30.37 % (BRRI 22) for HYVs. The protein contents of traditional varieties lie between 6.09 % (Dudhkolom) to 8.76% (Jolidhan) and that of HYV lie between 7.82 % (BRRI 41) to 9.09 % (BRRI 31). Gel consistency test reveals that all the varieties have a soft gel consistency. Rheological properties namely peak viscosity (PV), trough viscosity (TV), breakdown viscosity (BV), final viscosity (FV) and setback viscosity (SV) have been determined for all the fourteen samples. It has been found that all of these parameters were comparable between the analyzed traditional and HYVs.

Stability analysis for grain yield and quality traits in selected traditional and improved varieties of rice over different Zones of Karnataka

Traditional rice varieties (TRVs) form important components of genetic reservoir. TRVs used in study viz., Rajamudi, Ratnachoodi and Jeerigesanna are photosensitive. They may exhibit Genotype by Environment (G×E) interactions for grain yield and quality traits. Hence, present experiment was conducted to understand responses of yield and quality traits in selected traditional along with improved varieties of rice over five different locations of Karnataka using additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model and bi-plots were developed following GGE bi-plot methodology. AMMI analysis revealed that there existed significant GE interaction among ten rice varieties and genotypes and environments were diverse in nature. IPCA1 and IPCA2 together explained more than 75% of GE interaction for yield and quality traits and maximum GE interaction was explained by IPCA (Interaction Principle Component Analysis) 1. BR-2655 and Ratnachoodi were found to be most stable varieties and Mugadsiri was found to be most unstable variety for grain yield. Jeerigesanna and BPT-5204 were stable for gel consistency and amylose content respectively. Among rice varieties used, BR-2655 was found to be the best variety since it recorded highest grain yield and also it was stable performer for grain yield and also amylose content across five different locations.

Screening of traditional scented rice (Joha) of Assam for presence of Badh2, blast and brown spot diseases

The traditional scented rice (Joha) varieties are very popular among the people of Assam. The traditional scented rice though carries a premium price throughout the world, is a low yielder. However, the traditional Joha varieties are tolerant to many disease and pest, indicating the joha germplasm may be a source for several disease/pest resistant genes. However not much work has been carried out to identify the factors responsible for disease/pest tolerance in these lines. Hence, an attempt was made in 39 Joha germplasms to identify blast and brown spot resistant/tolerant germplasms at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Assam Agricultural University, Titabar. In most of the aromatic lines the aroma is due to the function of the Badh2 gene. Therefore, an attempt was made to study the action of Badh2 gene in these germplasms with the help of SNP analysis. The present study reveals the associated between Badh2 gene fragrance in most of the Joha germplasms. However in some aromatic Joha germplasms the fragrance is not correlated with the action of Badh2, and it may be due to some other factors. This finding needs further studies to identify the factors contributing to the fragrance in Joha rice.

Documentation of the grain morphological variation within some traditional aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties of West Bengal

With the introduction of high-yielding varieties, price incentives and research inclinations towards modern varieties of non-aromatic rice to achieve self reliance, cultivation of several indigenous scented rice varieties have been neglected. A large number of traditional scented rice has already been lost and many are on the verge of extinction. It is more so for the small and medium-grained non Basmati aromatic rice than the long-grained Basmati types which form the bulk of rice export. Even though the cultivation of traditional aromatic rice varieties in prime areas is fast declining, their aroma and grain quality is highly appreciated by local communities and they are used in several rituals and customs. Future progress in the improvement of scented rice largely depends on immediate documentation, evaluation, conservation of the extant scented rice genetic resources and their effective utilization. The present study is on the documentation and evaluation of some of the aromatic rice germplasm of West Bengal.

Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Novel Salt-tolerant Rice Germplasms from the Philippines and Bangladesh

To screen for new sources of salinity tolerance, 688 traditional rice varieties from the Philippines and Bangladesh were obtained, and their tolerance to hypersaline conditions at the seedling stage was examined. A total of 29 Philippine lines and 15 Bangladeshi lines were scored as salt-tolerant. Morphological assessment (plant height, biomass and Na-K ratio) revealed that among the 44 salt-tolerant accessions, Casibon, Kalagnon and Ikogan had significantly higher relative shoot length difference, relative shoot growth reduction and shoot Na-K ratio than the tolerant check FL478. Additionally, AC and Akundo exhibited significantly higher Na-K ratios than the other genotypes. The genetic diversity of the 44 genotypes was assessed using 34 simple sequence repeat markers. A total of 133 alleles were detected across all loci. Cluster analysis showed that AC, Akundo and Kuplod were clustered along with FL478, indicating a strong genetic relatedness between these genotypes. IR29 (susceptible check) was singly separated. The haplotype analysis revealed that none of the 44 genotypes had a similar allele combination as FL478. These accessions are of interest since each genotype might be different from the classical salinity-tolerant Pokkali.

The floating traditional Rice Techno-Demonstration for Community Food Security

Rice ranks as the most important cereal in the Philippines. It is one of the country’s largest agricultural production systems, highest among crop production. The general objective of the study was to determine if traditional rice variety can give optimum yield when planted in the floating area. The materials used were traditional rice varieties. The water hyacinth was converted into a rice floating area. Data gathered was analyzed using the analysis of variance. The LSD Test was employed to compare the significant difference between treatment mean values. Floating rice production is a viable option among small farmers particularly in areas where water availability is not control such as marshy area. Local materials such as water hyacinth as floater are widely available. There is a need however, for a sound cultural management to make it sustainable. The good agronomic characteristics of the rice varieties can be attributed by the types of variety and the management practices. The floating area can be converted a potential area for rice production for a certain community particularly in the marshy area. However, there a need for a sound management practices in the floating area that can farmers may adopt for a sustainable rice floating production area

Molecular screening of traditional rice varieties using tsv1-linked simple sequence repeat markers

AbstractGenebanks offer vast amounts of traditional germplasm with potential sources of novel genes against biotic and abiotic stresses. In order to utilize the germplasm in rice breeding programmes, there should be a fast screening approach such as the use of molecular markers. Thus, the current study aimed to evaluate the use of tsv1 resistance-linked simple sequence repeat markers (SSR) for the preliminary screening of Philippine traditional rice germplasm against rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV). The tsv1 resistance-linked SSR markers consisted of two to four repeat motifs with 5–24 base repeats. Expected sizes ranged from 123 to 465 base pairs (bp) with polymorphism information content ranging from 0.23 to 0.73. Genetic analysis showed six major clusters at 50%: Clusters A, B and C had individual accessions, Cluster D had three accessions, Cluster E had 55 and Cluster F had 42 accessions. The study showed the germplasm with alleles linked to tsv1 but should be validated in the future with induced screening. In general, the material consisted of selected germplasm showing the presence of alleles linked to the tsv1 gene. These rice accessions could be a source of resistance to RTSV following further validation. Furthermore, molecular markers provide a useful tool to accelerate the screening of genetic resources for biotic and abiotic stress tolerance.

Varietal influence on antioxidant properties and glycemic index of pigmented and non-pigmented rice

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic illness characterized by hyperglycemia, mainly affected by staple diet pattern as consumption of rice which makes population more vulnerable to this condition. On the contrary, some traditional pigmented rice varieties are proven to be beneficial in managing different metabolic disorders as diabetes, aging etc. Nutrient composition and glycemic potential of pigmented rice cultivars namely kattuyanam, red kavuni, black kavuni and karudan samba were studied and found to have immense nutrient potentials. Kattuyanam had comparatively higher content of protein, amylose, total phenol, total flavonoid, DPPH and reducing power followed by red and black kavuni. Amylose content (27.28–30.03%) correlated inversely with the glycemic index (r = −0.713; p ≤ 0.01) and glycemic load (r = −0.574). Kattuyanam, an indigenous pigmented rice variety, with 30.03% amylose and 9.33% TDF was eliciting low GI of 47.19 and glycemic load of 8.80 whereas karudan samba recorded high GI of 69.74 and glycemic load of 13.84. Hence, kattuyanam with high amylose and low GI can serve as a source of functional food and could play a vital role in the management and prevention of diabetes and related disorders.