Traditional Polymer Research Articles

An eco-friendly polycaprolactone/graphite composite as a robust freestanding electrode platform for supercapacitive energy storage.

We present the successful development and characterization of a novel eco-friendly polycaprolactone-graphite (PCLGr) composite as a freestanding platform, serving as a bulk conducting chip electrode for supercapacitor applications. Notably, this is the first report of using this biodegradable polymer for making such a self-standing conductive platform. Traditional polymer and carbon-based electrodes often rely on insulating supports or non-eco-friendly materials, which we have addressed in our work. Direct deposition of the redox material, polyaniline (PANI), onto the electrode via the galvanostatic method has been achieved. The specific capacitance of PANI demonstrates comparability to previous studies utilizing conventional current collectors. Notably, the electrode exhibits exceptional stability in highly acidic environments. Comprehensive characterization utilizing bulk conductivity measurements, XRD, TGA, DSC, SEM, and stress-strain analyses shows advanced properties of the electrode. It complements the evaluation of PANI's supercapacitive performance through cyclic voltammetry, charge-discharge measurements, and impedance spectroscopy. We achieved a specific capacitance of ≈162 F g-1 at 0.5 A g-1. This innovative electrode presents a promising alternative to conventional counterparts across various electrochemical applications.

Cellulose/silica composite microtubular superfoam with excellent flame retardancy, thermal insulation and ablative resistance.

Thermal insulation materials with good flame-retardant properties have attracted widespread attention because of their huge application potential. Traditional petrochemical-based polymer insulation materials are flammable and have problems with environmental pollution. The microtubule structure is a perfect microstructure with excellent thermal insulation performance. In addition, the microtubule structure also has low density and high elasticity. Therefore, the microtubule structure is an important reference microstructure for the development of efficient thermal insulation materials. In this paper, a cellulose/SiO2 composite microtube thermal insulation superfoam has been successfully prepared. Cellulose microtubules were successfully prepared from poplar sawdust by chemical methods. The SiO2 aerogel precursor solution can be quickly adsorbed by the delignified cellulose microtubes. The SiO2 aerogel shells are evenly distributed only on the inner and outer walls of the delignified cellulose microtubes. The cellulose/SiO2 microtube composite (CSMC) superfoam exhibits low density, good mechanical properties, and low thermal conductivity (as low as 0.042 ± 0.0018 W m-1 K-1). The CSMC superfoam exhibits excellent self-extinguishing and flame-retardant properties. After being burned by a butane flame, the superfoam still has certain mechanical properties. The thermal conductivity of the B-CSMC superfoam (the CSMC superfoam burned by a butane flame) is about 0.050 W m-1 K-1. The B-CSMC superfoam remained almost unchanged after being continuously ablated by a butane flame for 3600 seconds.

Backscattering silicon spectrometer (BASIS): sixteen years in advanced materials characterization.

Quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) is an experimental technique that can measure parameters of mobility, such as diffusion jump rate and jump length, as well as localized relaxations of chemical species (molecules, ions, and segments) at atomic and nanometer length scales. Due to the high penetrative power of neutrons and their sensitivity to neutron scattering cross-section of chemical species, QENS can effectively probe mobility inside most bulk materials. This review focuses on QENS experiments performed using a neutron backscattering silicon spectrometer (BASIS) to explore the dynamics in various materials and understand their structure-property relationship. BASIS is a time-of-flight near-backscattering inverted geometry spectrometer with very high energy resolution (approximately 0.0035 meV of full width at half maximum), allowing measurements of dynamics on nano to picosecond timescales. The science areas studied with BASIS are diverse, with a focus on soft matter topics, including traditional biological and polymer science experiments, as well as measurements of fluids ranging from simple hydrocarbons and aqueous solutions to relatively complex room-temperature ionic liquids and deep-eutectic solvents, either in the bulk state or confined. Additionally, hydrogen confined in various materials is routinely measured on BASIS. Other topics successfully investigated at BASIS include quantum fluids, spin glasses, and magnetism. BASIS has been in the user program since 2007 at the Spallation Neutron Source of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, an Office of Science User Facility supported by the U.S. Department of Energy. Over the past sixteen years, BASIS has contributed to various scientific disciplines, exploring the structure and dynamics of many chemical species and their fabrication for practical applications. A comprehensive review of BASIS contributions and capabilities would be an asset to the materials science community, providing insights into employing the neutron backscattering technique for advanced materials characterization.

Recent advancements in bio-based dielectric and piezoelectric polymers and their biomedical applications.

The advent of polymer-based dielectrics marked a significant breakthrough in dielectric materials. However, despite their many advantages, they pose serious environmental threats. Therefore, in recent years, there has been growing interest in bio-based polymers as a sustainable alternative to traditional petroleum-based polymers. Their renewable nature and reduced environmental impact can fulfil the rising demand for eco-friendly substitutes. Beyond their ecological benefits, bio-based polymers also possess distinctive electrical properties that make them extremely attractive in a variety of applications. Considering these, herein, we present recent advancements in bio-based dielectric polymers and nanocomposites. First, the fundamental concepts of dielectric and polymer-based dielectric materials are covered. Then, we will delve into the discussion of recent advancements in the dielectric properties and thermal stability of bio-based polymers, including polylactic acid, polyhydroxyalkanoates, polybutylene succinate, starch, cellulose, chitosan, chitins, and alginates, and their nanocomposites. Other novel bio-based dielectric polymers and their distinct dielectric characteristics have also been pointed out. In an additional section, the piezoelectric properties of these polymers and their recent biomedical applications have been highlighted and discussed thoroughly. In conclusion, this paper thoroughly discusses the recent advances in bio-based dielectric polymers and their potential to revolutionize the biomedical industry while cultivating a more sustainable and greener future.

Insights into controlling bacterial cellulose nanofiber film properties through balancing thermodynamic interactions and colloidal dynamics

Proposed mechanistic model: balancing electrokinetic and thermodynamic factors in CNF colloid to film transition.

A flexible precontact CNT-Al2O3 fiber sensor resistant to extreme temperatures.

As a new soft electronic product, a flexible precontact sensor provides spatial position sensing ability. However, the properties of traditional polymer materials change in industrial environments with extreme temperatures, which can cause the sensor function to decline or even fail. In this study, we propose a flexible fiber sensor based on the capacitor principle, which achieves a stable spatial positioning function and is not affected by a wide range of temperature changes. The fiber element of the sensor is obtained through the deposition of a flexible Al2O3 ceramic coating onto the surface of a carbon nanotube fiber (CNTF) via atomic layer deposition (ALD) technology. Coatings of different thicknesses (100 nm, 200 nm, and 300 nm) show different colors. The temperature resistance and flame retardancy of Al2O3 keep the morphology of the composite fiber unaffected by flame or high temperatures. Even at extreme temperatures (-78 °C to 500 °C), the sensor's sensing ability exhibits excellent stability. In addition, the spatial perception of the fibers remained viable after repeated bending (10 000 times). We demonstrate the potential of the sensor to acquire position information during high-temperature industrial pipe docking.

PEO/cysteine composite nanofiber-based triboelectric nanogenerator for tiny mechanical energy harvesting

Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has acted as a promising method for capturing mechanical energy. However, traditional polymer triboelectric materials result burden to environment, the natural/biodegradable tribo-materials have the disadvantages of poor...

High-strength, antifogging and antibacterial ZnO/carboxymethyl starch/chitosan film with unique “Steel Wire Mesh” structure for strawberry preservation

In this work, a multifunctional preservative film of ZnO/carboxymethyl starch/chitosan (ZnO/CMS/CS) with the unique “Steel Wire Mesh” structure is fabricated by the chemical crosslinked of ZnO NPs, CMS and CS. Unlike traditional nano-filled polymer film, the formation of the “Steel Wire Mesh” structure of ZnO/CMS/CS film is based on the synergistic effect of ZnO NPs filled CMS/CS and the coordination crosslinked between CMS/CS and Zn2+ derived from ZnO NPs. Thanks to the “Steel Wire Mesh” structure, the tensile strength and water vapor barrier of 2.5ZnO/10CMS/CS film are 2.47 and 1.73 times than that of CS film, respectively. Furthermore, the transmittance of 2.5ZnO/10CMS/CS film during antifogging test is close to 89 %, confirming its excellent antifogging effects. And the 2.5ZnO/10CMS/CS film also exhibits excellent long-acting antibacterial activity (up to 202 h), so it can maintain the freshness and appearance of strawberries at least 5 days. More importantly, the 2.5ZnO/10CMS/CS film is sensitive to humidity changes, which achieves real-time humidity monitoring of the fruit storage environment. Note that the preparation method of the film is safe, simple and environmentally friendly, and its excellent degradation performance will not bring any problems of food safety and environmental pollution.

Functionalized Nanoporous Ceramic Membranes for Electrodialysis Treatment of Harsh Wastewater

INTRODUCTION Electrodialysis (ED) is a well-developed technology for electrochemical desalination. However, many industries generate harsh wastewater streams that are incompatible with traditional ion exchange membranes and thus limit the use of ED. Membrion® has developed novel ceramic-based ion exchange membranes which offer a number of advantages over traditional polymer membranes: high performance in low pH, chemical resistance to oxidizers, and a rigid structure which minimizes membrane swelling. This presentation will discuss these novel membranes and their performance in electrodialysis stacks. EXPERIMENTAL Novel ceramic ion exchange membranes (IEM) are synthesized with patented silane-based sol-gel techniques. These ceramic membranes have covalently bound charged moieties similar to polymer IEMs; however, they are attached to a tunable nanoporous structure. The pore size, shape, and network structure are engineered through a molecular self-assembly process where thermodynamic driving forces are used to direct where and how pores form. Either cation (e.g., SO3 -) or anion (e.g., NH4 +) groups can be added within the membrane nanopore structure to enhance ion selectivity. The ceramic IEMs are produced on a roll-to-roll manufacturing line with low temperature processing. Membrane performance is assessed by measuring permselectivity (PS), area-specific resistance (ASR), and batch electrodialysis tests. RESULTS Figure 1 shows that both cation exchange membranes (CEM) and anion exchange membranes (AEM) show a decreased ASR compared to traditional polymer membranes, while maintaining comparable PS (i.e., the ability to separate cations and anions). The lower ASR of ceramic membranes is advantageous, as this can improve the overall energy efficiency of electrodialysis desalination. We maintain good performance (i.e., comparable current efficiency and water recovery) when integrated into a 10-cell pair stack. Most significantly, the right plot of Figure 1 shows a stable dilute water recovery of ~90% achieved with ceramic membranes after being stored in solutions ranging from pH 3 to pH 0 for 30 days. We have also demonstrated this technology in the field with copper wastewater generated at a microelectronics manufacturing facility. On site bench and pilot testing showed that our membranes could be used to nearly eliminate the copper sent to single-use IEX resin. DISCUSSION Ceramic-based ion exchange membranes are able to achieve comparable performance to traditional polymer membranes and offer some unique advantages. Long exposure to very low pH has negligible impact on ceramic ED stack performance. Additionally, we have observed stable performance in the presence of strong oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide. This stability is expected, as the silica backbone of these materials is already in a fully oxidized state, as opposed to traditional polystyrene-based membranes. This data suggests ceramic membranes could be an ideal solution for acidic and/or oxidizing wastewater streams found in industries such as semiconductor manufacturing and mining. In addition to offering chemical stability in harsh environments, the patented silica sol-gel process used to cast these membranes is extremely tunable. Through incorporating commercially available functionalized silanes, the pore size and chemical make-up can be easily altered to target specific waste streams. CONCLUSIONS Ceramic ion exchange membranes are shown to have similar performance attributes to traditional polymer IEMs when evaluated for electrodialysis water purification applications. The good stack-level performance combined with stability in harsh environments have the potential to dramatically broaden the use of ED/EDR for industrial wastewater treatment. Figure 1

Covalently Joined Electrode Architectures for Extreme Fast Charging Li-Ion Batteries

Li-ion batteries are the backbone of all electric vehicles (EVs) in production today [1]. However, they compete poorly against the few-minute refueling time of fossil fuel powered vehicles [2, 3]. To successfully replace fossil fuel powered vehicles, the EV batteries must support charging rates under the 15-minute mark as determined by the eXtreme Fast Charging (XFC) standard defined by the U.S. Department of Energy [4]. When subjected to XFC charging rates, well-known problems of lithium plating and delamination plague graphite anodes due to local potential gradients and binder degradation respectively [5].Our work replaces the traditional polymer binder with conductive titanium carbide interconnects that covalently join graphite particles as well as bond them to the current collector [6]. This new architecture demonstrates ~400% increase in electrical conductivity compared to traditional architectures with polymer binders while maintaining interparticle integrity and improving adhesion. The adhesion and mechanical properties are provided by conductive chemical bonds mitigating delamination as these novel bonds suffer less mechanical and chemical degradation under high current rates than adhesion provided by polymer binders. The improved conductivity was also utilized to form a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) at rates up to 4C reducing the ionic impedance of the SEI interface significantly [7]. The improved graphite electrodes can sustain 15-minute charge maintaining 80% of the specific capacity of the graphite particles for 800 cycles at commercially relevant loadings. Our studies introduce an effective strategy to engineer Li-ion battery electrode architectures that simultaneously improve electrical and ionic conductivity mitigating lithium plating and delamination under XFC charging rate needed for the mass adoption of EVs. Habib, A.A., S. Motakabber, and M.I. Ibrahimy. A comparative study of electrochemical battery for electric vehicles applications. in 2019 IEEE International Conference on Power, Electrical, and Electronics and Industrial Applications (PEEIACON). 2019. IEEE.Balali, Y. and S. Stegen, Review of energy storage systems for vehicles based on technology, environmental impacts, and costs. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2021. 135: p. 110185.Andwari, A.M., et al., A review of Battery Electric Vehicle technology and readiness levels. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017. 78: p. 414-430.Dufek, E.J., et al., Developing extreme fast charge battery protocols–A review spanning materials to systems. Journal of Power Sources, 2022: p. 231129.Ahmed, S., et al., Enabling fast charging–A battery technology gap assessment. Journal of Power Sources, 2017. 367: p. 250-262.Rangom, Y., Covalently Joined Carbonaceous and Mettalloid Powders by Carbide-Based Interconnects and Method of Fabrication for High-Performance Electrodes. 2021: United States preliminary patent #63/248,293.Rangom, Y., T.T. Duignan, and X. Zhao, Lithium-ion transport behavior in thin-film graphite electrodes with SEI layers formed at different current densities. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2021. 13(36): p. 42662-42669. Figure 1

TEM morphological analysis of biopolymers: The case of Poly (Lactic Acid) (PLA)

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) is one of several techniques for studying the morphology of polymers, which allows the analysis of their micro- and nano-domains, providing essential insights into their fundamental properties. To achieve such information, this paper proposes an extensive TEM characterisation of a crystalline Poly (Lactic Acid) (PLA), one of the first fully biobased and biodegradable polymers able to compete with traditional polymers in terms of performance. Further, the investigated biopolymer will be manufactured by injection moulding, one of the main industrial processing techniques in the field of biopolymer production. To improve TEM imaging, the best staining/coating conditions of PLA thin sections will be determined. Then, it will be described the arrangements of spherulites in PLA, as well as their lamellar organization within, by exploiting different sample sectioning approaches (i.e., directional and serial).

Analysis of the integrated performance of hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer composite used for thermal protection based on a dual-scale ablation model

In order to cope with more extreme aerothermodynamic environment, a dual-layer hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer composite (HFRP) was proposed as a thermal protection material. A dual-scale ablation model was developed to evaluate the performance of this composite, including a meso‑scale heat transfer model and a macro-scale ablation model, and the two models were effectively linked. The models were validated have good reliability. The meso‑scale thermal properties and macro-scale ablation performance of dual-layer HFRP were compared with those of traditional carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composite (CFRP). The effect of thickness the of HFRP on the performance of dual-layer HFRP was also investigated. Finally, the integrated ablation resistance-insulation-lightweight design of the composite was comprehensively evaluated by Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). The results show that the new composite proposed in this paper maintains good ablation resistance and light weight while the thermal insulation performance had significantly improved, especially when the thickness of the HFRP is 50 %, the comprehensive performance is optimal, and the warp yarn hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer composite (WaHFRP) has better performance. Dual-layer HFRP had obvious advantages to CFRP, and can be used as a reference in the design of thermal protection materials.

Superhydrophobic and breathable polydimethylsiloxane/nano-SiO2@polylactic acid electrospun membrane with core-sheath fiber structure

Polylactic acid (PLA) has great potential to replace traditional petroleum-based polymers, especially in membrane production, due to its biocompatibility, degradability, and renewability. However, there are rare reports of superhydrophobic and breathable PLA membranes. In this work, a multifunctional PDMS/SiO2@PLA membrane with superhydrophobicity and breathability was prepared by coaxial electrospinning method to coat the surface of PLA fiber with a thin layer of biocompatible polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and nano-silica particles. The prepared membrane has a water contact angle (WCA) of 151.8 ± 1.3° and a water sliding angle (WSA) of 5.7 ± 0.3°. Thanks to its superhydrophobicity, it can support a water column of 195 cm. The membrane has excellent breathability that its water vapor transmission rate is ~14.7 kg·m−2·24 h−1. Moreover, the freezing time of the membrane is 2.25 times longer than that of the original PLA membrane. In addition, it has an oil-water separation efficiency of 99.9 % and a flux of ~12,300 L·m−2·h−1. The overall performance of this multi-functional PDMS/SiO2@PLA membrane is one of the best among the fluorine-free electrospun membranes.

Pure Covalent-Organic Framework Membrane as a Label-Free Biomimetic Nanochannel for Sensitive and Selective Sensing of Chiral Flavor Substances.

Chiral flavor substances play an important role in the human perception of different tastes. Here, we report a pure covalent-organic framework (COF) membrane nanochannel in combination with a chiral gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) selector for sensing chiral flavor substances. The pure COF membrane with a proper pore size is selected as the nanochannel, while l-cysteine-modified AuNPs (l-Cys-AuNPs) are used as the chiral selector. l-Cys-AuNPs show stronger binding to the S-enantiomer than the R-enantiomer, causing current reduction to different degrees for the R- and S-enantiomer to achieve chiral sensing due to the synergistic effect of the size exclusion of the COF nanochannel and the chiral selectivity of l-Cys-AuNPs. The developed COF membrane nanochannel sensing platform not only allows an easy balance of the permeability and selectivity, which is difficult to achieve in traditional polymer membrane nanochannel sensors, but also exhibits better chiral performance than commercial artificial anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) nanochannel sensors. The developed nanochannel sensor is successfully applied for sensing flavor enantiomers such as limonene, propanediol, methylbutyric acid, and butanol with the enantiomer excess values of 55.2% (propanediol) and 72.4% (limonene) and the low detection limits of 36 (limonene) and 71 (propanediol) ng L-1. This study provides a new idea for the construction of nanochannel platforms based on the COF for sensitive and selective chiral sensing.

Improving thermal insulation and fire resistance of ceramifiable EVA/ceramic hybrid composites via low temperature sintering and foaming strategy

Energy efficient buildings, propulsion components and thermal protection systems require materials with high thermal protective properties. Traditional polymer composites or ceramic materials have limited comprehensive applications because of their poor thermal protective properties or poor processability. Herein, a novel fire resistant and thermally insulating polymer/ceramic hybrid ceramifiable composite was developed based on low temperature sintering principle and foaming on fire strategy. Specifically, the influences of raw materials of low temperature ceramics, such as glass frit, phosphate, etc, on the properties of ceramifiable ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) composites were investigated. Its fire resistance and thermal insulation properties were evaluated by simulating different sintering environments. The results show that the ceramifiable composite exhibits the highest improvement in fire resistance because a crystalline phase was formed at high temperatures. Gas evolution from the thermal decomposition of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and EVA contributes to the formation of the porous structure in ceramic residues. The optimal system can resist above 1000 °C flame for 30 min without disintegration, and the temperature of the unfired side was maintained around 200 °C. The reliability of the strategy was verified by the effective medium theory model.

Synergistic effect of graphene oxide and partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide for enhanced oil recovery: Merging coreflood experimental and CFD modeling approaches

The present study provides a comprehensive examination of GO-HPAM polymeric nanocomposite, contributing significantly to enhanced oil recovery (EOR). At the core of this investigation are a series of experimental tests and validations of simulations. The study examines the bonding effects, structural integrity, morphological interconnections, and stability of the GO-HPAM. The significance of reservoir and in-situ fluid conditions in the effort to improve EOR The GO-HPAM stabilization composite was developed, assessed, and examined for its extended core-flooding capabilities owing to its high energy characteristics. The simulation model was built on a Cartesian grid with fixed values for the bulk volume, injection rate, well completion, and rock-fluid properties using ANSYS Fluent. During the flooding experiment, the injections of 2 PV of brine, 0.50 PV of GO-HPAM, and 2 PV of chase water were precursors. The findings showed that 19.67% of the original oil could be recovered after injecting the nanocomposite fluid consisting of GO-HPAM. The GO-HPAM flooding gathered over 60% more oil than the traditional EOR polymer. Moreover, numerical modeling demonstrated a performance of the GO-HPAM combination comparable to the experimental results. The proposed synergetic fluid will assist researchers and industrialists in the design of an EOR process.

Multifunctional Liquid Metal-Bridged Graphite Nanoplatelets/Aramid Nanofiber Film for Thermal Management.

Miniaturization of modern micro-electronic devices urges the development of multi-functional thermal management materials. Traditional polymer composite-based thermal management materials are promising candidates, but they suffer from single functionality, high cost, and low fire-resistance. Herein, a multifunctional liquid metal (LM)-bridged graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs)/ aramid nanofibers (ANFs) film is fabricated via a facile vacuum-assisted self-assembly approach followed by compression. ANFs serve as interfacial binders to link LM and GNPs together via hydrogen bondings and π-π interactions, while LM bridges the adjacent layer of GNPs to endow a fast thermal transport by phonons and electrons. The resultant composite films exhibit a high bidirectional thermal conductivity (In-plane: 29.5Wm-1K-1 and through-plane: 5.3Wm-1K-1), offering a reliable and effective cooling. Moreover, the as-fabricated composite films exhibit superior flame-retardance (peak of heat release rate of 4000Jg-1), outstanding Joule heating performance (200 °C at supplied voltage of 3.5V), and excellent electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE of 62dB). This work provides an efficient avenue to fabricate multifuntional thermal management materials for micro-electronic devices, battery thermal management, and artificial intelligence.

Soft intercalated slope stability optimization with a modified polymer curing agent

The demand for high-grade roads is significantly higher in developing countries. However, slopes containing coal gangue weak interlayer pose significant safety risks to highways, railways, and other infrastructures. To address this issue, this study aims to find the best polymer cement ratio scheme of traditional pure acrylic emulsion polymer curing agents. Based on this scheme, a reinforcement method was designed, which combined modified polyvinyl acetate with the coal gangue soft interlayer. The slope test results using a rigid model box showed that the shear strength of the root–soil composite in the PVAC group was higher than that in the pure acrylic emulsion group under different vertical consolidation pressures. Over time, the cumulative soil loss rate of the pure acrylic emulsion group gradually increased, and the soil pH decreased. Conversely, the PVAC group showed minimal changes in these two indicators with time. Under the same conditions, the slope shear strength of the PVAC group remained stronger than that of the pure acrylic emulsion group. The standard deviations of multiple tests for the PVAC group and pure acrylic emulsion group, under a vertical consolidation pressure of 100 kPa, were 7.2 kPa and 9.2 kPa, respectively, indicating greater stability in the PVAC group. With a stability coefficient of 3.39, which surpasses that of the pure acrylic emulsion group, the PVAC group exhibited enhanced slope stability. These results indicate that this method can effectively enhance the stability of coal gangue soft interlayer slopes without causing environmental pollution.

A review on biodegradable polymers: Used as packaging Materials

In current years littering of plastics and the problem associated with their chronic inside the environment have end up a primary awareness in the each studies and information. There is high need of biodegradable polymers and especially in the discipline of packing and additionally want to create biodegradable polymers for traditional packaging material. The current review paper focuses towards the various types of biopolymer sources that are available in nature which are able to reduce the risk of environment damage through the use of alternative of plastics as a packaging material. This review present review of the exclusive biodegradable polymers and records about biodegradable polymers which are degraded by way of microorganisms and additionally include biodegradation technique. The excellent of biopolymers can be expressed as distinct properties like gas barrier, thermal and mechanical barrier, and moisture barrier properties. Biopolymers may be classified into classes in keeping with natural, synthetic and based totally on repeating units. Biodegradable polymers can be used as an approach to the troubles posed via plastics as they effortlessly degrade inside the surroundings and also mimic the properties of traditional polymers. Starch, cellulose based totally biodegradable zero waste plastics can update with non-renewable plastics with comparable packaging properties. Some of organic substances can be incorporated into biodegradable polymers materials with the maximum common being PLA, PCA, protein, starch cellulose etc. This overview additionally nation the biodegradable polymers bundle of food programs and utilized in other discipline and which merchandise are made from this.

Development and Applications of CO2-Responsive Gels in CO2 Flooding and Geological Storage.

Gel systems are widely used as plugging materials in the oil and gas industry. Gas channeling can be mitigated by reducing the heterogeneity of the formation and the mobility ratio of CO2 to crude oil. Cracks and other CO2 leaking pathways can be plugged during the geological storage of CO2 to increase the storage stability. By adding CO2-responsive groups to the classic polymer gel's molecular chain, CO2 responsive gel is able to seal and recognize CO2 in the formation while maintaining the superior performance of traditional polymer gel. The application of CO2 responsive gels in oil and gas production is still in the stage of laboratory testing on the whole. To actually achieve the commercial application of CO2 responsive gels in the oil and gas industry, it is imperative to thoroughly understand the CO2 responsive mechanisms of the various types of CO2 responsive gels, as well as the advantages and drawbacks of the gels and the direction of future development prospects. This work provides an overview of the research progress and response mechanisms of various types of CO2 responsive groups and CO2 responsive gels. Studies of the CO2 responsive gel development, injectivity, and plugging performance are comprehensively reviewed and summarized. The shortcomings of the existing CO2 responsive gels system are discussed and the paths for future CO2 responsive gel development are suggested.