Traditional Peanut Research Articles

高速作业种肥播深可控的花生播种机的设计与试验研究

Aiming at the traditional peanut planter seed and fertilizer sowing depth inconsistency caused by seed burning and injury, fertilizer waste and low seed emergence rate, the design of a peanut planter with high-speed operation and controllable seed and fertilizer sowing depth was performed. The laser sensor is added to detect the height of the ridge and the furrow opener position feedback, and the speed sensor detects the operating speed of the peanut planter. The mechanical analysis of the four-link rod clarifies the control principle, improves the PID algorithm of the integral term, designs the control strategy based on the operating speed of the planter, controls the electro-hydraulic system, and realizes the sowing and fertilizing depth adjustment of the furrow opener. Through the design of three-factor three-level orthogonal simulation test, it is concluded that the vehicle speed and height deviation value are significant factors affecting the sowing and application depth, and under the verification of the field test, it is obtained that when the sowing depth is 50 mm under the speed of 3 km/h, the dynamic sowing depth qualification rate is 96.26%, and the maximum coefficient of variation of the sowing depth is 2.58%, which improves the effect of the existing control of the sowing depth of the peanut by 6.05%, and reduces the variation of the sowing depth by 2.85%. The research has demonstrated superior performance compared to traditional mechanical adjustment in regulating the planting depth of peanuts, thereby achieving the intended design objective.

English

English

Maize/Peanut Intercropping Reduces Carbon Footprint Size and Improves Net Ecosystem Economic Benefits in the Huang-Huai-Hai Region: A Four-Year Study

The dual challenges of global climate change and reductions in the amount of arable land represent growing threats to the stability of global human populations. Efforts to further optimize cropping systems to maximize yields while minimizing greenhouse gas emissions in limited land areas have thus emerged as a focus in modern agriculture. Cereal-intercropping management strategies may represent a promising approach to simultaneously addressing both of these challenges in China. We aimed at comprehensively assessing changes in yield, carbon footprint, and net ecosystem economic benefit when transitioning from maize/peanut monoculture to intercropping in a field-scale study in an effort to aid in the development of low-carbon intercropping systems that do not have an adverse impact on Chinese grain yields. Beginning in June of 2018, a randomized complete block design with three treatments was used to initiate this study: (1) peanut monoculture (P), (2) maize monoculture (M), and (3) maize/peanut intercropping (MP). We compared yield, greenhouse gas emissions, carbon footprint and net ecosystem economic benefit. Results over four years showed that the land equivalent ratio associated with MP was greater than 1. All three of these cropping systems were net CO2 and N2O sources as well as net CH4 sinks, with MP generating significantly (p < 0.05) lower N2O and CO2 flux as well as smaller seasonal N2O and CO2 emissions relative to M. MP additionally reduced the carbon footprint associated with this cropping system by 11.11–31.65% and 30.37–43.62% relative to M and P, respectively. Consistently, MP treatment resulted in respective 70.69% and 26.25% net ecosystem economic benefit (NEEB) increases relative to the M and P conditions while simultaneously enhancing energy use efficiency. In summary, MP systems have potential economic benefit with lower environmental risk alternative to traditional peanut or maize monocropping systems. Converting from peanut or maize monocropping systems to MP systems practices contributed to improved farmland use efficiency, clean production and increased farmers’ income in an agricultural system.

Metabolic and Microbiome Alterations Following the Enrichment of a High-Fat Diet With High Oleic Acid Peanuts Versus the Traditional Peanuts Cultivar in Mice.

A new Israeli-developed peanut cultivar, “Hanoch-Oleic” (HO), uniquely contains enlarged oleic acid contents and was designed to confer additional beneficial effects over the traditional cultivar, “Hanoch” (HN). This work elucidates metabolic changes and microbiota adaptations elicited by HO addition to a high-fat diet (HFD). Male C57BL/6 mice were fed for 18 weeks with a normal diet or a HFD with/without the addition of HN (HFDh) or HO (HFDo). Body-weight did not differ between HFD-fed mice groups, while liver and adipose weight were elevated in the HFDh and HFD groups, respectively. Insulin-sensitivity (IS) was also decreased in these groups, though to a much greater extent in the traditional peanuts-fed group. Modifications in lipids metabolism were evident by the addition of peanuts to a HFD. Liver inflammation seems to return to normal only in HFDh. Peanuts promoted an increase in α-diversity, with HFDo exhibiting changes in the abundance of microbiota that is primarily associated with ameliorated gut health and barrier capacity. In conclusion, the HO cultivar appears to be metabolically superior to the traditional peanut cultivar and was associated with an improved inflammatory state and microbial profile. Nevertheless, IS-negative effects reinforced by peanuts addition, predominantly NH, need to be comprehensively defined.

Effect of dried distillers' grain with solubles as a replacer of peanut cake for sheep fed on low quality forage.

Several concerns exist on the performance and health attributes of sheep fed on complete replacements of the traditional feed ingredients with dried distillers' grain solubles (DDGS). The study intended to know the effect of DDGS on replacing the peanut cake (PNC) at 0%, 50%, 75%, and 100% in sheep fed Jowar stover-based diet. Replacing PNC with DDGS increased (P < 0.05) the final body weight and concentrate intake. The weight gain and average daily gain tended to increase (P = 0.086), whereas the feed conversion ratio tended to decrease (P = 0.092) with increased DDGS inclusion levels. The CP intake increased linearly (P < 0.01) with an increase in DDGS levels. However, the intakes of DM, OM, NDF, and ADF increased quadratically (P < 0.01) and showed a quadratic maximum at 75% replacements group. The in vitro dry matter digestibility and 24h-gas (ml) production linearly increased (P < 0.05) with increased DDGS inclusion levels, while the CH4 (% total gas) and CH4 (ml) showed a quadratic increase (P < 0.05). The metabolisable energy, ammonia nitrogen, and volatile fatty acid concentrations were higher for DDGS diets. Further, the Gompertz curve fitting of the gas production data revealed higher asymptotic volume with lower constant of integration (b) and rate of production (k) of the DDGS incubations. No significant differences were observed for any of the carcass characteristics, except for leg weight, which showed a linear increase (P < 0.05). Increased tendency was observed for EBW, loin eye area at 12th rib, and edible portion of the sheep fed DDGS groups. Further, the visceral organs and carcass composition did not show any significant differences, except for kidney weight (linear, P < 0.05). The income over feed cost (IOFC) was higher for 100% DDGS group with lower feed cost and higher income per Kg mutton. Replacing the traditional peanut cake with DDGS in the crop residue-based diets of growing lambs contributes to higher yields for producers.

Opinión de la comunidad de Huajintlán, Morelos, sobre la vinculación con estudiantes de nivel superior

El presente estudio se llevó a cabo en la comunidad de Huajintlán, Morelos, México. Su objetivo fue conocer la opinión de los actores de la comunidad sobre las actividades realizadas mediante la vinculación con los estudiantes del Sistema de Integración al Medio Rural (SIMR). Se realizó una investigación de tipo cualitativa con la aplicación del método fenomenológico; la muestra se compuso de 30 personas, hombres y mujeres, cuyas edades oscilaban entre 24 y 65 años. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó un instrumento con 17 ítems, el cual se aplicó a los pobladores de la comunidad que participaron en el desarrollo de las actividades con los alumnos.&#x0D; Los resultados arrojaron que la primordial forma de inserción hacia la comunidad por parte de los estudiantes del SIMR se dio a través de las acciones realizadas con los niños que cursaban la primaria (84 %). Las principales actividades que llevaron a cabo los participantes de la comunidad con los estudiantes fueron la elaboración de mermeladas, mazapán y nieve (53 %), las cuales representaron una alternativa para generar ingresos, contribuir al gasto familiar y propiciar un intercambio de saberes entre los educandos y los habitantes de la comunidad; asimismo, manifestaron su disposición para contratar un estudiante una vez que egrese. El binomio vinculación-interacción está presente dentro de las actividades contempladas en la unidad de aprendizaje del SIMR de la Licenciatura en Desarrollo Rural. A través de este proceso se generaron beneficios y necesidades, los cuales son considerados como parte de los métodos que fomentan el crecimiento y desarrollo de los participantes mediante el contraste, la relación y la aplicación de la información recibida en el aula contra lo que está pasando en un escenario real en la comunidad.

Low Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Traditional Peanut Butter is Associated with Risk for Consumers

Low Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Traditional Peanut Butter is Associated with Risk for Consumers

Changes in edible oil preference and present-day consumption status of households : A case of Tamil Nadu state, India

Traditionally, in India, a variety of edible oils are used for consumption. The type of edible oil being consumed varied across regions. While one region prefers rapeseed-mustard oil, the other region enjoys peanut, sesame and coconut oils. On the whole, rapeseed and mustard oil and peanut oil are the most popularly consumed edible oils in the country. In the study state, Tamil Nadu, the foremost edible oil consumed is peanut oil besides other oils. The technological, economic and policy changes after liberalization induced drastic changes in consumer's preference for food including edible oils. The Markov Chain Analysis for rural and urban Tamil Nadu revealed that there is a perceptible shift in edible oil consumption from traditional peanut oil to Other Edible Oils (OEO's). The possible reason for these shifts are increased urbanization and changing lifestyles, increased awareness, availability of oils in loose pack form in varied quantities available even in remote areas, change in relative prices of oils, and increased income levels ofrural and urban households. The secondary data published byNational Sample SurveyOrganisation for Tamil Nadu state did not clearly disintegrate the OEO's, primary survey was employed for this study. The results based on 1000 households revealed that the dominant edible oil consumed was non-traditional sunflower oil in both rural and urban regions. The per capita consumption of edible oils was also higher in recent years indicating higher consumption demand. The results from this study affirm that peanut oil, which was traditionally consumed by households as first preference, has been replaced by non-traditional oils like sunflower oil owing to various macroeconomic factors like price, cost of cultivation and imports. The change call for more concerted efforts to supply these non-traditional oils in the future as the demand were expected to be high. Further, it also implies need for increasing the capacities of edible oil industries as the overall consumption of edible oil is increasing over years. This study highlights the need for suitable policy options for edible oil processing and marketing specifically for sunflower oil besides traditional oils and trade on edible oils.

Oil stabilization of natural peanut butter using food grade polymers

The application of freeze dried hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and methylcellulose (MC) as stabilizers in peanut butter were investigated. These cellulose derivatives were dispersed in water and subsequently freeze dried and chopped to produce a stabilizer that is able to absorb high amounts of oil. Without this templating approach, HPMC and MC had no effect on peanut butter stability and texture. An alternative spray drying approach was attempted, however, it was found that high incorporation levels were required to have any stabilizing effect, which is undesirable. Centrifugal accelerated stability testing showed a significant reduction in oil leakage for samples stabilized with freeze dried HPMC and MC at addition levels as low as 0.2 wt% in peanut butter, while at addition levels of 2.2 wt%, no oil loss was observed. With the addition of >1 wt% HPMC/MC, peanut butters were shelf stable for 6 months or longer. Textural quality of the peanut butter was investigated using a penetration test. Addition of freeze dried HPMC/MC increased sample firmness and adhesiveness which mimicked the properties of traditional peanut butter products stabilized with hydrogenated vegetable oils. Light and scanning electron micrographs showed morphology differences among the stabilizer preparation methods and minimal structural changes in stabilized peanut butter samples. These experiments helped gain insight into the mechanism of oil entrapment and demonstrated the potential of these food-grade polymers as stabilizers in food systems.

Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics in a Sod‐Based Rotation on Coastal Plain Soils

A frequently used cropping system in the southeastern Coastal Plain is an annual rotation of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under conventional tillage (CT). The traditional peanut–cotton rotation (TR) often results in erosion and loss of soil organic carbon (SOC). Incorporation of bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Fluegge) into the peanut–cotton rotation for 2 yr (also called a sod‐based rotation or SBR) has been suggested for improving SOC, particularly in conjunction with conservation tillage practices. To determine the effect of the SBR on carbon sequestration, SOC and its isotopic composition were evaluated on established (&gt;10 yr) crop rotation systems. Cropping systems evaluated included (i) TR under CT, (ii) TR under strip tillage (ST), (iii) SBR under CT, (iv) SBR under ST, and (v) SBR under ST with cattle grazing. Total SOC, bahiagrass‐derived SOC, and potential C mineralization increased in the top 10 cm of soil, indicating the potential for ST to improve soil fertility in SBR systems. Grazing bahiagrass decreased SOC in the 5 to 10 cm depth, but this effect was not observed for the subsequent peanut crop and did not appear to have a long‐term negative effect on SOC storage. The SBR did not show consistent improvements in total SOC compared with the TR. A 3‐yr comparison of SOC concentration revealed C increases in SBR and TR systems, indicating that other conservation practices (e.g., winter cover cropping) are the primary contributors to SOC storage for Coastal Plain soils evaluated in this study. Isotopic analysis of mineralized CO2 indicated bahiagrass‐derived SOC may be preferred over C3 crop‐derived SOC for degradation.

Refractive Index and Density Measurements of Peanut Oil for Determining Oleic and Linoleic Acid Contents

AbstractPeanut seed are approximately 50 % oil of which &gt;80 % is either oleic or linoleic acid. The oleic/linoleic acid (O/L) ratio largely influences oxidative stability and hence peanut shelf life. Traditional peanut seed have O/L ratios near 1.5–2.0; however, many new cultivars are “high oleic” with O/L ratios ≥9. During peanut seed handling, contamination among lots may occur. A cost effective method to rapidly differentiate peanut seed based on O/L ratio is needed across multiple segments of the industry, and measurements of oil density and oil refractive index (RI) were evaluated for this potential. Fatty acid profiles of samples from normal and high oleic seed lots, and blends of these oils, were determined by traditional gas chromatography analysis and this data compared to corresponding oil density and RI measurements. Oleic acid content, linoleic acid content, density and RI were all strongly linearly (R2 &gt; 0.98) correlated for oil blends with O/L ratios from ~2 to 16. Threshold density or RI values both showed excellent potential for rapidly differentiating samples with an O/L ≥ 9; however, sample volume requirements preclude density measurements on single seed.

Impact of Seed Storage Environment on Field Emergence of Peanut (Arachis Hypogaea L.) Cultivars

Late-maturing peanut cultivars including DP-1, C-99R, Hull, Georgia-01R, and Florida MDR-98 (Arachis hypogaea L.) have improved resistance to late leaf spot, white mold, and tomato spotted wilt virus. The improved disease resistances offer potential cost savings for farmers. However, poor field emergence resulted in unacceptable plant stands and caused commercial seed companies to stop producing Florida MDR-98, DP-1, and Hull even though germination tests usually showed acceptable germination. Reduced field emergence seldom occurs when seed of these cultivars is grown, harvested, and stored in small batches in research storage facilities. To determine the effect of storage environment, pods of four cultivars were stored in four environments and the seeds were subjected to standard germination tests and immediately followed by field emergence evaluations. Cultivar affected both field emergence and germination. Storage environment affected field emergence, and to a lesser extent, germination (P = 0.0847). Peanut pods stored in a traditional peanut warehouse experienced elevated temperature and relative humidity compared to seeds stored in climate controlled facilities and those seed had reduced field emergence. There was a cultivar by storage environment interaction. Field emergence was maintained when seed was stored where temperature was below 16 C and relative humidity (RH) was less than 70%. This work suggests that seed vigor of the cultivars like DP-1 and Hull deteriorates faster than that of other cultivars when stored in commercial warehouses even though germination tests indicate that the seed should produce satisfactory plant stands.

Sod–Livestock Integration into the Peanut–Cotton Rotation: A Systems Farming Approach

Contemporary thinking encourages diversified cropping systems as a way to sustain crop yields, protect the environment, and increase wildlife habitat. This paper reviews the benefits of diversifying the traditional peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production system to include perennial grasses such as bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Fluegge) and bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] and incorporating cattle (Bos taurus) into the system. Perennial grasses improve soil quality by reducing soil erosion and nitrate (NO3) leaching, increasing organic matter (OM) content, water infiltration rates, and the abundance and diversity of micro and macro flora and fauna. Cotton and peanut grown after perennial grasses are deeper rooted, have more vigorous growth, can better withstand pest pressure and environmental stresses, and often have higher yields. Including livestock in the cropping system makes more efficient use of climate and farm resources by extending the period of productive plant growth, improving economic returns, and reducing risk by diversifying the products available for sale.

Nutritional Composition of Genetically Modified Peanut Varieties

ABSTRACT: Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), an economically important crop throughout the world, is susceptible to many types of fungal pathogens. Genetic engineering offers great potential for developing peanut cultivars resistant to a broad spectrum of pathogens that pose a recurring threat to peanut health. The main objective of this research project was to assess the “substantial equivalence” and nutritional safety of biotechnology derived peanut lines. The focus of this study was on genetically modified peanut (GMP) lines developed for growth in the southwestern United States. Three transgenic peanut lines, 188, 540, and 654, and the parent line Okrun were analyzed for their oil, protein, ash, moisture, total dietary fiber, mineral, and fatty acid compositions. Oil content of all the GMP lines was similar to that of the parent line. The GMP line 188 had significantly higher protein content than the parent line, Okrun. Although there were statistical differences in the fatty acid composition among some of the GMP lines and the parent line, the variations were not substantial. The proximate compositions of all peanut lines were within the range reported for traditional peanut varieties. This study indicates that, for the peanut lines studied, genetic modification did not cause substantial unintentional changes in peanut chemical composition, which might reduce the nutritional value of peanut.

Tocopherol, phytosterol and phospholipid compositions of new high oleic peanut cultivars

Conventional breeding is widely used for modification of various crop and oilseed traits such as fatty acid composition and disease resistance. The effect of these modifications on the nutritionally beneficial bioactive plant components is usually overlooked unless these components are the specific targets for the modifications. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of breeding on nutritionally beneficial bioactive peanut components. The modified peanut lines Tamrun OL 01, Tamrun OL 02, TX977164 and TX977239 were analyzed for their tocopherol, phytosterol, and phospholipid compositions. Sunoleic and Tamrun 96 were the parent lines of these breeding lines. Parent lines were used as controls to examine the compositional changes resulting from breeding. The experimental results indicated that these peanut breeding lines were rich in α-tocopherol. Tamrun OL 01 had the highest total phytosterol content among the peanut breeding lines examined in this study. All the breeding lines were rich in phosphatidylcholine. Although there were some statistical differences in chemical composition among the peanut breeding lines, these variations were within the range reported for traditional peanut varieties.

Changes on Storage of Peanut Oils Containing High Levels of Tocopherols and β-Carotene

We compared changes of tocopherols and b-carotene in a traditional peanut oil (cultivar Virginia, 30.5% linoleic acid) with a modified high-oleic peanut oil (cultivar SunOleic, 2.7% linoleic acid), developed in Florida, USA. The initial contents of tocopherols and trace lipid oxidation products, including hydroperoxides, were of the same order in both oils. The stability against oxidation was tested under the conditions of the Schaal Oven Test at 40&amp;nbsp;and 60&amp;deg;C, in emulsion, using AOM, Rancimat, and the apparatus Oxipres at 100&amp;deg;C. Tocopherols were determined using HPLC with an electrochemical detection (without previous saponification). The high-oleic peanut oil SunOleic was about 4&amp;ndash;8 times more stable against oxidation than the traditional peanut oil Virginia. The contents of total tocopherols were 303 mg/kg in Virginia oil and 426 mg/kg in SunOleic oil, respectively. Ratios of poměr a- : g - : d-tocopherols were rather similar in both oils. Thus, the observed differences in the oxidative stabilities cannot be due to tocopherols only. The decomposition of tocopherols in peanut oils, containing an addition of 500 mg/kg b-tocopherol, on storage was substantially slower in high-oleic SunOleic peanut oil than in Virginia peanut oil. Very similar results were observed in the case of the additions of 50 mg/kg -carotene to peanut oil. The vitamin value was much better preserved in high-oleic peanut oil than in traditional peanut oil. &amp;nbsp;

Effect of the unsaturation degree on browning reactions of peanut oil and other edible oils with proteins under storage and frying conditions

Modified peanut oil cultivars with 3–6% linoleic acid such as SunOleic, are much more stable against oxidation, and thus against browning discolouration than traditional peanut cultivars. Interaction products using SunOleic peanuts are much less coloured, which is important for the production of snacks, crackers and peanut butter.