Traditional Musical Instruments Research Articles

Kajian Pertunjukan Musik “Thungka” dalam Tinjauan Etnomusikologi

The purpose of the study was to find an ethnomusicological study and to find out everything contained in the Thungka musical instrument, whether it was in the form of functional, musical, instrumental and socio-cultural aspects. The research method is a qualitative descriptive method with an ethnomusicological approach. Sources of data used in this study were video recordings of the performance of the traditional performing arts of Thungka music by the people of Bawean Gresik, as well as interviews, documentation, and literature studies. The results showed that basically Thungka had a function as a rice pounder in the annual harvest season, but now it has become a medium for traditional art performances, weddings, to welcoming tourist guests to Bawean. Thungka traditional music describes the socio-cultural life of the Bawean people, especially the gratitude of the farmers and in the lyrics also tells the feeling of waiting and longing. The conclusion of this research is that the dynamics used when playing Thungka traditional musical instruments are forte and fortisisimo. Alu' and Ronjengan from traditional musical instruments Thungka made of teak. The way of making it using original human power by using chisels and crab bolsters in the way of making musical instruments.
 
 Keywords: Bawean, Ethnomusicology, Thungka Music

The Influence of the African Religious and Cultural Context and Its Impact on Lutheranism: The Case of Greater Sekhukhune District Municipality

Abstract In Greater Sekhukhune District Municipality, traditional religion has played a significant role in transforming Christianity by confronting it with the decisive issue of indigenization. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to examine the inter-religious relations among Christianity and African Traditional Religion (ATR), and to explore how African religious and cultural values have impacted on Christian – ATR relations within the municipality, and how the latter has, also, been affected by the former. The primary research question raised in this study is: what is the relevance of indigenous people’s music in the existing (Lutheran) liturgy? The study employed an intercultural theological approach to Science and Religion, and the analysis is based on acculturation and the principle of elimination by substitution. The study also utilized a triangulated and contextual approach, and data was collected through observations, face-to-face interviews and video recordings of rehearsals and performances during church services and other related events. Secondary sources included published books and Journal articles. The investigation has revealed that the integration of spiritual folk songs (choruses), traditional musical instruments, handclapping, and dancing into liturgical church service of almost all Evangelical Lutheran churches found in Greater Sekhukhune District Municipality, has not compromised the essence of Lutheran tradition. It has rather encouraged maximum, active and unimpeded participation in liturgical church service and/or Congregational singing. Indications from the investigation have also shown that the dimensions of rhythm play an important role to contextualize and Africanize the existing (Lutheran) liturgy, in order to make the missionary qualities of worship an integral part of mission work. During the study, it was also observed that musical creativity and musicality in the visited churches embrace other elements such as the capacity for becoming absorbed emotionally in music and the ability to enter into an intimate relation with it, so that the whole organization of the soul is affected. It was concluded that it is indeed of great significance that indigenous people’s music should be regarded as a matter of relevance and ultimately becomes a vessel which carries the full meaning of the Gospel.

Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran Seni Budaya di SMP Negeri 23 Kerinci

The purpose of this study was to describe the implementation of cultural arts learning with the material of Traditional Musical Instrument Playing Techniques at SMP Negeri 23 Kerinci. This type of research is a qualitative research with descriptive method. The research instrument is the researcher himself and is assisted by supporting instruments such as stationery and cameras. Data collection techniques were carried out by means of observation, interviews, and literature studies. The steps of analyzing the data, Describing, and Inferring. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of cultural arts learning with the material of Traditional Musical Instrument Playing Techniques at SMP NEGERI 23 Kerinci has not gone well. This is due to: (1) Teachers do not have angklung musical instruments which are being used as material for cultural arts subjects. This makes teachers take shortcuts by using a keyboard (orgen) instead of the traditional angklung musical instrument. (2) Some students still practice playing traditional musical instruments that are not in accordance with the indicators or in other words carelessly when playing traditional musical instruments. The results of the evaluation of learning techniques for playing traditional musical instruments, the highest score is 90 and the lowest value is 75.

ANALISIS FREKUENSI BUNYI DAN CEPAT RAMBAT GELOMBANG BUNYI PADA ALAT MUSIK TRADISIONAL ANGKLUNG

The research is motivated by cultural aspects that must be preserved and studied in various scientific fields, including physics. One of the interesting cultural elements to study is the traditional musical instrument, the angklung. This study aims to analyze the frequency and speed of sound waves in angklung. The benefit of this research is to get the cognitive content of science and as a form of cultural preservation of the angklung musical instrument. This type of research is quantitative with experimental methods. Collecting data is by measuring the physical quantities on the angklung. The data analysis technique used is graphical analysis and mathematical calculations. The results obtained are that the length of the angklung tube is inversely proportional to the frequency of the sound produced. Mathematical calculations can get the value of the speed of sound wave propagation according to the closed organ pipe concept. Based on the calculation results, the speed of sound waves in angklung is 340.11 m/s.
 Keywords: angklung, frequency of sound, speed of sound

Training Method of Flute Breath Based on Big Data of Internet of Things

As a traditional musical instrument, the flute has a long history and is loved by people. The flute has a wider range, and its timbre has strong penetrating and expressive power. This is not only a unique solo instrument but also occupies an important position in the symphony orchestra. Breath training on the flute is an essential step in flute learning. However, in the traditional flute breath training process, teachers cannot observe the students’ practice in real time, and the training process is relatively simple, resulting in the final training effect not being obvious and the students’ breath stability not being significantly improved. In order to solve this problem, this paper applied the Internet of Things (IoT) big data technology to the flute breath training process. The flute breath training system based on big data of Internet of Things was used to conduct professional breath training for students. Through the tests of the trained students, it was found that the training method of flute breath using the big data of the Internet of Things improved the students’ leg strength and chest, abdomen, and back strength. In the long-tone practice, the students’ exhalation time increased by 1.472 seconds, and the students’ breath stability increased by 7.1%, which laid a good foundation for the students to learn the flute in the future.

Pembelajaran Musik Ansambel Tradisional Minangkabau di SMP Angkasa Lanud Padang

This study aims to describe how the Implementation of Minangkabau Traditional Ensemble Music Learning at SMP Angkasa Lanud Padang. The type of descriptive qualitative research is a research method that describes the findings in the field by describing the things to be studied in the form of words. The data collection technique is from direct observation or observation of how the implementation of Minangkabau traditional ensemble music learning, then interviews with related parties, literature studies and documentation as data collection in the process of implementing Minangkabau traditional ensemble music learning. The results of the study at the time of the implementation of Minangkabau traditional ensemble music learning did not show maximum results in the application of the learning process because based on observations not everything was carried out following the learning design that had been made by the teacher. In practice, the teacher is not fully able to play the traditional musical instrument talempong rea itself. Such a short time makes the practice process ineffective. Students only know how to play talempong musical instruments and cannot fully play talempong rea music in groups. Due to the lack of mastery of the material and the limited use of tools owned at school.

An Introduction of Gorkha Museum: A Collection of Ancient Treasure

This article gives a detailed introduction to Gorkha Museum. It has been developed based on the Museum’s monumental and historical treasures stored and exhibited. The narratives from the Chief and the staff of Gorkha Museum helped the author give the Museum’s details. Secondary sources of information have been utilized to develop this write-up. The main aim of this article is to shed light on Gorkha Museum. The readers can get detailed information on the treasures exhibited at the Museum. Gorkha Museum has a collection of historical documents, colophons, oil portraits, traditional musical instruments, weapons, Chaityas, utensils and other sources immensely valuable for providing information and knowledge required in the field of politics, religion, culture, art, literature and architecture of Gorkha from ancient to the modern. Moreover, documents exhibited at the Museum reflect both internal and foreign relations during the Shah rulers (from Dravya Shah to Prithvi Narayan Shah). The Museum, thus, is worth visiting for research scholars, academics and politicians too for enhancing their knowledge of the then Gorkha as a whole.

Sociocultural relevance of the bottle gourd and selected species of Cucurbitaceae family in West Africa

Background: Since time immemorial, humans have devised means to improvise for survival on the planet earth. The environment has been the source of materials for manufacturing objects that have supported human existence. These materials include plants (plant parts and by-products) such as the Cucurbitaceae species.Aim: To discuss bottle gourd and some selected species of Cucurbitaceae in relation to the history, sociocultural and spiritual lives of the West African people.Methodology: A literature search was conducted on electronic databases such as Google Scholar, Google Books, Scopus, and Web of Science. The search was performed using several terms and free text words, combining them in an appropriate manner. The authors further set inclusion and exclusion criteria to screen for relevant articles.Results and discussion: Plants play crucial roles in the global economic, social, cultural, and spiritual stability. Several plant families have especially played a fundamental role(s) in the spiritual and cultural ceremonies, and history of many tribes and communities in Africa. This is because entertainment tools such as rattles, drums, harps, and lutes used during most of these ceremonies are often by-products of plants. This study revealed that Cucurbitaceae family is a spectacular class of plants with such roles. Traditional musical instruments derived from bottle gourd, Telfairia occidentalis and Momordica charantia, form an integral part of the history, spiritual and sociocultural life of some West African communities.Conclusion: The history of some tribes in West Africa is linked to specific Cucurbitaceae species.

Feature Extraction and Classification of Music Content Based on Deep Learning

To study the use of in-depth training in extracting and classifying the content of music samples, the work offers an algorithm for identifying and classifying musical genres based on a deep network of beliefs, enabling it to be used to extract and classify traditional Chinese musical instruments, and using real-world experiments to test its performance after training. The experimental results are as follows: the improved depth confidence network algorithm has the highest accuracy for music recognition and classification, which can reach 75.8%, higher than other traditional methods. The improved depth confidence network identifies and classifies Chinese traditional musical instruments through Softmax layer, and the accuracy is even as high as 99.2%; DBN is combined with Softmax neural network algorithm when only a few labeled samples in the training set are used for network fine-tuning, and the accuracy of the algorithm can still reach more than 90%, which can reduce the workload in the early stage. This study effectively solves the problem of too much workload and low accuracy in the process of music content recognition, classification, and extraction.

From Oblivion to Reappearance: A Multi-Faceted Evaluation of the Sustainability of Folk Music in Yunnan Province of China

The Southwestern Chinese province of Yunnan is the home to a plethora of traditional music, folk songs, and ethnic musical instruments with 24 local folk music items included in the national intangible cultural heritage list and extended list. In this article, the authors intend to delve into the issue of Yunnan folk music protection from the perspective of cultural sustainability theory. With an in-depth qualitative analysis of the data on the protection of 24 folk music items of Yunnan, the achievement, impact, and challenges of the current safeguarding efforts are revealed. The findings suggest that: 1. Government agencies at all levels have a dominant influence on the protection effort. 2. The local community, musicians, culture bearers, troupes, clubs, and social organizations form the “brick and mortar” of the folk music sustainability system. 3. The current reappearance or resurface of certain folk music items is a significant step toward truly reviving the folk music items in the future.

DIVERSITY OF MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS IN THE IRAQI SONG

Musical instruments have an important role in the performance of melodies associated with the lyrical text or purely musical compositions. Thousands of years ago, musical instruments went through stages of development that included their manufacture or the way they were played, in order to reach new tone-colors that mimic the reality and ambition of artists and the public on their various orientations in times and successive civilizations. Arabic and Iraqi music has an active role in the development of musical instruments since the civilization of Mesopotamia. The Iraqi song accompanied the various segments of Iraqi society and honestly expressed the various political, social and other conditions that passed in this country. And the musical instruments had an indispensable role in producing songs, and the traditional Arabic musical instruments such as the Qanoon, the Oud and the Nai had the most prominent role in the types of musical instruments used, despite the opening up to Western musical instruments, in line with the development of the musical form of the Iraqi song. The research included a study on the history of singing and traditional Arab and Iraqi musical instruments and a brief explanation of them. The research included a study on the history of singing and traditional Arabic and Iraqi musical instruments and a brief explanation of them, and the second topic was on the development of the musical form of Iraqi song and Western musical instruments in it. Then the researcher collected thirteen models representing the Iraqi songs within the period of the research limits and set a special analytical method whose parts included identifying the names of the musical instruments used, their classification, scheme of performance, their origins and finally the musical form of the model. The expansion of the Iraqi song form imposed the use of new musical instruments with non-consumable tone- colors, and the way these new instruments performed the synergy of traditional Arab instruments in presenting the song in line with the development of musical and lyrical art and in line with the trends of Iraqi artists. All Western and traditional musical instruments participated in group playing, and Eastern instruments had a large part in the performance of solo playing, in addition to some other Western instruments.

Konsep Relationships Tourism dalam Pariwisata Maluku Berbasis Kearifan Lokal

Tourism is currently the leading sector of the Indonesian government which is packaged in the context of local wisdom. One of the concepts that can raise local wisdom is the concept of relationships tourism. This study aims to identify and analyze the concept of relationships tourism in promoting Maluku tourism based on local wisdom. The method used is a qualitative descriptive approach, in which the researcher conducts involved observations, in-depth interviews, FGDs, and documentation of the object under study. The theory used is the Social Construction of Reality. The results showed that one of the Maluku tourism strategies was to develop the concept of relationships tourism in introducing local wisdom. One of the activities is that tourists are invited directly to live with local communities and carry out activities such as making processed grilled sago with traditional cooking utensils or playing traditional musical instruments on the beach. This is done to encourage Maluku tourism based on local wisdom.

The Maraa-Ipaddima Ritual Drama in Sri Lanka

This article aims to study the ethnomusicological characteristics/expressions of a ritual drama in Sri Lanka that has lacked comprehensive research conducted about it so far; the Maraa-Ipaddima (Killing and Resurrection) ritual drama. This ritual drama is performed in reverence to the Goddess Pattini, who holds a special place in Sri Lankan culture and society for personal and social well-being such as fertility, health, and protection. The study employs a qualitative research method using both primary and secondary sources. The data has been collected through field observations, structured and semi-structured interviews, case study analysis, and literature reviewing. Study outcomes show that the ethnomusicological aspects of the ritual drama are expressed through kavi (poetic verses) sung while performing drama, traditional musical instruments, costumes, dance, and harmony. The study helped to understand the ethnomusicological expression of ritual drama performed, and it is also evident that the musical expressions performed in the ritual drama also work as a treatment in the collective healing of people (catharsis).

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The article solves the problem of authenticity of Ossetian traditional musical instruments, which is directly linked to their morphology. Within the framework of the mythological approach, where sound itself appears as one of the instruments of primordial creation, providing a transition from chaos (cacophony) to cosmic order (euphony), musical instruments are directly derived from the thunderstorm myth. From this point of view, they imitate the sounds of a thunderstorm, like thunderclaps (percussion), and the crackling accompanying the passage of lightning (rattles), as well as wind gusts, inevitable in any thunderstorm (brass). These archaic features manifest themselves both in the choice of material for their manufacture, and in the technologies used in this process, in the elements of their design and methods of sound production, all that is associated with the tradition of their use in musical life. In this regard, it seems very appropriate to refer to the Scythian pommel from Bald Mountain, the composition of which includes a male figure with a beard with a bell in each of his hands. An even more informative and revealing source is the iconic bronze tips of standards with bells from the Kazbek treasure, decorated with sculptural groups with figures of people located on twisted ram horns. Ultimately, there is a very high probability of a connection, existing between musical instruments and the rite of sacrifice as the main way to renew the world. The proposed provisions are based not only on the materials of the oral folk art of Ossetians (primarily the epic of the Narts), but also on the first-hand information that was received from informants and published by researchers not so long ago.

Strategi Pengembangan Usaha Kerajinan Alat Musik Tradisional Pada UKM ‘Ardi Laras’ Sebagai Produk Unggulan Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara

Abstract: In the District of Kutai Kartanegara sector of business that has great potential to be harnessed, that is the traditional musical instrument crafts "Ardi Laras". This is a very great opportunity attempts, because we know the Kutai Kartanegara region has a very high art culture among others dances, music, theatre, Kroncong music community they need roads and musical instruments. The purpose of this research is to find the location of the position of Traditional musical instrument Crafts quadrant ' Ardi Laras ', and CSF analysis to find out the factors of traditional musical instrument crafts victories.Based on the results of the research of the development strategy of SWOT analysis has been performed on the Traditional musical instrument Crafts ' Ardi Laras ' position matrix on the strategy of aggressive on quadrant i. Then a strategy can be done that is to put forward the values of tradition, partnering with agencies and schools so that will add to the number of musical instrument production, improve product quality, and more enterprising introduce products.Further on the results of the analysis of the CSF (Crtical Success Factor) benchmark the success of Traditional musical instrument Crafts ' Ardi Laras’ is a. Product safety of instrument design that made such timber should pay attention to the smooth so as not to injure the hand as well as the installation of a neat nails and other supporting materials. b. For durability of a product that must be considered is the raw material used must be strong and not easily broken when used. c. The similarity of price with the quality of the product provided it means Crafting Traditional Instruments ' Ardi Laras' more attention to comfort, security, durability, and design the product so that the price offered did not disappoint the consumer.Keywords: traditional music instruments, strategies, SWOT, CSF.

Pengembangan Video Dokumenter Berbasis Local Content Alat Musik Tradisional Pada Materi Gelombang Bunyi

Changes in the learning system during the COVID-19 pandemic require innovation in learning, innovation in the development of video learning media can be a solution, including documentary videos. The documentary video itself is one of the learning media that contains events and phenomena of everyday life that are close to students. Integrating documentary videos with the local content of traditional musical instruments to explain sound wave material can significantly assist students in understanding the material. This study aims to develop a local-based documentary video content of traditional musical instruments on sound waves. This study uses the Research and Development method with a 4D model (Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate) developed by Thiagarajan by making documentary videos through the pre-production, production, and post-production processes. The development process started from the draft of the learning video and was revised twice based on suggestions and input from 3 expert validators and 3 practitioner validators then a commentary through suggestions from respondents. Then the documentary video was obtained as the final learning media with a validity percentage of 93% based on expert judgment and 89% based on respondent's assessment. So it can be said that a final documentary video has been produced which is very feasible for use in learning.

Batu Bernada di Ulahahan: Ide Pembuatan dan Organologi Alat Musik Batu “Pele Vatwam”

Purpose: This article is an organology study and a report on the exploration and development process of a traditional musical instrument called Pele Vatwam. Research Methods: this study uses a qualitative descriptive method. Results and Discussion: This musical instrument has its own uniqueness, the basic material for making this musical instrument is from natural flat andesite stones located on the coast of Telutih bay, the stones are collected and tuning the tone through a tuner application without the process of cutting or scraping the stone with using a cutter or machine to produce a pitched stone. Implication: Efforts to develop the traditional musical instrument Pele Vatwam can be one of the riches and uniqueness of musical culture on Seram Island, Maluku.

A review of the relevance of bottle gourd in Eastern and Southern African traditional music, and social life

Background: The history of several communities and tribes in Africa is incomplete without emphasising on the crucial role of the Cucurbitaceae family, especially the calabash or dried gourds, in Africa. The plant is extensively used in several traditional ceremonies and spiritual exercises, and in the production of various traditional African musical instruments which proffer economic incentives to stakeholders.Aim: To discuss the relevance of the bottle gourd in Eastern and Southern African nations in relation to the production of traditional musical instruments; the uses and impacts of the traditional musical instruments; and their morphology.Methods: A literature search was conducted on electronic databases such as Google Scholar, Google books, Scopus, and Web of Science. The search was performed using several terms and free text words, combining them in an appropriate manner. The authors further set inclusion and exclusion criteria to screen for relevant articles. Each of the identified articles was independently reviewed to determine eligibility and to extract study information.Results: The African continent has a deeply rich and fascinating traditional and cultural heritage such as ancestral worship, cleansing ceremonies, spiritual ceremonies, intervillage ceremonies and competitions, and royal ceremonies like enthronement of kings, royal weddings, royal funerals, and appeasement of the gods. Traditional musical instruments made with gourds (as the resonator) are prominently played during these ceremonies and spiritual exercises. The ceremonies are often accompanied by chanting and singing whilst traditional musical instruments such as rattles made of gourds or chordophones, in which gourds are used as resonators, are played.Conclusion: Bottle gourd is an important raw material in the assemblage of several Southern and Eastern Africa traditional musical instruments and is highly revered in the socio-cultural ceremonies and spiritual exercises of several tribes and communities across these regions. Hence, bottle gourd plays a vital role as a bedrock of the culture, social and spiritual life of these people and therefore reflects in the history and daily life of the Southern and Eastern Africans.

Modern brass band: its components and activities

The article covers the modern composition of a brass band, the main musical instruments that make up performing groups; the features of sound, range, tessitura of traditional musical instruments. Attention is also paid to the peculiarities of brass band leadership and professional skills of the conductor. One of the main differences of a brass band is the possibility of its use outdoors. Its powerful and loud sound does not need to be amplified by various technical devices – microphones, etc. Therefore, this type of performance of wind music is used mainly to accompany the solemn processions of various kinds, as well as to perform dance music. The highest type of brass band is the "large mixed brass band", which has the ability to perform works of considerable complexity. The composition of the "large mixed brass band" has been characterised, first of all, by the introduction of three or four trombones, three parts of trumpets, four parts of horns. In addition, the "large mixed brass band" has a much more complete group of wooden wind instruments, consisting of three flutes (piccolo flute and two large flutes), two oboes, the English horn, a large group of clarinets with their varieties, two bassoons, contraphagot and saxophones. To provide low-register sounds, helicons are introduced into the "large mixed brass band" – a low-sounding brass instrument arranged in a circle. In the modern composition of the orchestra helicons are replaced by tubes. The effective functioning of the brass band and its management is a historically established process of a special kind of musical and creative activity, which includes constructive and technical inventions of musical instruments, skills and abilities of performance, effective management of the orchestra through professional, communicative and personal qualities of the orchestra leader (conductor).

Development of Augmented Reality Traditional Musical Education Applications

Technology that is developing very rapidly today is no exception in the world of education, the convenience offered by technology cannot be denied by shifting the way children learn who were born and raised in the digital era. In the field of education, augmented reality technology has been widely implemented, such as applications that use augmented reality book aids. This study aims to create an alternative application as a learning medium for the introduction of traditional musical instruments with a multimedia development method by an elementary school educational institution. In this study, the augmented reality method used is Image Based Tracking, which uses images as markers. The tool that helps in making AR is the Vuforia SDK which is used as a storage area marker. By doing this research, the results were obtained in the form of an Augmented Reality Traditional Musical Instrument Recognition application that runs on the Android platform and respondent testing using the User Acceptance Testing (UAT) method with a value of 86%.