Traditional Metaphor Research Articles

The Will To Architecture: Kojin Karatani and Critics of the Traditional Metaphor of Architecture in Western Philosophy. Review of: Nadir Lahiji (2024). Kōjin Karatani’s Philosophy of Architecture. London and New York: Routledge. 180p.

The Will To Architecture: Kojin Karatani and Critics of the Traditional Metaphor of Architecture in Western Philosophy. Review of: Nadir Lahiji (2024). Kōjin Karatani’s Philosophy of Architecture. London and New York: Routledge. 180p.

A Study on the Translation of Metaphors in Third Volume of Translation of Legend of the Condor Heroes from the Embodied Cognitive Linguistics

Traditionally, metaphor was only regarded as a rhetorical device and neglected human cognition. Unlike traditional metaphor studies, contemporary metaphor studies not only view metaphor as a linguistic phenomenon, but also a cognitive phenomenon, and a basic way for humans to understand the world. This study starts from the perspective of Embodied Cognitive Linguistics and analyzes the Chinese and English translations of The Legend of the Condor Heroes from the three core principles. It provides a new perspective for metaphor research in martial art.

Analysis of Saidis Ghazals Written in Aruz

Abstract: This article is devoted to the analysis of the ghazals of Nizomiddin Zakirov, a writer from Samarkand, who lived in the era of the former Soviet regime and, despite his young age, created in the zsxcz ;;style of traditional Uzbek classical literature.In the 1950s and 1960s of the Shura era, he was engaged in artistic creation along with leadership activities, wrote beautiful poems and ghazals under the pseudonym Saidi. At a time when the study and promotion of national literature and national values were severely suppressed, Saidi, despite being young, deeply studied traditional Uzbek classical poetry and tried to write ghazals like his teachers. In this way, he was greatly influenced by the family environment where he was born and brought up and the work of representatives of the literary environment of Kattakurgan, which has long been considered one of the centers of creativity and enlightenment.In many of his ghazals, he tried to reinterpret traditional metaphors and achieve originality. Saidi’s works are important because they are sources that show the continuation and development of classical genres in Uzbek literature during the years of the Shura period.

"Vicious Circle" of War: Metaphorization of Russia's Invasion of Ukraine in Éric Zemmour's Twitter Communication

In the crucible of conflict, the discourse employed by political leaders transcends the mere conveyance of information, delving into the realm of strategic communication and persuasion. Twitter, with its brevity and widespread usage among political actors, offers a rich source for investigating political discourse dynamics. Particularly notable is the pervasive use of metaphors by politicians during times of crisis, a linguistic phenomenon that extends beyond its conventional literary function to assume a critical role in shaping public perceptions, fostering unity, and framing the narrative of conflict. This article focuses on the analysis of political communication of Éric Zemmour, a prominent figure in the contemporary French political landscape, on Twitter to reveal main functions of metaphors during the first year of the Russian full-scale invasion of Ukraine. The research has been conducted using Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) as the main approach and elements of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT). By integrating these methodologies, the study revealed that Éric Zemmour employs conceptual and traditional metaphors to present to explain relations between France-Ukraine-Russia, enhance own credibility and trustworthiness, shape public opinion, simplify the complex geopolitical event, evoke emotional responses, appeal to the national pride and identity, construct social actors and events, underscore the urgency and seriousness of the current situation, and personify the subjects. The paper thus provides a more nuanced understanding of the linguistic and conceptual mechanisms of metaphors in Zemmour's Twitter communication during a crucial geopolitical event.

CORRELATION BETWEEN ENERGY METAPHOR AND EMPATHY TENDENCY

Creating a metaphor for the concept of energy can contribute to the determination of the mental structuring of the concept of energy. Pre-service teachers' metaphors about the concept of energy were classified according to traditional and scientific fields. The metaphors produced by the mathematics and science teacher candidates for the concept of energy consisted of structural and abstract concepts, approximately 60% of them were the continuity of life and 40% were science categories. While pre-service mathematics teachers mainly produce metaphors for biology, pre-service science teachers produce metaphors mainly for physics. Empathic tendency scores and levels of pre-service teachers were determined. Pre-service teachers have a high level of empathic disposition and predominantly see the other person's problem and emotion as their own. There was no quantitatively significant difference between traditional metaphor types and empathic tendencies. It is understood that the pre-service teachers have high empathic tendencies, and mostly in the sen stage, the concepts related to the continuity of life are primarily used in developing metaphors related to the concept of energy, and they tend to produce structural metaphors. Metaphor and empathy will contribute to the determination of mental models and the establishment of a connection between the fields of science. Keywords: energy metaphor creation, empathic disposition and relationship identification

What Biological Stories are Americans Telling About the Egg and the Sperm? A Study Inspired by Emily Martin 30 Years Later

Emily Martin’s landmark article— “The Egg and the Sperm” —demonstrated that cultural beliefs about masculinity and femininity led scientists to construct a “fairy tale” romance between active sperm and passive eggs, a biological metaphor that influenced the process of research in scientific labs and descriptions of fertilization in textbooks. In the decades since, there have been significant shifts in cultural beliefs about sex, gender, and sexuality, including challenges to the conceptualization of sex as a binary category, growing social acceptance of a wide variety of gender identities and sexualities, and an increasing proportion of people who subscribe to gender-egalitarian views. While Martin’s focus was on the scientists producing knowledge, here I pivot to individuals recruited from the general public in a northeastern American city, using a sociology of culture approach to ask whether shifting beliefs about gender and sexuality are associated with different biological metaphors about fertilization. Through qualitative interviews (N = 47), I find that the traditional metaphor of active sperm penetrating passive egg is still commonly used, but that another metaphor is also circulating, one that positions gametes as more similar than different, as two halves of a whole. I conclude by discussing the implications for debates about the relationship between biological stories and social beliefs.

Образные средства и их трансформация в рэп-текст

This article discusses the question of the functioning of figurative expressions in rap texts. At the moment there are no studies devoted to the evolution of artistic tropes in rap texts. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that the study of stable images of Russian poetry, which are an integral part of the rap text, allows us to fully reveal the specifics of rap as a literary text. When describing the figurative means of rap texts and their transformations, traditional linguistic methods are used. The results of descriptive and analytical observation of the features of rap texts as literary texts, extralinguistic, linguistic factors influencing the imaginative potential of rap texts are presented. Special attention is paid to the characteristics of the most striking trends observed in the evolution of tropes. Significant lexemes involved in the formation of typical frequency stable images are highlighted. New elements in the composition of traditional metaphors and comparisons are analyzed, as well as figurative parallels associated with a change in the nature of genus-differentia relations. One of the ways to systematize the material is the description of semantic classes: based on the material of the texts of the rap artist Pyrokinesis, 7 main groups are identified, representing typical cases of traditional metaphors and comparisons in rap texts.

Harpun, pan mysz i Arnold Mocny – przykłady metafor męskości w felietonach Małgorzaty Domagalik

The paper presents the feminist and the traditional metaphors of masculinity using examples from Małgorzata Domagalik’s subjective texts. The columnist shows three types of male personalities: Harpun (Harpoon), pan mysz (mister mouse) and Arnold Mocny (Arnold the Strong). Harpoon is a weapon in the fight against stereotypes whereas mister mouse is man out of his depth, who doesn’t show any traditional masculine traits. On the other side Arnold the Strong is a personification of male strength. The methodological structure is based on a linguistic and cultural analysis of metaphors shown in Małgorzata Domagalik’s columns.

Conceptual Metaphor of COVID-19 in New York Times

Conceptual metaphor is an important theory of cognitive metaphor. Its nature is recognized as a rhetoric within the scope of traditional metaphor research. It is a deliberate deviation of literal meaning and an optional discourse modifier. Cognitive metaphor holds that metaphor mechanism is the projection from the source domain to the target domain. In this process, the establishment of similarity is fundamental, and the similarity relationship can be divided into physical similarity and psychological similarity. Things can enter both ends of metaphor by virtue of these two similarity relationships to produce rich and complex conceptual metaphor, which makes metaphor everywhere in our life. As one of the important ways of information dissemination, news discourse has a strong ideological tendency and political motivation, which has a subtle impact on the psychology of readers. Therefore, from the perspective of cognitive linguistics, this paper uses conceptual metaphor theory to analyze the characteristics, types and cognitive mechanisms of conceptual metaphors in COVID-19 coverage in The New York Times. It provides ideas for discourse analysis of epidemic situation in the future.

A Comparative Study of COVID-19 Metaphors in Chinese and Foreign Media Discourse

Traditional metaphor studies only analyze metaphor as a common linguistic phenomenon, thinking that metaphor is only a rhetorical phenomenon that modifies discourse. In fact, as Lakoff said, metaphor is a universal phenomenon, it is everywhere, Metaphor is pervasive in everyday life, not just in language but in thought and action. Lakoff’s conceptual metaphor theory is a new breakthrough for the linguistics community. Metaphor has since got rid of the shackles of traditional rhetoric, and has officially embarked on the road of investigation and research in cognitive linguistics and cognitive science. Lakoff said, “The essence of metaphor is under-standing and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another.” There are many things in our real life that need to be expressed urgently, but due to the limitations of our thinking, the narrowness of our understanding or the accomplishments, the lack of expression makes us have to use metaphors to understand one thing from another. In 2020, COVID-19 broke out globally, and the major media of China and Western housing rushed to report the outbreak of COVID-19. It is impacting on economic and cultural life from all-round levels. The article studies COVID-19 from the perspective of conceptual metaphors, and aims to explore the kinds of conceptual metaphors. This article selects the two books of China Economic Weekly and The Economist as the research objects with some reports on COVID-19 in 2020, explores the conceptual metaphors related to COVID-19. The study has the following three findings: 1. In China Economic Weekly’s report on COVID-19, conceptual metaphors contain war metaphors and human metaphor. 2. In The Economist’s report on COVID-19, the mainstream reports mainly coverage war metaphor. 3. Understanding the similarities and differences in Chinese and foreign media of the conceptual metaphors on COVID-19 in the discourse. The purpose of this research is to provide readers with better ideas for understanding discourse reports, and to understand ideological concepts from a deeper perspective.

A Comparative Study on Multimodal Metaphors in the Front Pages of Chinese and Western Mainstream Newspaper: The Case of China Daily and The Economist

The study of metaphor has a long history. Traditional metaphor theories focus on metaphor as merely a figure of speech. In cognitive linguistics, researchers believe that metaphor is not only a linguistic rhetoric phenomenon, but a fundamental and universal cognitive way for human beings to understand the world. With the development of the Internet age, multimodal information is becoming increasingly abundant, thus more attention has been paid to the study of multimodal metaphor. However, there are few studies on multimodal metaphor in the context of cultural differences between China and the West at present. Therefore, this paper takes the multimodal metaphors embodied in the images and words reflected on the front pages of China Daily and The Economist as data to analyze the different ideologies and cultural values reflected in them. This comparative study analyzes the similarities and differences between the multimodal metaphors in the front pages of China Daily and The Economist. It is found that the front pages of China Daily contain more traditional Chinese cultural elements and tend to convey positive values, while the multimodal metaphors in The Economist often have abundant connotations, indicating a more political and sarcastic tone. Meanwhile the reasons for the different choices of images are analyzed from three aspects: ideology, culture and context, thus providing some enlightenment on how to further enhance cultural confidence and better construct China's national image for domestic media.

Sense of time in A. Akhmatova’s lyrics in the second half of the 1910s.

Anna Akhmatova believed that the category of time is more complicated than space. She entered Russian poetry as the author of works about love and the tragic history of Russia in the first half of the 20th century. This article deals with the fact that a view of the events of history and culture in the poet's work is gradually formed on the basis of the heroine’s lyrical experiences, summarised by the concept of a sense of time. Forms of contact between the lyrical “I” and the outside world in Anna Akhmatova’s lyrics of the second half of the 1910s considered in connection with the ideas about time and space inherent in traditional metaphors (“time is coming”, “time is flowing”, “time is flying”). Key images of the house, St. Petersburg-Petrograd, rivers, birds and motifs of homelessness, the course of time, flight are investigated. The problem of detailing urban space is being solved. The temporal and spatial organisation of individual poems is analysed: “White House”; “Was my blessed cradle...”; “Having left the groves of the homeland sacred...”; “How I love, how I loved to look...” etc. A sense of time and fate are experiences that set the stage for the tragedy of Anna Akhmatova’s lyrics of later periods of creative work.

Theorizing the Player-Playable Figure Relationship

The paper revisits a central question in the study of characters in digital games: Do players of, for example, a racing game steer the virtual car directly themselves, or are they controlling the body of a virtual driver? This seemingly technical question is shown to be primarily cognitive and conceptual: players draw on their real-life and fictional frames of reference in an ongoing epistemological process of situating themselves vis-à-vis gameworld and playable figure. The traditional metaphor for this relationship, that of a cyborg, neither captures the variety of relationships suggested by games, nor the range of interpretations open to players. To overcome this limitation, I propose six conceptual types, based on the significance that tools and vehicles have for the playable figure. I ask: is there a co-dependence between equipment and user, is it permanent, and do they have a metonymic relationship to each other? These abstract categories are shown to be connected to archetypical proto-narratives epitomized by characters from mythology and popular culture, which players implicitly refer to in conceptualizing their relationship to the gameworld. The essay, then, offers a framework for the conceptual variety of player-playable figure-relations, which, in drawing on cultural history, should be equally transparent to scholars of game studies and narratology.

Towards Post-Phenomenology and Posthumanism

The paper revisits a central question in the study of characters in digital games: Do players of, for example, a racing game steer the virtual car directly themselves, or are they controlling the body of a virtual driver? This seemingly technical question is shown to be primarily cognitive and conceptual: players draw on their real-life and fictional frames of reference in an ongoing epistemological process of situating themselves vis-à-vis gameworld and playable figure. The traditional metaphor for this relationship, that of a cyborg, neither captures the variety of relationships suggested by games, nor the range of interpretations open to players. To overcome this limitation, I propose six conceptual types, based on the significance that tools and vehicles have for the playable figure. I ask: is there a co-dependence between equipment and user, is it permanent, and do they have a metonymic relationship to each other? These abstract categories are shown to be connected to archetypical proto-narratives epitomized by characters from mythology and popular culture, which players implicitly refer to in conceptualizing their relationship to the gameworld. The essay, then, offers a framework for the conceptual variety of player-playable figure-relations, which, in drawing on cultural history, should be equally transparent to scholars of game studies and narratology.

Response: Composite Avatars and the Epistemology of the Playable Figure

The paper revisits a central question in the study of characters in digital games: Do players of, for example, a racing game steer the virtual car directly themselves, or are they controlling the body of a virtual driver? This seemingly technical question is shown to be primarily cognitive and conceptual: players draw on their real-life and fictional frames of reference in an ongoing epistemological process of situating themselves vis-à-vis gameworld and playable figure. The traditional metaphor for this relationship, that of a cyborg, neither captures the variety of relationships suggested by games, nor the range of interpretations open to players. To overcome this limitation, I propose six conceptual types, based on the significance that tools and vehicles have for the playable figure. I ask: is there a co-dependence between equipment and user, is it permanent, and do they have a metonymic relationship to each other? These abstract categories are shown to be connected to archetypical proto-narratives epitomized by characters from mythology and popular culture, which players implicitly refer to in conceptualizing their relationship to the gameworld. The essay, then, offers a framework for the conceptual variety of player-playable figure-relations, which, in drawing on cultural history, should be equally transparent to scholars of game studies and narratology.

Centaurs and Horsemen: Composite Avatars and the Epistemology of the Playable Figure

The paper revisits a central question in the study of characters in digital games: Do players of, for example, a racing game steer the virtual car directly themselves, or are they controlling the body of a virtual driver? This seemingly technical question is shown to be primarily cognitive and conceptual: players draw on their real-life and fictional frames of reference in an ongoing epistemological process of situating themselves vis-à-vis gameworld and playable figure. The traditional metaphor for this relationship, that of a cyborg, neither captures the variety of relationships suggested by games, nor the range of interpretations open to players. To overcome this limitation, I propose six conceptual types, based on the significance that tools and vehicles have for the playable figure. I ask: is there a co-dependence between equipment and user, is it permanent, and do they have a metonymic relationship to each other? These abstract categories are shown to be connected to archetypical proto-narratives epitomized by characters from mythology and popular culture, which players implicitly refer to in conceptualizing their relationship to the gameworld. The essay, then, offers a framework for the conceptual variety of player-playable figure-relations, which, in drawing on cultural history, should be equally transparent to scholars of game studies and narratology.

METAPHORICAL REPRESENTATION OF UKRAINE IN MODERN ENGLISH MASS MEDIA DISCOURSE

The article describes the metaphorical representation of the image of Ukraine in the mass media discourse. A conceptual metaphor is the main form of expression of the metaphorical embodiment of the image of Ukraine in the English-language media. Particular attention is paid to the definition of conceptual metaphor and its classification. The essence of conceptual metaphors is to represent complex and abstract areas of human experience through simpler and more specific ones. According to G. Lakoff and M. Johnson, conceptual metaphors are divided into traditional and image metaphors. Traditional metaphors, in turn, are divided into ontological, orientational and structural ones. Traditional metaphors are commonly used in everyday language and culture, and are perceived as common ways of conceptualizing reality. Image metaphors reproduce an individual worldview of a subject of discourse and are context-dependent. Conceptual metaphor is a means of creating and presenting the assessment of the image of Ukraine in foreign English-language newspaper articles based on its similarity to things in the real world. The analysis of metaphorical statements taken from the articles of modern English-language online mass media, namely The Atlantic, The Boston Globe, London Free Press, The L.A. Times, MSN UK, The Washington Post, Tribune Online, The Bangor Daily News, StarTribune, New York Post, The Daily Item, Wales Online, The New York Times, Fox News for February−March 2022, showed that the image of Ukraine is presented in the English-language media discourse through the following metaphors: UKRAINE IS A LIVING CREATURE/ORGANISM, UKRAINE IS AN EXPLORER, UKRAINE IS AN INSPIRER, UKRAINE IS A VICTIM, UKRAINE IS A WARRIOR, UKRAINE IS A HUNTER, UKRAINE IS A COMPETITOR, UKRAINE IS A LOCATION, UKRAINE IS A POLLUTED PLACE, UKRAINE IS A SUBSTANCE, UKRAINE IS AN OBJECT OF EXTERMINATION, UKRAINE IS AN EMPLOYER (related to ontological), UKRAINE IS A TRAVELLER, UKRAINE IS A MOVING FORCE, UKRAINE IS A SPREADER (orientational metaphors), UKRAINE IS AN INTEGRAL PART, UKRAINE IS AN OBJECT, TO WHICH THE FORM CAN BE GIVEN (structural metaphor), UKRAINE IS A PROTECTIVE AGENT, UKRAINE IS A THREAT, UKRAINE IS A CHOICE, UKRAINE IS A KILLING FIELD, UKRAINE IS A TESTING GROUND, UKRAINE IS AN OBJECT OF SACRIFICE, UKRAINE IS A POWERHOUSE, UKRAINE IS HOME, UKRAINE IS LIFE, UKRAINE IS A TARGET, UKRAINE IS A PAWN, UKRAINE IS A STEP, UKRAINE IS A GATEWAY (image metaphors). The identification of the above-mentioned conceptual metaphors outlined the peculiarities of the perception of Ukraine by the English-speaking communities and allowed us to assess the events taking place in the country.

A Study on the Conceptual Metaphor of News Reports on COVID-19 in Mainstream English Media in China — A Case Study of <i>China Daily</i>

Traditional metaphor regards metaphor as a rhetorical device, and believes that metaphor is merely an embellishment or decoration in the form of language, and its main metaphorical function is to beautify the language, and to enhance the effect of language expression. Conceptual Metaphor Theory, put forward by the famous linguist Lakoff in 1980, enables the study of metaphor to realize a cognitive turn. In recent years, the study of conceptual metaphor has not only been applied to the analysis of word meaning and general text, but also extended to news discourse. The study of conceptual metaphor in news discourse has become one of the important hot topics of current research. At the beginning of 2020, the outbreak and spread of the new crown pneumonia epidemic is testing people all over the world. As China’s mainstream English-language media, <i>China Daily</i> frequently reports on this hot social event. This study intends to collect reports on COVID-19 in <i>China Daily</i> from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020 and establish a corpus to study further its conceptual metaphors. Finally, this study finds eight main kinds of conceptual metaphors, including war metaphors, journey metaphors, building metaphors, human metaphors, light metaphors, book metaphors, plant metaphors and evil metaphors. The metaphors reflect China’s values of courage, struggle and harmony as well as its social awareness of actively building a community with a shared future for mankind.

Intimate Exchanges: Interpreting Borders in Hans-Christian Schmid's Lichter

Hans-Christian Schmid's film Lichter (Distant Lights, 2003) positions interpreters as key points of facilitation, friction, and exchange within the unstable Polish-German border zone. Fictional film enables a unique exploration of translation as an embodied act that can perform borders but also destabilize them. In Lichter, traditional metaphors of translation as smuggling and prostitution are first literalized and then subverted in order to illuminate hopes and fears about a coming EU expansion, while also raising questions about ethical engagements across linguistic, political, and interpersonal borders.

Book Review. A New Insight into Theory of Conceptual Metaphor

Book Review. A New Insight into Theory of Conceptual Metaphor