Traditional Lithium-ion Batteries Research Articles

Unleashing the potential of sulfur-incorporated polymer framework composite for enhanced performance and stability of lithium-organosulfur batteries

Sulfur-containing polymer have emerged as a promising cathode material due to their high theoretical capacity, energy density and low cost. However, their commercial development is hindered by the shuttle effect and slow lithium-ion transport efficiency. Here, a novel sulfur-containing polymer framework material (1,4-NDC@S@PAA) was synthesized by using a solid-phase reaction method. The carbon skeleton of polyacrylic acid (PAA) is functionalized with both 1,4-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid (1,4-NDC) and sulfur molecular clusters. By incorporating small molecules into the carbon skeleton, the lithium-ion transport channels within the electrode material are increased, resulting in improved performance. Compared to traditional vulcanized sulfur chain-type polymers, employing PAA as the main chain enhances stability during charge/discharge process. After 500 cycles at 1.0 C, the material demonstrates a modest average decay rate of 0.091% per cycle. Additionally, the introduction of 1,4-NDC constructs a molecular framework that facilitates rapid Li+ ions diffusion, leading to a two-order of magnitude increase of Li+ ions diffusion coefficient as high as 3.58×10−8 cm2 s−1 and excellent rate performance with a 721 mAh g−1 specific capacity at 5.0 C. This high-performance sulfur-containing polymer framework material holds great promise for advancing lithium-sulfur battery technology and addressing the limitations faced by traditional lithium-ion batteries.

Unveiling the Thermal Stability of Sodium Ion Pouch Cells Using Accelerating Rate Calorimetry

The thermal stability of ∼420 mAh Na0.97Ca0.03[Mn0.39Fe0.31Ni0.22Zn0.08]O2 (NCMFNZO)/hard carbon (HC) pouch cells was investigated using accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC) at elevated temperatures. 1 m NaPF6 in propylene carbonate (PC):ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) (1:1 by volume) was used as a control electrolyte. Adding 2 wt% fluoroethylene carbonate to the electrolyte improves the cell’s thermal stability by decreasing the self-heating rate (SHR) across the whole testing temperature range. The selected states-of-charge (SoC), including 70%, 84%, and 100%, exhibit minimal impact on the exothermic behavior, except for a slight decrease in SHR after ∼275 °C at 70% SoC. When compared to traditional lithium-ion batteries operating at 100% SoC, NCMFNZO/HC pouch cells demonstrate inferior thermal stability compared to LiFePO4 (LFP)/graphite pouch cells, displaying a higher SHR from 220 to 300 °C. LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2/graphite + SiOx pouch cells exhibit the worst safety performance, with an early onset temperature of ∼100 °C and the highest SHR across the entire temperature range. These results offer a direct comparison of the impact of SoC and electrolyte compositions on the thermal stability of SIBs at elevated temperatures, highlighting that there is still room for improvement in SIBs safety performance compared to LFP/graphite chemistry.

Ingenious separator architecture: Revealing the versatile 3D heterostructured MXene-hydrogen titanate electrocatalysts for advanced lithium-sulfur battery

Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) with high theoretical energy density and cost-effectiveness have great promise as alternative energy storage systems to traditional lithium-ion batteries. Nevertheless, their practical application is severely hindered due to a myriad of shortcomings such as “shuttling effect” of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs), sluggish conversion kinetics of sulfur (S) species, low electrical conductivity of S and discharged products, and intractable lithium dendrite growth. Herein, a novel 3D-heterostructured electrocatalyst consisting of the in-situ grown H2Ti3O7 (HTO) nano-whiskers on a Ti3C2Tx (MXene) substrate (M-HTO-0.5) is designed using a MXene-derived hydrothermal process combined with following ion exchange between Na+ and H+, wherein the hydrothermal reaction time regulation (0.5 h) mainly induces the balanced co-existence of HTO and MXene in the microstructure of M-HTO-0.5. Benefiting from the synergistic effect between M-HTO-0.5 (strong LiPS chemisorption, outstanding catalytic activity with abundant active sites, and boosted Li+ ion migration) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) (construction of ion/electron transport network), the ingenious design of multi-functional separators (M-HTO-0.5-C) effectively restricts LiPS shuttling and dendritic Li growth simultaneously. Consequently, LSBs with M-HTO-0.5-C separators achieve remarkable rate capability, and stable long-term cyclability even at 5.0 C. This study opens an innovative avenue for developing high-performance LSB configurations.

An intellectual property analysis: advances and commercialization of low-dimensional carbon materials in batteries

There is a growing demand for energy consumption in society due to the increasing application of emerging technologies. Therefore, the need for the development of advanced energy storage technologies to cope with the rising energy demand is rising. Carbon materials play significant roles in energy storage technologies. In this review, the research progress and applications of low-dimensional carbon materials in batteries, including carbon quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, and graphene, are summarized. The performance of these materials is compared against traditional lithium-ion batteries with graphite, which has limitations in its bandgap and reversible capacity. A mini-intellectual property analysis and the advances and commercialization of low-dimensional carbon materials in batteries were provided. The challenges and limitations associated with using these materials as electrode materials were discussed, and a market overview of their commercialization was provided. Finally, future directions for research and development in this field were concluded. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive overview of low-dimensional carbon materials as a promising research area for developing advanced batteries to meet the growing demand for energy consumption.

Phase Evolution of Multi-Metal Dichalcogenides With Conversion-Alloying Hybrid Mechanism for Superior Lithium Storage.

Traditional lithium-ion battery (LIB) anodes, whether intercalation-type like graphite or alloying-type like silicon, employing a single lithium storage mechanism, are often limited by modest capacity or substantial volume changes. Here, the kesterite multi-metal dichalcogenide (CZTSSe) is introduced as an anode material that harnesses a conversion-alloying hybrid lithium storage mechanism. Results unveil that during the charge-discharge processes, the CZTSSe undergoes a comprehensive phase evolution, transitioning from kesterite structure to multiple dominant phases of sulfides, selenides, metals, and alloys. The involvement of multi-components facilitates electron transport and mitigates swelling stress; meanwhile, it results in formation of abundant defects and heterojunctions, allowing for increased lithium storage active sites and reduced lithium diffusion barrier. The CZTSSe delivers a high specific capacity of up to 2266mA h g-1 at 0.1 A g-1; while, maintaining a stable output of 116mA h g-1 after 10000 cycles at 20 A g-1. It also demonstrates remarkable low-temperature performance, retaining 987mA h g-1 even after 600 cycles at -40°C. When employed in full cells, a high specific energy of 562Wh kg-1 is achieved, rivalling many state-of-the-art LIBs. This research offers valuable insights into the design of LIB electrodes leveraging multiple lithium storage mechanisms.

Application performance of three common solid-state electrolytes in batteries

Due to the hidden benefits such as the possibilities to make energy density high, safety improved, and lifespan extended, solid-state batteries are a focal point in battery technology research. Current liquid electrolyte-based lithium-ion batteries, despite their maturity, have inherent issues like safety risks and limited energy density. While the advancement in solid-state battery technology can potentially overcome certain challenges, it also encounters its own issues including high contact interface impedance and ion transmission efficiency. For solid-state batteries to supplant traditional lithium-ion batteries in the future, these challenges must be addressed. The research provides an in-depth analysis of the three major types of solid-state electrolytes currently prevalent in the market, including oxide, sulfide, and polymer electrolytes. This is especially true for the electrochemical analysis of batteries after the electrolyte has been used. Each has its unique properties, synthesis methods, and limitations. Oxide electrolytes excel in high-temperature ionic conductivity but underperform at room temperature. Moreover, the synthesis of oxide solid electrolytes requires fine control over temperature and atmosphere, thus demanding high technical expertise. The sulfide category shows promise in room temperature conductivity, albeit with stability issues. Polymer electrolytes, however, are flexible and processable but have generally lower ionic conductivity. To enable large-scale applications, future research needs to focus on improving these electrolytes’ performance and developing cost-effective and efficient synthesis methods. The importance of research into solid-state lithium-ion batteries is tied to their capacity to transform the energy storage sector.

Beyond lithium-ion: emerging frontiers in next-generation battery technologies

The rapid advancement of technology and the growing need for energy storage solutions have led to unprecedented research in the field of metal-ion batteries. This perspective article provides a detailed exploration of the latest developments and future directions in energy storage, particularly focusing on the promising alternatives to traditional lithium-ion batteries. With solid-state batteries, lithium-sulfur systems and other metal-ion (sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium) batteries together with innovative chemistries, it is important to investigate these alternatives as we approach a new era in battery technology. The article examines recent breakthroughs, identifies underlying challenges, and discusses the significant impact of these new frontiers on various applications–from portable electronics to electric vehicles and grid-scale energy storage. Against the backdrop of a shifting paradigm in energy storage, where the limitations of conventional lithium-ion batteries are being addressed by cutting-edge innovations, this exploration offers insights into the transformative potential of next-generation battery technologies. The article further aims to contribute to the ongoing scientific dialogue by focusing on the environmental and economic implications of these technologies.

Digitization of flow battery experimental process research and development

Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations urgently call for advanced sustainable energy storage solutions, underlining the pivotal role of renewable energies. This perspective delves into the capabilities of redox flow batteries as potential grid storage contenders, highlighting their benefits over traditional lithium-ion batteries. While all-vanadium flow batteries have established themselves, concerns about vanadium availability have steered interest toward Organic Flow Batteries. The multifaceted nature of organic materials calls for an integrated approach combining artificial intelligence, robotics, and material science to enhance battery efficacy. The union of artificial intelligence and robotics expedites the research and development trajectory, encompassing everything from data assimilation to continuous refinement. With the burgeoning metaverse, a groundbreaking avenue for collaborative research emerges, potentially revolutionizing flow battery research and catalyzing the progression towards sustainable energy resolutions.

Asymmetric 1, 2-naphthoquinone cathode material with enhanced capacity for rechargeable aluminium ion batteries

Rechargeable aluminium ion batteries (RAIBs) offer higher safety and lower costs than traditional lithium-ion batteries and have therefore been seen in recent years as a very promising potential development in areas such as large-scale energy storage. However, the development of RAIBs is limited by the cathode material, with most research currently focused on inorganic materials. Organic small molecules like naphthoquinone (NQ) based derivants have the potential to be advantageous in designing high performance cathode materials due to their molecular structural diversity and tunability. Together with 1, 4-NQ, 1, 2-NQ was successfully prepared by chemical oxidation using naphthol derivatives and assembled as RAIBs. Elucidated by Gaussian calculation, the asymmetric structure of 1, 2-NQ provides reaction sites with a higher possibility of binding to AlCl2+ ions than 1, 4-NQ, to the extent that there is an expected enhancement in its electrochemical performance. It is verified by the experimental results that the chemical and electrochemical stability of NQ cathode materials in ionic liquids is improved by the asymmetric structure. The 1, 2-NQ based RAIBs exhibits an outstanding initial specific capacity of 165.9 mAh g−1 and remains at 117.2 mAh g−1 with a Coulombic efficiency of about 98 % after the cycling of 600 and longer cycle life than the 1, 4-NQ based ones. The working concept and satisfying performance of the NQ based cathode material suggest that asymmetric molecules could be a promising design strategy for developing high-performance electrode materials for RAIBs.

Highly reversible lithium metal batteries enabled by spontaneous alloying anode

Emerging lithium metal batteries are one of the candidates for increasing energy density beyond that of traditional lithium-ion batteries. Whereas, intrinsic dendrites growth is a chronic disease severely hampered the application of lithium metal batteries. Hence, partial alloying electrode (LiAl and LiC alloy) with lithiophilic sites and interconnected ion-electron conductive skeleton is presented through repeated folding-rolling strategy. Electrochemical measurement and in situ optical microscopy demonstrate the effectiveness of alloying anode for inhibiting dendrites growth by uniform Li + flux distribution. The LixMy composite electrode can delivers ultra-long cycle life for more than 800 h with negligible overpotential of ∼10 mV (1 mA cm−2, 1 mAh cm−2). Moreover, the full cell assembled with LiFePO4 cathode exhibited superior rate performance and cycle stability, even at high current density of 2 A g−1. The availability and scalable method for modifying lithium metal anode provide an essential pace to promoting lithium metal batteries application.

Three-dimensional Ti3C2 structure design and in-situ growth of nano-TiO2 crystals to realize high performance lithium-sulfur battery

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries represent a promising energy storage system with the potential to replace traditional lithium-ion batteries. Recent research has explored the practical applications of Li–S batteries. However, due to the insulation properties of the sulfur components and the shuttle effect of polysulfides, the practical application of Li–S batteries is hindered by poor cycle stability and short life. In this study, we developed a controllable three-dimensional Ti3C2 structure design process, and through in situ growth of TiO2 nanocrystals, we prepared three-dimensional porous materials with TiO2@Ti3C2 heterostructures. These materials constructed using two-dimensional lamellar Ti3C2 function as a conductive skeleton to improve the conductivity of the sulfur cathodes, and through the in-situ growth of nano-TiO2 to introduce more binding sites and provide more chemisorption sites to limit the dissolution and shuttle of polysulfides. In addition, the TiO2@Ti3C2 heterointerface generated in situ on the surface of the lamellar structure can induce an internal electric field and increase active reaction sites, which promotes reaction kinetics, accelerates charge diffusion/transport, and promotes LiPS transformation. The materials designed in this study can effectively restrain the shuttle effect by realising the association process of adsorption, capture, and transformation of polysulfides. Thus, when applied as the sulfur cathode frame, it shows a high specific capacity of 1261.41 mAh g−1 at a rate of 0.1 C. In addition, a specific capacity of 66.5 % is maintained over 500 cycles at a rate of 1 C. This strategy supports the development of Li–S batteries with extraordinary performance and opens up a promising way to design next-generation electrochemical energy storage devices.

Life cycle assessment of lab-scale solid sodium-ion batteries: A sustainable alternative to liquid lithium-ion batteries

This study presents a comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) of liquid lithium-ion batteries (liquid LIB), liquid sodium-ion batteries (liquid SIB), and solid sodium-ion batteries (solid SIB) to evaluate their environmental impacts in a laboratory scale. The results emphasize the potential environmental benefits of adopting solid SIBs as they show considerable savings in toxicity categories compared to conventional lithium-ion batteries. Moreover, solid SIBs demonstrated the lowest abiotic depletion potential and photochemical oxidation. However, they exhibited higher impacts in ozone depletion and eutrophication compared to liquid LIBs and liquid SIBs. Liquid LIBs showed the lowest global warming potential, making them more climate-friendly than the other battery types. Moreover, the results showed that, energetically, liquid LIBs are the most competitive option. To determine the conditions in which the solid SIBs improve the environmental behaviour of the liquid LIBs, an energetic and sensitivity analysis were conducted. Solid SIBs using renewable energy like concentrated solar power (CSP) and dematerializing part of its electrolyte exhibited reduced Cumulative Energy Demand and improved the environmental performance in all categories compared to conventional liquid LIBs. Furthermore, the study assessed the specific heat capacity (Cp) of the solid sodium electrolyte (NASICON), revealing its potential suitability for advanced battery technologies that require efficient heat storage and thermal management. Globally, this study highlights some environmental benefits of adopting solid SIBs, especially those manufactured with renewable energy, as a promising alternative to traditional lithium-ion batteries.

Recent progress in critical electrode and electrolyte materials for flexible zinc-ion batteries.

With the increasing popularity of flexible and wearable electronic devices, the demand for power supplies that can be easily bent or worn is also rapidly growing. However, traditional lithium ion batteries are difficult to adapt to complex wearable devices because of their unsatisfactory flexibility and thickness as well as safety issues. Zinc-ion batteries have several advantages, including low redox potential, high theoretical capacity, high safety, and abundant reserves. These features make flexible zinc-ion batteries (FZIBs) an ideal wearable energy storage device candidate. The electrochemical performance and mechanical deformability of FZIBs were pivotally determined based on the properties of their electrode and electrolyte. Herein, we summarize some recent advances from 2015 to 2023 in the design and preparation of various electrode and electrolyte materials for FZIBs with controllable morphology and structure, excellent mechanical property, and enhanced electrochemical performance. Moreover, efforts to explore the potential practical applications of FZIBs have also been considered. Finally, we present and discuss current challenges and opportunities for the development of high-performance FZIBs.

Periodic Optimal Input Shaping for Maximizing Lithium-Sulfur Battery Parameter Identifiability

Abstract This article investigates the problem of optimal periodic cycling for maximizing the identifiability of the unknown parameters of a Lithium-Sulfur (Li-S) battery model, including estimates of the initial values of species masses. This research is motivated by the need for more accurate Li-S battery modeling and diagnostics. Li-S batteries offer higher energy density levels compared to more traditional lithium-ion batteries, making them an attractive option for energy storage applications. However, the monitoring and control of Li-S batteries are challenging because of the complexity of the underlying multistep reaction chain. The existing literature addresses poor battery parameter identifiability through a variety of tools, including optimal input shaping for Fisher information maximization. However, this literature's focus is predominantly on the identifiability of lithium-ion battery model parameters. The main purpose of this study is to optimize Li-S battery Fisher identifiability through optimal input shaping. The study shows that such optimal input shaping indeed improves the accuracy of Li-S parameter estimation significantly. This outcome is demonstrated in simulation. Moreover, an experimental study is conducted showing that the underlying battery model fits laboratory experimental cycling data reasonably well when the optimized test cycle is employed.

In situ fluoro-oxygen codoped graphene layer for high-performance lithium metal anode.

Because traditional lithium-ion batteries have been unable to meet the energy density requirements of various emerging fields, lithium-metal batteries (LMBs), known for their high energy density, are considered promising next-generation energy storage batteries. However, a series of problems, including low coulombic efficiency and low safety caused by dendrites, limit the application of lithium metal batteries. Herein, fluoro-oxygen codoped graphene (FGO) was used to modify the copper current collector (FGO@Cu). FGO-coated current collector provides more even nucleation sites to reduce the local effective current density. FGO is partly reduced during cycling and helps form stable LiF-rich SEI. Moreover, graphene's oxygen and fluorine functional groups reconstruct the current density distribution, promoting uniform lithium plating. The FGO@Cu current collector demonstrates superior properties than commercial Cu foil. The FGO@Cu delivers a 97% high CE for over 250 cycles at 1 mA cm-2. The FGO@Cu symmetrical battery cycled at 1 mA cm-2 for over 650 h. LiFePO4 fuel cell with a lithium-plated FGO@Cu collector as an anode exhibits superior cycling stability.

BeN4 nanoribbon-based 3D porous metallic and ductile monolith for high-performance sodium-ion battery anode

3D BeN4-nanoribbon-based porous and metallic structure is promising for sodium-ion battery anode.

Technological Advances and Market Developments of Solid-State Batteries: A Review.

Batteries are essential in modern society as they can power a wide range of devices, from small household appliances to large-scale energy storage systems. Safety concerns with traditional lithium-ion batteries prompted the emergence of new battery technologies, among them solid-state batteries (SSBs), offering enhanced safety, energy density, and lifespan. This paper reviews current state-of-the-art SSB electrolyte and electrode materials, as well as global SSB market trends and key industry players. Solid-state electrolytes used in SSBs include inorganic solid electrolytes, organic solid polymer electrolytes, and solid composite electrolytes. Inorganic options like lithium aluminum titanium phosphate excel in ionic conductivity and thermal stability but exhibit mechanical fragility. Organic alternatives such as polyethylene oxide and polyvinylidene fluoride offer flexibility but possess lower ionic conductivity. Solid composite electrolytes combine the advantages of inorganic and organic materials, enhancing mechanical strength and ionic conductivity. While significant advances have been made for composite electrolytes, challenges remain for synthesis intricacies and material stability. Nuanced selection of these electrolytes is crucial for advancing resilient and high-performance SSBs. Furthermore, while global SSB production capacity is currently below 2 GWh, it is projected to grow with a >118% compound annual growth rate by 2035, when the potential SSB market size will likely exceed 42 billion euros.

Lithium Dendrite Propagation in Anode-Free Lithium Metal Batteries: An in-Operando Scanning Electron Microscopic Study

In the current technological landscape, lithium metal batteries have significantly surpassed the energy density of conventional lithium-ion batteries. Therefore, The advent of anode-free lithium metal batteries (AFLMBs) offers higher energy densities.. They also provide advantages such as reduced process complexity and lower costs due to their design that eliminates the need for anode materials. Unlike the lithium-ion insertion and extraction reactions in traditional lithium-ion batteries. This makes them easier to lithium dendrite formation, which can puncture the separator or solid electrolytes, among other issues. In this work, we developed anin-operando electron microscopic technique with a unique vacuum square-cell design to ensure air-tight transfer of in-operandocells with vacuum protection into the SEM chamber. We significantly improved the imaging resolution with a windowless design, enabling the direct electron beam to focus on the electrode interfaces. Thus, real-time imaging of Li growth could be achieved via a stable current supply and controlled temperature. we systematically analyzed the Li growth and dendrite propagation behavior in AFLMBs using solid polymer electrolyte (SPE). In particular, we used polyethylene oxide (PEO)-based SPEs containing different lithium salts, namely 25wt% Lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI), Lithium difluoro (oxalateo)borate (LiDFOB), and Lithium bis(oxalate)borate (LiBOB), within a LiFePO4||Cu anode-free cell configuration. Under a fixed current density, Li deposition and stripping were conducted, in which the PEO-LiTFSI SPE exhibited uniform deposition with a mossy lithium dendrite morphology. In the subsequent deposition process, some branching lithium dendrites were observed. Meanwhile, PEO-LiBOB showed uneven Li deposition with needle-like dendritic formation, potentially disrupting the SPE/electrode interface and leading to safety hazards. Lastly, PEO-LiDFOB initially showed mossy lithium deposition. In contrast, a few dendritic lithium structures appeared as the deposition process continued into the intermediate and later stages. The study successfully established a novel in-situ electron microscopy observation platform isolating water and oxygen. This platform recreated the actual battery operating environment, enhancing the credibility of experimental results. Additionally, we successfully elucidated the growth mechanisms of lithium dendrites in SPE with different lithium salts in the LFP||Cu configuration. This in-situ microscope technology aims to observe the relevant mechanisms behind dynamic deposition. Understanding how this deposition affects battery performance and safety and combining it with advanced operational and ex-situ characterization techniques can further promote the development of all-solid -state batteries in the future.

The Mg Electrode Cycling Mechanism in Simple Salt Glyme Electrolytes

The lithium-ion battery (LIB) has been at the forefront of innovations in energy storage since its commercialisation over 30 years ago. As we reach the practical specific capacity limit of current state-of-the-art materials, novel and innovative battery technologies are required to satiate the requirements of energy intensive applications such as electric vehicles. 1 The use of a lithium metal negative electrode has been proposed to increase the energy density, however the high reactivity causes poor cycling performance due to electrolyte degradation, dendrite formation and safety issues. 2 The magnesium electrode offers a solution that has double the theoretical volumetric capacity of the lithium electrode while simultaneously mitigating dendritic growth, reducing raw material costs and greatly increasing sustainability. 3,4 Previous work has shown that traditional LIB electrolytes are not compatible with magnesium metal, and the plating and stripping mechanism that underpins how magnesium electrodes cycle is poorly understood. 5 Here we explored the mechanism of magnesium plating and stripping in glyme-based electrolytes with a range of additional additives. We show that in the pure electrolyte solution, interphase formation is critical to stable cycling but that this is accompanied by significant degradation and accumulation of inactive Mg.6 We establish the three-dimensional chemical composition of Mg deposits in the different electrolyte formulations using a combination of focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We use these findings to develop a mechanistic understanding that explains the electrochemical cycling performance of magnesium metal negative electrodes. In situ electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) measurements are used to evaluate the plating and stripping efficiency of the electrodes and to identify non-electrochemical degradation reactions between Mg and the electrolyte solutions.

Theoretical and Experimental Performance Characterization of Battery Anodes Comprised of Coal Derived Graphite

As demand for energy storage expands, securing reliable supply-chains for raw battery materials is critical in mitigating the threats of delayed manufacturing and inflated manufacturing costs. These issues have pushed researchers and industry to consider alternative sources for traditional lithium-ion battery materials, such as graphite. Commonly available sources of graphite for Li-ion anodes include natural graphite and petroleum coke derived synthetic graphite. While many carbon sources have been studied, most require complicated processing and result in sub-par graphite anode materials. This talk highlights raw coal and coal derived materials as promising graphite sources thanks to their abundance of sp2 hybridized carbon, resulting in simpler processing, and low material costs.We show that coal derived graphite can be implemented as a lithium-ion anode, however, many chemical, microstructural, and morphological considerations are necessary to compare with commercial graphite performance. We will experimentally compare the morphology at the microstructure for graphite from various carbon sources, and then apply the virtual microstructure analysis method as detailed by Lopata et al to quantify potential differences between the anode microstructures with respect to effective active material particle size (diffusion length calculation), the electrochemical surface area, and the tortuosity of the liquid phase domain. These calculations from representative 3D microstructures can then be extended to a porous electrode model as detailed in Garrick et al to probe the impact in ionic, kinetic, and ohmic losses in the system.References Joseph S. Lopata et al 2023 J. Electrochem. Soc. 170 020530Taylor R. Garrick et al 2021 J. Electrochem. Soc. 168 010530