Traditional Irrigation Methods Research Articles

Irrigation System Of Turkestan In The Second Half Of 19th Century And Early 20th Century

This article describes the state of irrigated agriculture in Turkestan, water sources, classification of major rivers and their tributaries, geographical location, irrigation system, sources of water supply, types of traditional irrigation methods used by the local population in the second half of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. Moreover, an attempt is made to reveal the participation of local people in the construction, repair, cleaning of irrigation facilities, the implementation of centuries-old rules of irrigation, the rights of local people to use water through a number of sources, statistical collections, scientific literature and research works in the article.

Nitrate distribution pattern under conventional and trickle irrigation system

Nitrate is a highly mobile ions that moves with water. So that nitrate distribution around the driplines is strongly affected by irrigation and fertigation strategy. Nitrate movement under conventional flood irrigation system was observed 2 to 3.5 times faster as compared with trickle irrigation as well as NO3 "-N concentrations exceeded the threshold limit (i.e. 10 mg l-1) under traditional irrigation method, while stayed below the threshold limit under micro irrigation methods. Nitrate distribution was influenced by hydraulic properties, drip discharge rate, soil layering, timing of nutrient application and irrigation frequency. To maintain larger amounts of nutrient nearby emitter in highly permeable coarse-textured soils, nutrients must be applied at the starting of an irrigation cycle so that it is less susceptible to leaching losses. Study revealed that higher transpiration raised the NO3-N uptake by the plats. The study also revealed that urea moves promptly with irrigation water and urea–ammonium–nitrate fertilizer increased the nitrate concentration, near the drip line immediately after the drip fertigation due to the nitrification, while low concentrations was found near the periphery of the wetting zone.

Grape production assessment using surface and subsurface drip irrigation methods

The study involved experimental work implemented from April 2014 until March 2017. Its purpose was to observe grape production quality parameters, such as yield, water productivity, berry size and bio-mass. Different irrigation methods, such as drip irrigation (DI), drip irrigation with plastic mulching (DIPM), drip irrigation with organic mulching (DIOM), subsur-face irrigation with stone column (SISC), subsurface irrigation with mud pot (SIMP), and subsurface irrigation with plastic bottles (SIPB) have been used during the experimental work. The crop has been irrigated following the CROPWAT-8.0 model developed by the FAO. Climate parameters are obtained from the automatic weather station located near the experi-mental field. Based on experimental results and analyses, it has been observed that the drip irrigation with the plastic mulching method is the best for irrigation in terms of the grape yield comparing with all other methods due to its highest productivity of 35–40%. Subsurface irrigation with the plastic bottle method is found to be suitable as it gives 20% higher yield than the traditional drip irrigation method. The SIPB method shows the cost-benefit ratio of 112.3, whereas the DIPM method had the ratio of 36.6. Based on the cost-benefit analysis, it is concluded that the SIPB method is economically more viable as compared with all other methods. Hence, based on the findings, it is recommended to use drip irrigation with a plastic mulch-ing and drip irrigation with a plastic bottle as the best options to achieve grape productivity while using minimum water.

Sprinkler irrigation in the production of safe rice by soils heavily polluted by arsenic and cadmium

Among the factors affecting the bioaccumulation of As and Cd in rice, a key role is played by the irrigation methods. The sprinkler irrigation (SP), optimized for rice in Sardinia, Italy, applied to several rice genotypes over many years has produced no differences in yields in comparison to what observed using the traditional continuous flooding irrigation method (CF). Because all the previous SP trials have been performed just on one, unpolluted soil, the principal aim of this study is to ascertain the effectiveness of SP to simultaneously minimize the bioaccumulation of As and Cd in rice grain even in soils severely polluted by As and/or Cd. Hence, a Carnise rice genotype was cultivated in an open field in: i) an unpolluted soil; ii) a soil polluted with 55 mg kg−1 of As; iii) a soil polluted with 40 mg kg−1 of Cd; iv) a soil polluted with 50 mg kg−1 of As and 50 mg kg−1 of Cd. In the worst condition of pollution, the amounts of total As and Cd measured in the kernels using a fully validated ICP-MS method is 90 ± 10 μg kg−1 and 50 ± 20 μg kg−1, respectively, i.e. less than 50% and the 25% of the maximum concentration set for these elements in rice by the European Community (200 μg kg−1 for the inorganic As and the total amount of Cd, respectively). SP might represent a simple and valuable tool able to produce safe rice also from soils where the traditional irrigation might produce inedible rice only.

Food Gap Optimization for Sustainability Concerns, the Case of Egypt

Nowadays, even with the growth and progress of the agricultural sector, the food gap (FG) is still wide, particularly for strategic crops, affecting the national economy and compromising the food security. The realization of self-sufficiency can be fulfilled only by achieving the highest production efficiency along with preserving the natural resources currently available, especially arable land and irrigation water. In this analysis, the FG in Egypt was modeled for 13 crops between the years 2000 and 2018. The linear model applied suggested a redistribution of crops in terms of production, food demand and land reallocation, in order to find the best solution to minimize the FG on the basis of crop value and under a set of constraints. It was found that the value of the modelled FG increased steadily from 2005 to 2017, then it started to decline slightly, probably due to the steady increase in the population growth rate which is a crucial factor in enlarging the FG. Furthermore, important water loss was noticed through the analysis period. In fact, there was a huge difference, reaching around 25 billion m3 between the water consumed for the studied crops and the total amount of renewable water. The main reason for this loss can be linked to the traditional irrigation methods used, such as surface irrigation. Moreover, the calculation of food demand with the estimated production and the redistribution of crop land reallocations were performed to achieve the best model fit between the crops in terms of minimizing the FG in Egypt. So far, the current agricultural policy has reaped limited gains and a steep decline of food economic balance. Hence, significant interest on rising productivity should be given by the government to achieve the food self-sufficiency in Egypt.

Effects of Different Irrigation Amount on the Growth of Cucumber in Plastic Greenhouses under Non-pressure Artefact Irrigation

In China, water-saving irrigation is a very important measure to alleviate the water resources shortage. This study investigated the changes of cucumber growth, nutrient element absorption, yield and quality under different irrigation water amount by using non-pressure artefact irrigation technology, and determined the optimal irrigation water volume under non-pressure artefact irrigation. The results showed that the plant dry weight and photosynthetic rate of cucumber under non-pressure artefact irrigation were increased compared with that under traditional irrigation. Non-pressure artefact irrigation promoted the accumulation of N, P and K, Vc content, soluble protein and soluble solid in cucumber plants, especially the irrigation amount of 246 m3 667 m−2. In addition, microporous membrane irrigation could improve cucumber yield and water use efficiency compared with traditional irrigation methods. In conclusion, the optimal irrigation amount of cucumber under non-pressure artefact irrigation was 246 m3 667 m−2.

Бесконтактные технологии в системе противоэпидемических мероприятий как метод борьбы с возбудителями социально-значимых инфекций

Efficiency of application in aerosol form of various disinfectant materials with respect to various types of hospital-acquired infection agents, comparison of efficiency of traditional methods of wiping and irrigation, method of aerosol treatment with disinfectants of different groups of active substances with UV treatment for evaluation of possible spheres of application of each technology was studied.

Improving rice water productivity using alternative irrigation (case study: north of Iran)

Abstract Increasing population and the need for more food has made demands on water resources due to crop productions. One of the strategies for preventing the overuses of safe water resources for agriculture is to increase agricultural productivity by reducing the amount of irrigation water with a slight reduction or even maintaining the yields. Rice production in the northern region of Iran which is strategically and economically very important, requires irrigation management changing with traditional irrigation methods (flood irrigation). This study was conducted in the 2017–2018 crop season to investigate the effect of different irrigation management on water consumption, rice yield and water productivity in paddy field of Babolsar, Mazandaran, Iran. The experiment was performed in the field in a randomized complete block design with three replicates and four treatments in 12 plots. The treatments were TI (Traditional/flood Irrigation), and AI1, AI3 and AI5 (Alternative Irrigation one, three and five days after the disappearance of water from the soil surface, respectively). The number of yield components and the water productivity indexes were determined. The results of this study showed a significant difference (at 1% level) between irrigation treatments in terms of yield components including tiller number, Panicle length, filling percentage, and water productivity, but they did not have any significant effect on plant height and grain yield. The applied irrigation water for TI, AI1, AI3, and AI5 treatments was measured to be 7,940, 4,910, 4,090 and 3,290 m3/ha, respectively. The maximum yield (6.11 ton/ha) belonged to TI treatment and after that with the value of 6.02 ton/ha belonged to AI5 treatment with the least application of water. Rice water productivities for TI, AI1, AI3, and AI5 treatments were calculated to be 0.82, 1.05, 1.38 and 1.83 kg/m3, respectively. Therefore, alternate irrigation five days after the disappearance of surface water (AI5) was accepted to be the best irrigation practices among the other different irrigation management due to 56.07% reduction in water use and only 1.47% reduction in grain yield compared to control treatment.

Su Hasadı Sistemlerinin Önemi ve Teknikleri

Dünyadaki en kritik yaşam unsurlarından biri olan suyun, etkili kullanımı gün geçtikçe önem kazanmaktadır. Nüfusun durmaksızın artması ve iklim değişiklikleri ile beraber; su kaynaklarının hem tüketim hızı hem de kullanım şekilleri tartışma konusu olmuştur. Bu konulara çözüm getirebilecek yöntemlerden biri de geçmişi çok uzun yıllar öncesine dayanan “Su Hasadı” yöntemidir. Su hasadı; insan, hayvan veya bitkilerin kullanımı için su sağlamak amacıyla, yağışla meydana gelen yüzey akışının toplanması olarak tanımlanabilir. Tekniğin mikro havza boyutunda çatı ve çiftlik sistemleriyle kullanımını görmek mümkünken; makro havza boyutunda ise vadi yatağı ve vadi dışı sistemler kullanılmaktadır. Su kaynaklarının önemli bir kısmını kullanan tarım sektöründe; üretimin devam ettiği kurak ve yarı kurak bölgelere düşen yağmur suyunun büyük bir kısmı, buharlaşma yoluyla veya akışa geçerek verimli bir şekilde kullanılamadan uzaklaşır. Su hasadı tekniğinde ise yağmur suları depolandıktan sonra tarım arazilerine uygulanmak üzere bekletilebilir. Yöntem; buharlaşma veya akış sebebiyle kayıplar yaşanmayacağından toplam sulama suyu miktarını arttıracak ve su kaynakları üzerindeki baskıyı azaltacaktır. Kaynakların yükünü azaltması dışında; toprak erozyonunun önlenmesinde oynadığı rol de yöntemin ana faydalarından biri olarak görülmektedir. Genel olarak uygun coğrafyaya göre uygun yöntem seçildiğinde; su hasadı düşük dış girdili bir yöntemdir ve uygulanması zor değildir. Birkaç istisna dışında, hasat edilen suyu iletmek veya uygulamak için enerjiye ihtiyaç duymaz. Bu çalışmada su hasadı yönteminin; ana unsurları, farklı kullanım alanları ve teknikleri hakkında bilgi verilmektedir.

CREATION OF AUTOMATED LOW-INTENSITY IRRIGATION SYSTEMS CONTROLLED THROUGH AN INTERNET CHANNEL IN AZERBAIJAN (ASMO)

With the correct process management, low-intensity irrigation allows not only to drastically reduce water consumption for irrigation of agricultural crops, but also to provide the necessary microclimate for plants and the supply of water and fertilizers in the required amount directly to the root zone of plants, which contributes to the earlier entry of plants into the season fruiting and increased productivity while reducing water per unit of crop and reducing production costs. For this, we have developed a perfect safe technological system of automated irrigation based on IDAD with automated control of the controlled potential moisture supply of the plant, an optimized irriga-tion regime taking into account the controlled soil and agroclimatic parameters that affect the growth and develop-ment of the plant phase, while maintaining the ecological environment that contributes to obtaining a guaranteed and high-quality yield per unit area meeting the requirement of mi ovyh standards. The system of low-intensity irri-gation created by the results of the study compared to traditional surface irrigation methods is more technologically demanding and in the remote areas from settlements it is difficult to provide qualified service; to ensure their possi-ble efficiency, they require complex automation of the irrigation technological process.

Analysis of the Barriers to Equipping Agricultural Lands with the New Irrigation Technologies (Case study: Shahrabaad Rural District of Bardaskan County, Iran)

Purpose- Due to its special geographical location in the arid and semi-arid climate belt of the world, Iran suffers from water scarcity and limited usable water resources, notably considering the population growth and increasing demand for water and food. High water consumption in agriculture as one of the main water use sectors is estimated as 90% of total water, thereby necessitating consideration of water conservation methods. However, there are a number of barriers to use the current water conservation practices. Thus, the present study aims to investigate the barriers to equipping agricultural lands with the new irrigation technologies in Shahrabaad rural district, Bardaskan city. Design/methodology/approach-This is an applied study in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method, carried out using the random sampling method. The sample size was 338 households in the research area which was determined using Cochran's formula. Data were collected based on field and library studies. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by university professors and experts. The reliability coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.78 using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Moreover, the TOPSIS fuzzy model was used to rank the villages in terms of the effect of barriers to using the new irrigation technologies, and SPSS software was used for analyzing the research questions. Findings: Results showed that the economic dimension was the most important barriers to using the new irrigation technologies. In addition, low-socioeconomic status of the farmers and small loans are the most prominent barriers to equipping agricultural lands with the new irrigation technologies in the research rural district. Research limitations/implications- unavailability of statistical information when referring to the agricultural jihad and the governor’s office, and completing the questionnaire, depending on the subject at the village level, is one of the main challenges of the present study. Practical implications- Given the specific research findings, it is necessary for agriculture and water policy-makers take serious measures concerning the incentive (low-interest and long-term loans, micro-land integration and the like) and punitive (imposing restrictions on traditional land users and stipulating other supports to change the irrigation method) instruments, because otherwise water restriction and the consequences of water scarcity will be challenging in many areas and even may lead to a serious crisis. Originality / value: This study is prima facie significant in terms of statement of the reasons for the barriers to equipping agricultural lands with the new irrigation technologies from the users' perspective and then, in terms of a more detailed analysis of the research findings to change the implementation of traditional irrigation methods.

AgriSens: IoT-Based Dynamic Irrigation Scheduling System for Water Management of Irrigated Crops

In this article, we present the design of an Internet-of-Things (IoT)-based dynamic irrigation scheduling system (AgriSens) for efficient water management of irrigated crop fields. The AgriSens provides real time, automatic, dynamic as well as remote manual irrigation treatment for different growth phases of a crop’s life cycle using IoT. A low-cost water-level sensor is designed to measure the level of water present in a field. We propose an algorithm for automatic dynamic-cum-manual irrigation based on farmer requirements. The AgriSens has a farmer-friendly user interface, which provides field information to the farmers in a multimodal manner—visual display, cell phone, and Web portal. It achieves significant results with respect to different performance metrics, such as data validation, packet delivery ratio, energy consumption, and failure rate in various climatic conditions and with dynamic irrigation treatments. Experimental results show that the AgriSens helps improve the crop productivity by at most 10.21% over the traditional manual irrigation method, expands the network’s lifetime 2.5 times more than the existing system yet achieving a reliability of 94% even after 500 h of operation.

Implementing Sustainable Irrigation in Water-Scarce Regions under the Impact of Climate Change

The sustainability of irrigated agriculture is threatening due to adverse climate change, given future projections that every one in four people on Earth might be suffering from extreme water scarcity by the year 2025. Pressurized irrigation systems and appropriate irrigation schedules can increase water productivity (i.e., product yield per unit volume of water consumed by the crop) and reduce the evaporative or system loss of water as opposed to traditional surface irrigation methods. However, in water-scarce countries, irrigation management frequently becomes a complex task. Deficit irrigation and the use of non-conventional water resources (e.g., wastewater, brackish groundwater) has been adopted in many cases as part of a climate change mitigation measures to tackle the water poverty issue. Protected cultivation systems such as greenhouses or screenhouses equipped with artificial intelligence systems present another sustainable option for improving water productivity and may help to alleviate water scarcity in these countries. This article presents a comprehensive review of the literature, which deals with sustainable irrigation for open-field and protected cultivation systems under the impact of climatic change in vulnerable areas, including the Mediterranean region.

Plastic-Covered Ridge-Furrow Planting Combined with Supplemental Irrigation Based on Measuring Soil Moisture Promotes Wheat Grain Yield and Irrigation Water Use Efficiency in Irrigated Fields on the Loess Plateau, China

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether combining plastic-covered ridge and furrow planting (RF) and supplemental irrigation based on measuring soil moisture (SIMSM) can increase the grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in irrigated fields of Loess Plateau, China. In 2016–2018, the experiment was conducted at Doukou experimental farm (34°36′ N, 108°52′ E) with two plant systems (RF and traditional planting (TF)) and three irrigation treatments (S1 and S2: SIMSM with a target relative soil water content of 85% and 100%, respectively). The results suggest that under the TF system, SIMSM decreased the grain yield and nitrogen utilization. The reason for this may be the local low precipitation. However, the combination of RF and S2 significantly increased the WUE, protein and wet gluten concentration in the grain. In addition, the grain yield of the RF plus S2 treatment was not significantly different than that of the traditional irrigation method. These results suggest that combining RF and SIMSM with a target relative soil water content of 100% is beneficial to the synergistic improvement of the wheat yield, the wheat quality, and the water and fertilizer use efficiency in irrigated fields on the Loess Plateau.

Deep Semantic Segmentation of Center Pivot Irrigation Systems from Remotely Sensed Data

The center pivot irrigation system (CPIS) is a modern irrigation technique widely used in precision agriculture due to its high efficiency in water consumption and low labor compared to traditional irrigation methods. The CPIS is a leader in mechanized irrigation in Brazil, with growth forecast for the coming years. Therefore, the mapping of center pivot areas is a strategic factor for the estimation of agricultural production, ensuring food security, water resources management, and environmental conservation. In this regard, digital processing of satellite images is the primary tool allowing regional and continuous monitoring with low costs and agility. However, the automatic detection of CPIS using remote sensing images remains a challenge, and much research has adopted visual interpretation. Although CPIS presents a consistent circular shape in the landscape, these areas can have a high internal variation with different plantations that vary over time, which is difficult with just the spectral behavior. Deep learning using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) is an emerging approach that provokes a revolution in image segmentation, surpassing traditional methods, and achieving higher accuracy and efficiency. This research aimed to evaluate the use of deep semantic segmentation of CPIS from CNN-based algorithms using Landsat-8 surface reflectance images (seven bands). The developed methodology can be subdivided into the following steps: (a) Definition of three study areas with a high concentration of CPIS in Central Brazil; (b) acquisition of Landsat-8 images considering the seasonal variations of the rain and drought periods; (c) definition of CPIS datasets containing Landsat images and ground truth mask of 256×256 pixels; (d) training using three CNN architectures (U-net, Deep ResUnet, and SharpMask); (e) accuracy analysis; and (f) large image reconstruction using six stride values (8, 16, 32, 64, 128, and 256). The three methods achieved state-of-the-art results with a slight prevalence of U-net over Deep ResUnet and SharpMask (0.96, 0.95, and 0.92 Kappa coefficients, respectively). A novelty in this research was the overlapping pixel analysis in the large image reconstruction. Lower stride values had improvements quantified by the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (ROC curve) and Kappa, and fewer errors in the frame edges were also perceptible. The overlapping images significantly improved the accuracy and reduced the error present in the edges of the classified frames. Additionally, we obtained greater accuracy results during the beginning of the dry season. The present study enabled the establishment of a database of center pivot images and an adequate methodology for mapping the center pivot in central Brazil.

IoT Framework for Smart Irrigation using Machine Learning Technique

The scarcity of freshwater around the world is becoming a serious issue, so there is a dire need to come up with a solution for effective utilization of water resources. Basically, agriculture depends on monsoon which is not a sufficient water source. The Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine Learning (ML) based smart irrigation system is employed in the field of agriculture to overcome the problem of water resource management. In this work, a smart irrigation system is proposed to predict the irrigation requirement of the field using several environmental parameters along with weather forecasting that assists the growth of the crop. This system proposes the idea of training the ensemble method in ML using the collected real-time data to make an optimized decision. This prediction model helps in reducing the traditional irrigation methods, thereby conserving water, labor and plant nutrients. This system provides a low-cost prototype model with advanced technological features with a fully functional system and the observed results are optimal with 90% accuracy.

Direct root-zone irrigation outperforms surface drip irrigation for grape yield and crop water use efficiency while restricting root growth

Direct root-zone irrigation is a novel subsurface drip irrigation strategy for water conservation. However, a comparison with traditional irrigation methods is lacking to better define the potential advantages of direct root-zone irrigation. A two-year study was conducted to evaluate the performance of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon under direct root-zone irrigation and surface drip irrigation in a commercial vineyard with loamy sand soil in a semi-arid region of southcentral Washington State, USA. Plant water status, root traits, grape yield, berry morphology and composition, and crop water use efficiency were compared between irrigation methods under three irrigation rates. Compared to surface drip irrigation, direct root-zone irrigation improved grape yield by 9–12% and crop water use efficiency by 9–11% under varied climate conditions with minor effects on berry composition, which could be potentially adjusted by irrigation rate. Moreover, grapevines irrigated through direct root-zone irrigation had 48–67% and 50–54% decrease in root number, respectively, at high and moderate irrigation rates in the upper soil profile (0–60 cm) with a decrease in water stress as revealed by higher midday stem water potential. Irrigation rate was the major factor influencing berry morphology. In fact, reduced irrigation resulted in a decrease in weight, size and number of berries. We conclude that direct root-zone irrigation could be a successful tool for improving yield and crop water use efficiency, potentially encouraging deep rooting to alleviate the water stress in grapevine under seasonal drought, and offering the ability to modify berry morphology and composition by adjusting the amount of water use.

Scientific substantiation of the introduction efficiency of the system of surface improvement of natural hayfields and pastures on the eroded soils of Azerbaijan

The results of the study, which show that up to 96% of the irrigated land is watered mainly with traditional methods of irrigation (furrows and fillings) by surface methods, and the rest up to 5%, while in irrigated fields it is watered with the use of progressive water-saving low-intensity Irrigation systems. Therefore, in the fields, the level of groundwater grows every day.

Geological Hazards in Loess Induced by Agricultural Irrigation in Arid and Semiarid Regions of China

The development of agriculture in the arid and semiarid regions of China mainly depends on agricultural irrigation. Until 2016, water required for agricultural irrigation has accounted for more than 90% of the total water consumption. But traditionally extensive broad irrigation causes frequent loess geological hazards in irrigation area and it threatens security of local life and property. In this paper, we selected the Heifangtai irrigation district in Yongjing County, Gansu Province, where frequent instabilities occur, as the study area. We used laboratory tests and numerical simulation to examine the mechanism of loess landslides owing to the irrigation hydrological cycle. Irrigation changes the local natural hydrogeological conditions because of the loose and macroporous structure of loess. The numerous pores and fissures constitute preferential migration pathways of irrigation water; thus, irrigation can increase the groundwater level and hydraulic gradient. Broad irrigation is the main inducing factor of geological hazards (including landslides, collapses, and soil salinization) in arid and semiarid regions, and the development of fissures and sinkholes increases the risk of landslides. New water‐saving irrigation methods need to replace the traditional irrigation methods and improve the utilization of water resources. A monitoring and warning system in susceptible areas should be established to ensure the sustainability of local agriculture.

Automatic Irrigation System using Wireless Control

Traditional methods of irrigation and fertilizing is very time consuming for farmers. Over-irrigation as well as leaching of fertilizers below the root zone, erosion, and transport of soil and chemical particles to the drainage ditches can increase energy and water consumption in farming. A single systems combining irrigation and fertilizing will greatly reduce the cost and time needed in farming. There are two types of fertilizers available for home gardener – granular and water-soluble fertilizers. Generally, granular fertilizers release nutrient gradually but can last longer than water-soluble fertilizers. This project will provide an automated system for irrigation and fertilizing for plantation using Arduino as the microcontroller. This system will include a mobile application to control the amount of water during the irrigation and fertilizing processes. The microcontroller communicates with the mobile application via internet using the Wi-Fi modulator. Then, the microcontroller processes the information and operates the irrigation and fertilizing pumps which supplies water and fertilizer through the sprinkler system in the field. Any feedback will be sent to the user through the mobile application.