Traditional Home Research Articles

Linking Foster Family Characteristics and Mental Health Symptoms of Youth in Care.

Youth in foster care are disproportionately at risk for developing internalizing and externalizing problems (Lawrence et al., 2006); however, a history of maltreatment prior to foster care placement does not automatically result in poor mental health outcomes. Among non-foster care youth, the quality of family interactions has been related to adjustment outcomes, such that low family cohesion and high family conflict is associated with poor mental health symptoms (Caples & Barrera, 2006). While little is known about these constructs in foster care placements, they may help explain the variance in internalizing and externalizing problems for youth in foster care. The present study aimed to examine whether characteristics of the foster care environment (i.e., conflict, cohesion) across various placement types (i.e., traditional foster homes, group-care settings) could help explain the link between previous maltreatment exposure and mental health problems. The sample included 178 youth in foster care (Mage = 15.18, SD = 1.76) and their foster caregivers living in the Midwest. Youth participants completed self-report measures about prior maltreatment history, current family environment characteristics, and youth internalizing symptoms. Foster caregivers completed measures on current family environment and youth externalizing symptoms. Results indicated that caregiver report, but not youth report, of family cohesion was negatively associated with youth report of internalizing problems. When examining the indirect effects, youth report of family conflict partially accounted for the link between youth self-report of maltreatment and internalizing symptoms (B = 0.106, 95% CI = 0.026–0.186). Caregiver report of family conflict fully accounted for the association between youth self-report of maltreatment and caregiver report of youths’ externalizing symptoms (B = 0.108, 95% CI = 0.005–0.211). Findings highlight the importance of utilizing multiple informants when measuring foster family environment and suggest that family conflict is particularly salient for the mental health of youth in foster care.

Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) facilities and infection control/prevention practices in traditional birth homes in Southwest Nigeria

BackgroundPoor environmental conditions and hygiene practices at the time of childbirth is linked to life-threatening infections and death in mothers and babies. Improvements in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) have been identified as a means through which the lives of mothers and babies could be saved. This study was carried out to explore WASH conditions and infection prevention and control (IPC) practices in traditional birth homes/centers in Abeokuta, Southwest Nigeria. A total of 50 traditional birth centers and attendants (TBAs) were enrolled in the study. Sociodemographic characteristics of the TBAs and features of the birth centers were obtained using a semi-structured questionnaire. Assessment of WASH conditions and IPC practices was based on established protocols.ResultsFindings revealed that majority of the centers operated under poor WASH conditions and IPC practices; none met with the WHO minimum standards for environmental health.ConclusionsAdequate WASH facilities and IPC practices remain a critical component of maternal and child health even in non-facility birth. As the transition to facility births continues in many countries, the large number of non-facility births demands their inclusion in WASH-related strategies, if global goals of reducing deaths of newborns and women deaths will be achieved.

Information Theory at the U.S. National Science Foundation

Reports on the mission and scope of the National Science Foundation's Computer and Information Science and Engineering (CISE) Core Solicitation (NSF20-6161 that was released in September 2021. The CISE Core encompasses the Communications and Information Foundations (CIF) program, the traditional home of Information Theory within NSF.

Reablement in a small municipality, a survival analysis

BackgroundReablement is a municipal service given to patients at home. The purpose of the service is to assist recovery after hospital discharges or other sudden changes in a patient’s functional level. The service is often provided by a team of nurses, physiotherapists, and occupational therapists. The purpose of this paper is to compare users of this service to users who receive traditional home care services. Outcomes to be measured are risk of long-term care and mortality.MethodsAll users of health and care services in a Norwegian municipality were eligible for inclusion. Data was extracted from the local user administrative database. Users were divided in two groups: those who received reablement and those home care users who did not receive reablement service. Propensity score matching was used to match users based on age, sex, and level of functioning in activities of daily living (ADL). Survival analysis was deployed to test if the reablement users had different risk of becoming long-term care users, and whether the mortality rate differed for this group.Results153 reablement users were included in the study. These were matched to 153 non-reablement home care users. The groups had similar distributions of age, sex, and level of functioning when starting their service trajectories. Regressions showed that reablement users had lower risk of using long-term care services in the study period (time at risk up to 4 years), and lower mortality. However, none of these estimates were statistically significant.ConclusionsThe study indicates that the reablement users in one municipality had lower use of long -term care and lower mortality when properly estimated, but numbers were too small for statistical significance to be found.

The return of the elephants: How two groups of dispersing elephants attracted the attention of billions and what can we learn from their behavior

The return of the elephants: How two groups of dispersing elephants attracted the attention of billions and what can we learn from their behavior

Implementing Interconception Care in a Dyadic Adolescent Mother-Child Clinic.

The birth of a second child to an adolescent woman worsens the adverse medical, socioeconomic, educational, and parenting outcomes for the woman and her children. Despite the known high efficacy of long-acting reversible contraception (LARC), many postpartum adolescents use less effective or no contraception. Interconception care (ICC) focuses on modifying maternal risks between pregnancies and promoting healthy birth spacing to improve outcomes for women and children. Research shows that women regularly attend their child's health care visits even if they do not seek care for themselves between pregnancies. These visits present a potential opportunity for providers to educate women on available LARC options. In an adolescent mother-child clinic, demographic and ICC screening data were collected on women presenting for well child visits of children age 0-24months. These data were analyzed using logistic regression models to identify independent predictors of LARC initiation and repeat pregnancy. Mother-child dyads were screened an average of two times in the study period. Participants with only one visit were less likely to initiate LARC. Of the participants, 5.5% became pregnant again, with patients having only one ICC visit being slightly, but not significantly more likely. Hispanic ethnicity and having ≥ 2 visits were significant independent predictors of LARC initiation. The only independent predictor of repeat pregnancy was not initiating LARC. This study suggests that optimal ICC may rely on consistent and frequent touch points with providers and not solely on the medical management during the interconception period, making it adaptable to a traditional pediatric medical home. Tying the worlds of pediatric and maternal healthcare is pivotal for successful ICC.

MATERNAL AWARENESS, PERCEIVED DISPOSITION AND HABIT DETERMINANTS TO NEONATAL MORTALITY AMONG MOTHERS DELIVERING AT A COUNTY REFERRAL HOSPITAL, KENYA

Purpose: The study sought to establish the maternal awareness, perceived disposition and habit determinants to neonatal mortality among mothers delivering at a County Referral Hospital, Kenya. 
 Design: A descriptive cross-sectional hospital-based study. The study was carried out in Nakuru county referral Hospital, Kenya, in the postnatal wards in the maternity unit. Mothers who delivered and gave consent in the maternity unit in Nakuru county Referral Hospital were recruited. Mothers who did not deliver and were referred to Nakuru county referral hospital and declined to give consent were excluded from the study. The sample size was determined using Fisher et al 1999 formula. The targeted sample size was therefore 278 mothers. The study respondents were identified using systematic random sampling. Quantitative data was collected using a pre-tested questionnaire by the research assistants. Data was entered into the computer and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Univariate analysis was presented using descriptive statistics like graphs, bar charts, pie charts and tables. Bivariate analysis was presented using inferential statistics like chi square and probability estimations to test for significance.
 Results: Neonatal mortality was significantly associated with the maternal determinants. Maternal awareness (p=<0.001), disposition (p=0.001), habits (p=0.009)) all had significant relationships. From qualitative data, there was a linkage between neonatal deaths and cultural factors such as traditional practices and home delivery. Inadequate health care providers’ services, like lack of counseling to mothers on prevention of neonatal deaths before and after delivery, were strongly stated by the participants as being associated with neonatal deaths.
 Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The Health care providers should ensure that mothers are empowered with knowledge on prevention of neonatal mortality which should include counseling on risk factors during pregnancy and the health education should be spread from pregnancy to discharge and during follow-up visits.

The Function of Woyap (Traditional House) in Community Life in Mamda Yawan Village, Kemtuk District, Jayapura Regency, Indonesia

Woyap is a traditional house for the Mamda Yawan people located in Mamda Yawan Village, Kemtuk District, a local genius. Traditional homes are one of the many treasures owned by the Indonesian people whose culture must be preserved by the next generation. Traditional houses express the spirit and soul contained in the community. As an element of culture, namely the technological system, traditional houses have a significant role but are often forgotten. Therefore, the traditional house is an exciting object to be studied, starting from building construction that withstands the burden of making, using local materials, human labour to create it, religious meaning, and social and social-cultural functions. This research is a qualitative descriptive study by choosing a location in Mamda Yawan Village, Kemtuk District, Jayapura Regency. The data collection method in this study was conducted by interview, observation, and documentation. The procedure for selecting the informants was selected by purposive sampling. This study aims to determine the function of woyap in the Mamda Yawan community in Kemtuk District.

The Effect of Traditional House Patterns on Changing Privacy Treatments: Traditional Houses in the City of Sulaymaniyah, a Case Study

Ancient architecture until the present time. The models of traditional houses in the cities built by Muslims were among the clear examples of the response to this factor, and aspects of privacy may have had a fundamental role in forming their identity and known architectural form, and from here. The problem of this research was to know how traditional houses in the city of Sulaymaniyah, which have a special architectural style and character, respond to the problem of privacy, and do their distinct building styles have an impact on how they deal with the privacy factor? Aiming to know the extent to which the architectural elements used to provide privacy in Sulaymaniyah homes match their previous counterparts in other Islamic cities, the research assumed that privacy treatments in traditional homes in the city of Sulaymaniyah differ from their counterparts, influenced by the distinctive style of traditional homes in the city of Sulaymaniyah. The research concluded that the traditional residential floor patterns common in the city of Sulaymaniyah have clearly influenced the change in the mechanisms of dealing with elements that were previously found to provide visual privacy. It varied between eliminating or reducing some of them to increasing the percentage of some of them, and the emergence of new, innovative models that were not present in similar traditional homes in the region and in the rest of the Islamic cities.

Analysis of the health effects of the transition of traditional Chinese food on the emergence of nontraditional eating behaviors

BackgroundTraditional Chinese food has been believed to be closely associated with affecting salubrious health outcomes, enhancing longevity, and interoperating with traditional Chinese medicine. Over the past several decades, traditional Chinese food has been going through significant evolution and qualitative transition of nontraditional eating behaviors. This food transition and eating pattern transformation are propelled by China’s vast population size, rapid socioeconomic development, lifestyle changes, and global influence. Inevitably, these dietary shifts are having a considerable impact not only on public health in China but also globally.PurposeThe purpose of the present study is to examine the socioeconomic and health effects of the shift from consuming traditional Chinese food into increasingly consuming Western-style processed foods, fast foods, saturated fats, snacks, sugary beverages, and eating out more often than the traditional home cooking. This study also investigates the prevalence, health effects, and sociodemographic implications of food transition and adopting Western-style eating patterns.MethodsCross-sectional analysis of primary data collected from 1292 adult male and female participants was performed. Participants responded to a cross-sectional self-administered paper-and-pencil-based food history and beverage intake questionnaire. Chi-square analyses were employed to analyze data obtained from the nonparametric variables, whereas t tests were performed to analyze data obtained from the parametric variables.ResultsThere were significant differences in snack food shopping distributions between gender and marital status factors. Females were more likely to purchase more snacks than males, whereas singles were more likely to purchase more snacks than married. Pooled data suggest that 79.67% of the respondents consumed fast food with wide-ranging frequencies. There were significant differences between water and all other typical drinks, as water recorded the highest consumption rate by 65.31%. There were significant differences between the three meal-eating locations, as 48.45% of the respondents were more likely to consume most of their daily meals at home, whereas, combined, 51.55% were more likely to consume most of their daily meals out-of-home. Baking food scored 77.94% compared with all other food preparation methods. Overall healthy eating behaviors results indicated that 49.67% of the respondents consumed a healthy diet most of the time, whereas combined, 50.33% either consumed a healthy diet sometimes or not at all.ConclusionsTraditional Chinese eating practices have been transitioning into nontraditional eating behaviors that may be associated with a multitude of chronic non-communicable diseases and high mortality rates. As these rates have been projected to continue rising, there is a need to focus on introducing public health promotion policies, including health education and lifestyle-enhancing initiatives aimed at promoting nutritive balance and adopting healthier eating behaviors. These policies can be tailored to support the most affected groups among the lower- and middle-income Chinese, as well as similar populations in developing countries.

Previously published ethno-pharmacological reports reveal the potentiality of plants and plant-derived products used as traditional home remedies by Bangladeshi COVID-19 patients to combat SARS-CoV-2.

Several plants have traditionally been used since antiquity to treat various gastroenteritis and respiratory symptoms similar to COVID-19 outcomes. The common symptoms of COVID-19 include fever or chills, cold, cough, flu, headache, diarrhoea, tiredness/fatigue, sore throat, loss of taste or smell, asthma, shortness of breath, or difficulty breathing, etc. This study aims to find out the plants and plant-derived products which are being used by the COVID-19 infected patients in Bangladesh and how those plants are being used for the management of COVID-19 symptoms.In this study, online and partially in-person survey interviews were carried out among Bangladeshi respondents. We selected Bangladeshi COVID-19 patients who were detected Coronavirus positive (+) by RT-PCR nucleic acid test and later recovered. Furthermore, identified plant species from the surveys were thoroughly investigated for safety and efficacy based on the previous ethnomedicinal usage reports. Based on the published data, they were also reviewed for their significant potentialities as antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory agents. We explored comprehensive information about a total of 26 plant species, belonging to 23 genera and 17 different botanical families, used in COVID-19 treatment as home remedies by the respondents. Most of the plants and plant-derived products were collected directly from the local marketplace. According to our survey results, greatly top 5 cited plant species measured as per the highest RFC value are Camellia sinensis (1.0)>Allium sativum (0.984)>Azadirachta indica (0.966)>Zingiber officinale (0.966)>Syzygium aromaticum (0.943). Previously published ethnomedicinal usage reports, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activity of the concerned plant species also support our results. Thus, the survey and review analysis simultaneously reveals that these reported plants and plant-derived products might be promising candidates for the treatment of COVID-19. Moreover, this study clarifies the reported plants for their safety during COVID-19 management and thereby supporting them to include in any future pre-clinical and clinical investigation for developing herbal COVID-19 therapeutics.

Conceptualizing contemporary markets: Introduction to the special issue

Contemporary markets are evolving in numerous ways that affect their structure, dynamics and consequences. Yet while the concept of the market is central to comparative, international and global political economy, there exists no concerted body of literature dedicated to debating and articulating different conceptions of the market and that critically self-reflects on how these empirical transformations are intersecting with the central theoretical concerns of political economy: power, contestation and change. This special issue enriches the debate by looking to decentre the concept of the market from its traditional home in mainstream neoclassical/liberal political economy. Western-centric conceptualizations of the market based on a minimal atomistic classical definition have dominated international economic discourses but it is becoming increasingly clear that different understandings of markets and the functions they serve are crystalizing between market stakeholders at the global level. This special issue addresses these concerns via the historicization of the concept of the market, the development and refinement of the concept of the market, as well as the decentring of the concept of the market via empirical studies of global market change informed by an awareness of the political, economic, social and cultural embeddedness of markets. In so doing, the special issue leverages the insights of global political economy and cognate disciplines to achieve richer insights into the analytical potential of the concept of the market.

Design and implementation of a smart elderly positioning management system based on wireless communication network

Wireless communication refers to long-distance transmission communication between multiple nodes without propagation through conductors or cables, and wireless communication can be carried out by radio and electromagnetic waves, etc. Judging from the current situation, the home space positioning design of the medical and elderly care communities is not perfect, which affects the traditional home care. Wireless communication can give wisdom, coordination, and development space in the smart elderly care space positioning design, allowing the elderly to interact, contact, and know their precise location and behavior. This article mainly studies the design and implementation of smart pension space positioning under BIM technology. This paper introduces the frontier of Internet-of-things technology and the theory of sensor network topology control. It uses basic IoT technology to implement the "point, line, and surface" combination of personnel placement algorithms, sensor network communication protocols, topology checks, security models, sensor network wireless communication units, and wireless communication technology. The basic technology and communication technology of personnel deployment based on BIM technology are introduced, the development strategy of wireless communications node is studied, the installation of equipment radio personnel and communication equipment is designed, and the system management platform for the design and development of staff placement in pension institutions is provided. The Web site's information service management, standardized procedures, optimized services, provision of information, intelligent management, and pension services. The experimental results of this paper show that the smart pension space positioning under the BIM technology solves the management loopholes in nursing homes, shortage of nursing staff, inefficiency, lack of services, and family conflicts. It improves the efficiency of the elderly by 25% and the safety index by 23–27%. The development of wireless communication technology promotes the development of intelligent pension space. It will be an important future development direction for the smart community pension.

Tourism Potential of Plants Species Used for the Treatment of Malaria and Typhoid Fever in Omo Forest Reserve Southwest Nigeria

This research study was carried out to investigate medicinal plant species that is used to treat malaria and typhoid fever and to provide information on the tourism potentials of these plants species in Omo forest reserve southwest Nigeria. The study area was divided into two compartments for the purpose of this research work, undisturbed forest and secondary forest compartments. Data was collected using field surveys and visiting traditional medicine homes for parts the used for the treatment of malaria and typhoid fever. Field trips were embarked upon for three months from July to September 2020 for medicinal plant species identification. The researchers were accompanied by a field assistant who can identify the plant species in local languages.. The computer PAST Model version 3 was used to analyze plant species diversity indices. The result obtained from the study shown that the study area is rich in plant species that are used to treat malaria and typhoid fever in southwest Nigeria. In all, a total of 81 plant species belonging to 42 families were recorded in the study area with great tourism potential when a sustainable management is set up. The family Asteraceae has a plant diversity of 6 and this is followed by Rubiaceae and Solanaceae family’s which have five (5) each Figure 2. The diversity index was higher in the undisturbed compartment (4.414) than the secondary forest compartment (4.364).

Expressing the application of proportions in Performance the yard of traditional homes In Behbahan(Qajar and First Pahlavi periods)

Expressing the application of proportions in Performance the yard of traditional homes In Behbahan(Qajar and First Pahlavi periods)

Reducing Fall Risks Among Visually Impaired Older Adults.

Falls are the leading cause of death due to unintentional injuries in the older adult population, and fall-related death rates among older adults are escalating annually. Visual deficits are underrecognized and underdiagnosed, which increases fall risk. The purpose of this article is to provide a review of the common types of visual impairment, their etiology, and treatment and to present strategies to reduce falls among older adults with visual impairments. Both traditional home safety interventions and emerging technology-based interventions to reduce falls are described. Appropriate use of both traditional and emerging fall prevention interventions may reduce fall risk and falls among older adult home healthcare patients.

Utilization of herbs with abortifacient potentials to prevent Malaria in pregnant women in Southwestern Nigeria: A random survey

Background: Little is known about the potential harmful effects of the plants used by pregnant women for treatment of malaria. This study determined the level of awareness about the potential harmful effects of 3 antimalarial plants (with potential abortifacient properties) used during pregnancy in Abeokuta, Nigeria.Methods: Structured questionnaire was used to obtain relevant information form 120 participants (43 pregnant and 77 women of reproductive age) from 3 major markets and 2 traditional birth homes (TBHs) in Abeokuta between 2019 and 2020. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Relationship between herb usage and pregnancy outcome(s) was determined using chi-square with probability value of p<0.05.Results: A high proportion of the participants (71.7%) preferred to use herb for malaria treatment during pregnancy. About 13.3 %, 3.3 % and 4.2 % of the respondents claimed to have experienced abortion, still birth and low birth weight (LBW) respectively. Though, abortion was significantly (p<0.005) associated with use of antimalarial herbs among the women, none of them linked it to the use of herb. A good proportion of the respondents (43%) were aware that one of the plants used against malaria has the potential of inducing abortion. However, they still preferred to use it in presumably safe quantity.Conclusion: The use of herbs with abortifacient properties in management of malaria is common among the respondents. There is need to enlighten the public on possible harmful effect of these plants on both mother and the unborn child to improve their health.Keywords: Traditional Birth Homes; Herbs; Pregnant women; Malaria; Abortion

Malaria risk factors in northern Namibia: The importance of occupation, age and mobility in characterizing high-risk populations.

In areas of low and unstable transmission, malaria cases occur in populations with lower access to malaria services and interventions, and in groups with specific malaria risk exposures often away from the household. In support of the Namibian National Vector Borne Disease Program’s drive to better target interventions based upon risk, we implemented a health facility-based case control study aimed to identify risk factors for symptomatic malaria in Zambezi Region, northern Namibia. A total of 770 febrile individuals reporting to 6 health facilities and testing positive by rapid diagnostic test (RDT) between February 2015 and April 2016 were recruited as cases; 641 febrile individuals testing negative by RDT at the same health facilities through June 2016 were recruited as controls. Data on socio-demographics, housing construction, overnight travel, use of malaria prevention and outdoor behaviors at night were collected through interview and recorded on a tablet-based questionnaire. Remotely-sensed environmental data were extracted for geo-located village residence locations. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to identify risk factors and latent class analyses (LCA) used to identify and characterize high-risk subgroups. The majority of participants (87% of cases and 69% of controls) were recruited during the 2016 transmission season, an outbreak year in Southern Africa. After adjustment, cases were more likely to be cattle herders (Adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR): 4.46 95%CI 1.05–18.96), members of the police or other security personnel (aOR: 4.60 95%CI: 1.16–18.16), and pensioners/unemployed persons (aOR: 2.25 95%CI 1.24–4.08), compared to agricultural workers (most common category). Children (aOR 2.28 95%CI 1.13–4.59) and self-identified students were at higher risk of malaria (aOR: 4.32 95%CI 2.31–8.10). Other actionable risk factors for malaria included housing and behavioral characteristics, including traditional home construction and sleeping in an open structure (versus modern structure: aOR: 2.01 95%CI 1.45–2.79 and aOR: 4.76 95%CI: 2.14–10.57); cross border travel in the prior 30 days (aOR: 10.55 95%CI 2.94–37.84); and outdoor agricultural work at night (aOR: 2.09 95%CI 1.12–3.87). Malaria preventive activities were all protective and included personal use of an insecticide treated net (ITN) (aOR: 0.61 95%CI 0.42–0.87), adequate household ITN coverage (aOR: 0.63 95%CI 0.42–0.94), and household indoor residual spraying (IRS) in the past year (versus never sprayed: (aOR: 0.63 95%CI 0.44–0.90). A number of environmental factors were associated with increased risk of malaria, including lower temperatures, higher rainfall and increased vegetation for the 30 days prior to diagnosis and residing more than 5 minutes from a health facility. LCA identified six classes of cases, with class membership strongly correlated with occupation, age and select behavioral risk factors. Use of ITNs and IRS coverage was similarly low across classes. For malaria elimination these high-risk groups will need targeted and tailored intervention strategies, for example, by implementing alternative delivery methods of interventions through schools and worksites, as well as the use of specific interventions that address outdoor transmission.

Онтологическое измерение быта в мифопоэтической картине мира

The article deals with the concept of a home in traditional culture. It is argued that in the mythopoetic tradition, universal principles of creating a house were formed. This deserves attention today, because the main thesis in the concept of a home was the idea of the ontological dimension of everyday life, of the close connection of the spiritual and the material, of the connection of philosophical ideas and everyday actions. In traditional culture, everyday life was associated with the origins of being, was the sphere of application of creative forces. The object of research is the practice of building peasant houses in the medieval period, as well as in the XVIII-XIX centuries, their architecture and interior, their relationship with the surrounding landscape. The author uses general historical, semiotic and hermeneutical methods of research. The article systematizes the architectural principles of building a traditional home, which made the peasant house a prototype of the cosmos, a model of the universe. The author analyzes such structural elements of the mythological picture of the world as the tree of life, the world axis, the cross, the sacrifice, and their application in architecture. The author considers the ideas about the heterogeneity of space in the mythological culture and how they were used in the construction of the house; the function of doors, windows, gates in the symbolic structure of the house is investigated. The conclusion is made about the trinity of information, energy and matter in traditional culture.

Medication assisted therapy and recovery homes

There is a need to better understand improved recovery supportive services for those on Medication Assisted Treatment (MAT) for opioid use disorder (OUD) and, at the same time, enhance the available treatment interventions and positive long-term outcomes for this vulnerable population. A growing empirical literature supports the assertion that improved access to housing and recovery support is a low-cost, high-potential opportunity that could help former substance users who are utilizing MAT to sustain their recovery. Recovery home support could serve the populations that need them most, namely servicing a significant number of the enrolled in MAT programs. The two largest networks of recovery homes are staff run Traditional Recovery Homes (TRH) and self-run Oxford House Recovery Homes (OH). There is a need to better understand how substance users on MAT respond to recovery homes, as well as how those in recovery homes feel toward those on MAT and how any barriers to those utilizing MAT may be reduced. Recovery may be an outcome of the transactional process between the recovering individual and his/her social environment. In particular, how recovery houses can help people on MAT attain long-term recovery.