Traditional Gender Stereotypes Research Articles

Cultural Analysis of Female Cross-Gender Expression in Social Networks: A Case Study of Image Presentation in Douyin Short Videosv

With the continuous development of the internet and the growing awareness of women's social consciousness, the forms of self-expression by women on digital platforms have become increasingly diverse. Among these, female cross-gender performance has emerged as a key strategy of self-presentation in social networks. This paper analyzes two distinct expression strategies on the Douyin short video platform to explore and critically reflect on current female cross-gender expressions. The explicit expression strategy employs makeup, cross-dressing, and role-playing to simulate male personas, challenging traditional gender stereotypes. The implicit expression strategy, on the other hand, mocks male “ bad habits ” through the imitation of male behaviors and the use of symbolic metaphors, carrying a satirical undertone. However, these strategies have their limitations: male images are often idealized and trivialized, reinforcing gender norms; and constrained by patriarchal frameworks, they fail to genuinely subvert gender roles and the gender binary. As a result, while female cross-gender expression challenges gender stereotypes, it also faces risks of being disciplined and misinterpreted.

Girls play basketball too? A study of the mechanisms of traditional social gender consciousness on female participation in contact leisure sports.

With the development of women's sports, the mechanism of barriers to women's leisure sports participation has attracted extensive attention from the academic community. Despite its significant impact, there are few empirical studies on intra-personal barriers. Consequently, a structural equation model was established to examine the relationships between traditional social gender awareness, gender bias, gender stereotypes, and barriers to participation in leisure sports. In this study, a total of 508 questionnaires were collected and analyzed using AMOS 24.0 software for structural equation modeling. After model testing, the relationships between the variables were examined. The results of the statistical analyses indicated that traditional gender awareness could serve as an antecedent variable for barriers to participation in leisure sports, and that gender stereotypes mediated the relationship between traditional gender awareness and barriers to participation in leisure sports. The study also concluded that gender bias could not mediate the relationship between traditional gender awareness and participation barriers in leisure sports, but gender bias and gender stereotypes could act as chain mediators in the process of the influence of traditional gender awareness on barriers to contact leisure sports. This study emphasizes the need for women to break down the traditional social gender awareness, gender bias, gender stereotypes, and other intra-personal barriers when engaging in leisure sport participation. According to this study, the promotion of sustained and healthy development of women's sport requires the breaking down of traditional social gender awareness education and the creation of more gender-inclusive sports policies and environments. The significance of the study is that by proposing and confirming the internal participation barriers to women's participation in contact leisure sports, it will lead to the ideological liberation of women's gender perspectives, so that they can break down the participation barriers to contact leisure sports, participate in sports activities, and enjoy the right to play sports on an equal footing.

Impoliteness and Gender: An Analysis Of Animation Series Family Guy Season 20th

This study examines the use of impoliteness strategies and their relationship with gender in the animated series "Family Guy," with a specific focus on the 20th season. The objective is to determine whether the creators differentiate the use of impolite language between male and female characters and which gender employs these strategies more frequently. Using Jonathan Culpeper's 1996 frameworks, impoliteness strategies were categorized into five types: bald on record, positive impoliteness, negative impoliteness, sarcasm, and withhold politeness. A qualitative descriptive method was employed to analyse dialogues transcribed from the animations. The findings reveal six instances of impoliteness from Lois Griffin, including three bald on record utterances, two positive incivility utterances, and one withhold politeness utterance. In contrast, Peter Griffin exhibited 11 instances of impoliteness, consisting of one bald on record utterance, six positive impoliteness utterances, one negative impoliteness utterance, and three sarcastic utterances, with no examples of withhold politeness. The analysis indicates that female characters' impoliteness utterances are fewer than male characters, potentially due to limited screen time. However, the nature of Lois Griffin's impoliteness was similar to Peter's, suggesting that the creators did not design female characters to be more polite. This challenges traditional gender stereotypes regarding language use.

From Potential to Action: Strategies for Supporting Female Founders in the Pre-Start-Up Phase

In today’s global economy, the role of start-ups is recognized as crucial for a country's competitiveness. Creating a supportive entrepreneurial ecosystem is therefore essential to enable founders to realize their potential optimally. Notably, there is a significant gender disparity in start-ups, suggesting a vast untapped entrepreneurial potential among women. This research aims to enhance the utilization of female start-up potential by providing actionable recommendations, based on an empirical analysis of the pre-start-up process of (potential) female founders. Through a qualitative research methodology, this study investigates the factors influencing women's journey towards entrepreneurship, considering diverse biographies and life situations. Interviews with ten women showed the complexity of the pre-start-up phase and the necessity for a broad support system. The study identifies several key areas for action to foster female entrepreneurship. Firstly, increasing awareness and visibility of self-employment as a viable career path for women is crucial, requiring more female role models and media representation to challenge traditional gender roles and stereotypes. This could cultivate a natural inclination towards entrepreneurship and sectors with high start-up activity. Moreover, lessening the disproportionate burden of family responsibilities on women is essential, suggesting enhancements in childcare facilities and encouraging shared domestic duties. The research further suggests the implementation of support programs to reduce barriers and provide a realistic view of entrepreneurship, alongside the potential benefits of mentorship in both pre- and post-start-up phases. Women's risk-averse, cautious approach in the pre-start-up process often leads to hesitance in developing innovative projects. Encouraging a focus on market needs and early engagement with potential customers, alongside proactive network building, seeking co-founders, or outsourcing, can address knowledge gaps and reduce uncertainties, making self-employment a more attractive option. This study emphasizes the importance of a collaborative effort among various stakeholders in the entrepreneurial ecosystem to unlock the entrepreneurial potential among women.

Sports Narratives and Historical Nationalism: Re-Visiting the Context and Use of Field Hockey in Chak De! India

Indian cinema is known for its dramatic narratives that celebrate emotionally elevated visual spectacles through which people from different sociocultural backgrounds come across popular domains of cultural practices, social norms and historical realities that unify them. Field hockey belongs to the popular realm of sports in India which is part of the country’s national identity. India’s participation and success in field hockey at the Olympic Games make it one of the country’s most successful international sports. Indian film narratives about field hockey help to create public discourse about how the sport has historically played a role in shaping national pride and identity in India. Hockey evokes nationalism by symbolizing historical achievements, unity, and cultural identity, inspiring pride and patriotism through the portrayal of heroes, national symbols, and emotional narratives in media and public discourse. The film Chak De! India portrays Indian hockey as a patriotic unifying national narrative and as an empowering discourse that can upend traditional gender stereotypes. It delineates that hockey not only acts as a sports game for entertainment but is an indicator of nationalistic significance and cultural identity that elevates the emotional realm of Indians through the notion of patriotism.

Agency Penalties From Taking Parental Leave for Women in Men-Dominated Occupations: Archival and Experimental Evidence.

Organizations have started more progressively using and offering family benefits including parental leaves to address the issues of balancing work and family life. Although such leaves are fundamental for supporting, attracting, and retaining women, we examine whether such leaves may also inadvertently affect women's careers in occupations that overly value masculine traits, unless managed carefully. Drawing on the literature on gender stereotypes (micro factors) and occupation gender type (macro factors), we argue that longer (vs. shorter) parental leaves negatively affect women's work outcomes (i.e., annual income, salary recommendation, hireability, and leadership effectiveness) in men-dominated but not in women-dominated occupations because it lowers perceptions of women's agency. We find support for our hypotheses across three studies in the Australian context with an archival data set and two experiments. Our work shows that men-dominated organizational structures reinforce traditional gender stereotypes, whereas such reinforcement does not happen in women-dominated organizational structures. Our research equips leaders and organizations with insights into the unintended negative consequences of parental leave for women. This understanding serves as a crucial first step in developing strategies and programs to mitigate these effects, thereby supporting women in men-dominated occupations and fostering more inclusive and healthy workplaces.

Sexist Beliefs and Participation in the 2016 Presidential Election: Evidence from the General Social Survey

ABSTRACT Many studies of the 2016 U.S. presidential election have demonstrated that American voters with strong sexist beliefs tended to vote against the female candidate, Hillary Clinton. However, most of these studies did not pay much attention to whether eligible voters chose to vote. This study analyzed the 2018 and 2020 General Social Surveys to examine how American voters’ gender stereotypes in the family and sexist attitudes toward women in politics were associated with their participation in the 2016 presidential election—the latest election when the surveys were conducted—considering their party identification. The study discovered that strong Democrats who harbored a sexist attitude toward women in politics were less likely to participate in the 2016 presidential election than were Republicans and Independents with the same attitude. Furthermore, weak Democrats and Independents who endorsed traditional gender stereotypes in the family were less likely to participate in the election than were Republicans with the same ideals. The findings indicate that benevolent sexism may have discouraged some Democrat and Independent voters from going to the polls.

Exploring Gender Roles and Stereotypes in Literature: An Analysis of Contemporary Works

Purpose: This study aims to explore the representation of gender roles and stereotypes in contemporary literature. The analysis was conducted using secondary data from a variety of literary works published in the past decade. The study aimed to investigate how gender dynamics are portrayed and whether traditional gender roles and stereotypes are reinforced or challenged. Methodology: A comprehensive literature review was conducted to select appropriate works for analysis. A total of 30 novels and short stories were selected across different genres, including fiction, drama, and science fiction. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify common themes and patterns related to gender roles and stereotypes. Findings: The findings of the study revealed a complex depiction of gender roles in contemporary literature. While some works challenged traditional gender norms and portrayed more fluid, non-stereotypical characters, others reinforced traditional gender roles and stereotypes. Additionally, the study found that the portrayal of gender roles varied across genres, with science fiction and fantasy literature often presenting more progressive and diverse gender representations. The study also identified several common stereotypes associated with gender, such as the nurturing and caring nature of women and the dominance and aggressiveness of men. However, it is important to note that these stereotypes were not universally present, and many works depicted characters who deviated from these norms. Overall, this study contributes to our understanding of how gender roles and stereotypes are represented in contemporary literature. It reveals the complexity and diversity of gender dynamics portrayed in literary works, highlighting both the presence of traditional gender roles and stereotypes and the emergence of more fluid and non-stereotypical characters. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The findings suggest that literature has the potential to challenge and redefine gender norms and that the portrayal of gender roles varies across genres. This study provides insights for scholars, educators, and readers interested in understanding and discussing gender representation in literature and encourages further exploration of gender dynamics in contemporary literary works.

Mourning the Italian boys: ‘Gen Z’, masculinity, teen stardom

This article aims to help fill a quasi-void in Italian film scholarship regarding media representations of Italian teen gender identities. It explores the role of Italian performers belonging to the so-called ‘Generation Z’, in terms of their emerging professional trajectories – with a focus on the post-pandemic context – and representations of gender, finding that the ‘boys’ and ‘girls’ played by Italian teen actors in movies and media outlets negotiate emerging cultural and social trends in representing gendered identities. Through a close analysis of filmic and media texts, as well as a trove of data acquired via ten in-person interviews conducted with carefully selected Italian actors, the article also examines how their characters and media personas negotiate traditional gender stereotypes and the cultural status of their profession.

Meta-narrative review of gender portrayal in Disney movies for young children and its pedagogical implications

Many of Disney movies have been criticized for perpetuating traditional gender stereotypes which constrain opportunities for children at large. Its recent characters have also incurred heated discussions on gender portrayal. Moreover, stereotypes of gender roles, developed early on, can exert an immediate impact on individuals’ behaviors and utterances and a long-term impact on individuals’ perceived options academically, professionally, personally, and socially. Recognizing the significance of this matter, this paper employed a meta-narrative review to collect and conceptually and empirically synthesize previous literature on the impact of Disney movies on young children’s gender awareness. Through an academic database search, 49 articles were collected using combinations of the keywords Disney character, Disney movie, young children, early childhood education, classroom practices, and gender. Furthermore, this review, in the pedagogical implication section, highlights the authors’ call for teachers to develop critical mindfulness of gender and shares hands-on activities for children to play with Disney characters in a reconstructive and agentic way.

Examining Gender Roles in the Anganwadi of Rachna Nagar, Bhopal: A Sociocultural Perspective

The research delves into the exploration of gender roles within the Anganwadi community of Rachna Nagar, Bhopal, aiming to illuminate prevailing norms influencing decision-making, domestic responsibilities, and career choices. Gender roles, deeply entrenched in societal expectations, shape power dynamics and individuals` experiences within communities. The study, employing a mixed-methods approach, examines the influence of education attainment on gender roles to provide nuanced insights into gender dynamics within this specific context. Findings reveal entrenched traditional gender stereotypes, evidenced by the predominant male authority in decision-making within households and the unequal distribution of domestic responsibilities. Moreover, perceptions regarding education and career opportunities underscore gender biases, with males often favored over females. Despite advancements, disparities persist, with women expected to prioritize family well-being over their own careers. The study also highlights disparities in skill development opportunities and the celebration of achievements, reflecting deep-seated gender biases. Education attainment significantly influences perceptions of gender roles, with higher education associated with greater autonomy. However, cultural expectations and societal norms continue to perpetuate traditional gender stereotypes, hindering gender equality. The study emphasizes the need for targeted interventions to challenge these norms, promote gender equality, and empower individuals to make choices based on abilities rather than societal expectations dictated by gender. By addressing systemic inequalities, communities can foster a more inclusive and equitable society where individuals of all genders have the opportunity to thrive.

AD CAMPAIGNS FOR CHANGE: GEN Z’S ATTITUDINAL RESPONSES TO PRO-FEMALE ADVERTISEMENTS

Advertising is a potent tool for shaping societal perspectives. India has witnessed a significant transition from traditional gender stereotypes to pro-female approach in advertising in recent years. These advertisements advocating gender equality possess the potential to capture consumers by emphasising the vital role of women across diverse life domains.While television commercials are primarily meant to promote products, they increasingly portray progressive images of women and convey messages that foster liberal perceptions and acceptance of gender equality. Such representations can influence social and psychological perceptions and consumers' brand preferences. This growing affinity for gender equality, reflected in these advertisements, contributes to the broader acceptance of these principles within society.Employing the snowball sampling technique for data collection, this study was initiated with a small group of participants in select capital cities of South Indian states, who then recruited additional individuals from their social networks to take part in the survey The research investigates the evolving attitudes of Generation Z towards pro-female advertising across the capital cities of five southern Indian states: Amaravati, Bengaluru, Chennai, Hyderabad, and Thiruvananthapuram. It evaluates shifts in attitudes and purchase intentions by employing Ostrom's ABC Model of Attitude (1969) to examine emotional, behavioural and cognitive changes resulting from exposure to pro-female advertising.

Many Mickles Make a Muckle: Evidence That Gender Stereotypes Reemerge Spontaneously Via Cultural Evolution.

We explore whether societal gender stereotypes re-emerge as social information is repeatedly passed from person to person. We examined whether peoples' memories of personality attributes associated with female and male social targets became increasingly consistent with societal gender stereotypes as information was passed down social transmission chains. After passing through the memories of just four generations of participants, our initially gender-balanced micro-societies became rife with traditional gender stereotypes. While we found some evidence of the re-emergence of gender stereotypes in Experiment 1, we found the effects were stronger when targets appeared in a feminine-stereotyped occupational context (Experiment 2), and a masculine-stereotyped occupational context (Experiment 3); conversely, the re-emergence of gender stereotypes was attenuated when targets appeared in a single gender context (Experiment 4). The current findings demonstrate that gender schematic memory bias, if widely shared, might cause gender stereotypes to be maintained through cultural evolution.

Effects of Gender Stereotypes on Career Aspirations in Adolescents in Kenya

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the effects of gender stereotypes on career aspirations in adolescents in Kenya. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: A study in Kenya found that gender stereotypes strongly shape adolescents' career aspirations. Boys lean towards traditionally masculine careers like engineering, while girls are inclined towards feminine roles like nursing. Societal and familial pressures also limit career choices based on gender norms. This highlights the importance of interventions to challenge stereotypes and promote gender equality in education and career opportunities. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Social cognitive career theory (SCCT), social role theory & intersectionality theory may be used to anchor future studies on effects of gender stereotypes on career aspirations in adolescents in Kenya. Schools and educational institutions should implement gender-sensitive career counseling programs that challenge traditional gender stereotypes and promote diverse career options for both boys and girls. Policymakers should develop and implement inclusive education policies that promote gender equality and challenge gender stereotypes within the educational system.

Are women more risk-Averse than men regarding investment decision?

This paper emphasizes the significance of how gender influences the decision of an individual while taking investment decisions. It investigates the possible impact of gender on investment behavior, risk tolerance, and preferred investment avenues. Prior research has investigated of female investors having lower risk tolerance than men and tends to steer clear of high-risk investment options. The study made an effort to highlight the disparities between men's and women's investing options and risk tolerance. Differential gender-based investing patterns have been shaped by cultural expectations and traditional gender stereotypes. In several past literatures women have always been underestimated by researchers in the magnitude of investment decision making as several past papers have shown they have encountered various social stigma and that are the possible reasons which have a greater impact on their investment choices. According to research, women frequently have more risk-averse attitudes than men do when it comes to their financial activities. In our present research paper we clearly get a striking disparity in the investment options and a remarkably distinct tolerance level for risk aptitude for male and female investors.

Impact of Gender-Role Attitudes and Mental Health on Hostile Sexism and Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery.

Each year, tens of thousands of people worldwide choose to undergo cosmetic surgery in order to alter their appearance. In recent years, young people have gradually emerged to comprise the main driving force behind the increasing demand for cosmetic surgery. Previous studies have found that sexism may motivate young people to undergo such surgeries. However, few studies have been conducted to determine if this psychological mechanism influences the acceptance of cosmetic surgery among Chinese university students. A total of 579 Chinese university students (280 girls and 299 boys, 17-20 years) volunteered to participate in the online survey. They completed a questionnaire containing the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory, the 12-item General Health Questionnaire, the Gender-Role Attitudes Questionnaire and the Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery Scale. We firstly evaluated the underlying factor structure of the Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery Scale using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, and exploring pattern of associations between the constructs was analyzed via path analysis. According to the findings, hostile sexism was associated with greater levels of acceptance toward cosmetic surgery. Moreover, gender-role attitudes mediated the link between hostile sexism and the acceptance of cosmetic surgery, and this mediation was positively influenced by general mental health. Our study contributes to a deeper understanding of Chinese university students' attitudes toward cosmetic surgery, hostile sexism may contribute to normalizing traditional gender stereotypes and encourage cosmetic surgery acceptability among Chinese university students. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Women in Shakespeare's Tragedies and Comedies

William Shakespeare's plays are renowned for their portrayal of complex and compelling female characters. In both his tragedies and comedies, Shakespeare challenges traditional gender roles and stereotypes, presenting women who are intelligent, independent, and assertive. This study examines the roles of women in Shakespeare's tragedies and comedies, focusing on the plays "Macbeth," "Hamlet," "Othello," "Twelfth Night," "Much Ado About Nothing," and "A Midsummer Night's Dream." The objective of this study is to analyze the portrayal of women in Shakespeare's tragedies and comedies, exploring how their characters challenge traditional gender roles and stereotypes. The study utilizes a qualitative approach, analyzing the text of the plays to identify key themes and character traits associated with the female characters. The analysis includes a comparison of the portrayal of women in the tragedies and comedies, highlighting differences and similarities in their roles and behaviors. The analysis reveals that women in Shakespeare's tragedies are often portrayed as victims of male ambition and jealousy, while women in his comedies are depicted as witty, intelligent, and independent. Overall, Shakespeare's female characters challenge traditional gender roles and stereotypes, presenting a more nuanced and empowering view of women. Women play crucial roles in Shakespeare's tragedies and comedies, challenging traditional gender roles and stereotypes. The study highlights the importance of considering the context of Shakespeare's time when analyzing his portrayal of women, as well as the enduring relevance of his female characters in modern society.

Beyond Stereotypes: A Socialist Feminist Exploration of Female Characters in Shoujo Anime and Their Impact on Traditional Gender Roles in Japanese Society

This study explores the complex portrayal of female characters in shoujo anime, focusing on how they challenge or subvert traditional gender roles and stereotypes in Japanese society. Through the examination of three popular shoujo anime series—“Nana”, “Skip and Loafer,” and “Violet Evergarden”—the paper investigates how the shoujo genre has evolved within the context of Japan’s cultural, historical, and political landscape. Utilizing a socialist feminist perspective, the research highlights the intersectionality of gender, class, and power, providing insights into gender equality’s universal challenges and opportunities. This investigation emphasizes shoujo anime’s potential to shape perceptions of gender roles among viewers, inspire alternative narratives, and contribute to the ongoing struggle for respectful and empowering representations of women. The study concludes with recommendations for fostering a culture that respects and values diversity in gender roles and expressions.

Gender Stereotypes and Health of Individuals in China

Existing literature highlights the impact of traditional gender dynamics and stereotypes on individuals worldwide, yet their connection to health, particularly for individuals with different education levels and genders within China, remains unexplored. This study aims to examine the mental and physical health effects of gender stereotypes on diverse genders and social classes in China. It builds on previous research's insights and addresses questions about the extent of these impacts and their variations across education levels and genders. The study utilizes the 2017 Chinese General Social Survey data to explore the relationship between acceptance of gender stereotypes and health status, specifically among married individuals. The findings reveal a negative correlation between gender stereotypes and individual well-being, particularly impacting women and varying across education levels and genders. Educated women in China show increased resistance to stereotypes and challenging traditional roles, while men's attitudes are less influenced by education. These insights emphasize the importance of education in disrupting traditional gender norms and promoting well-being. Further research is recommended for cross-country comparisons and greater involvement of unmarried individuals' perspectives.

Digital Déjà vu: The Enduring Presence of Gender Stereotypes in Memes

Memes are a crucial cultural unit for exploring and understanding the dynamics of the digital society in which examining the gender balance is a key pathway for measuring where it states. It is very important for any social science researcher to read and see if the new generation is rewriting the sexist behavior composed by the culture over the past ages and that too in a platform, which is extensively dominated by them. Hence, the main purpose of this study is to explore gender communication and gender construction in new media through memes. The study was conducted by analyzing 152 memes collected from Facebook. Theoretically it attempts to read gender from a gender-constructionist perspective. Thematic analysis was used as the method of going through these memes and the major themes were pointed out and an overall analysis was presented. The main finding from the analysis is that despite the expectation of progressive views, memes continue to reinforce traditional gender stereotypes, with a predominant focus on men narrating content that perpetuates established roles, overshadowing limited challenges to patriarchal norms. This study attempts to decode the influence of memes as cultural artifacts on the portrayal and reinterpretation of gender roles in the digital era. By scrutinizing the interplay between the new generation's expressions and prevailing cultural norms, the study unravels the transformative potential of memes in reshaping societal attitudes towards gender.