Traditional Garden Research Articles

韓国別墅における地割の空間構成と形態要素の研究

This study aims to clarify the spatial composition and elements of traditional Korean Byeol-Seo Gardens through the field survey and the GIS analysis of topographical characteristics. The field research and survey were carried out on August and November in 2014 and November in 2015 at 9 gardens in Gwangju, Damyang region：MyunAngJeong, SongGangJeong, YeongGyeJeong, MoonIlJeong, KwanSooJeong, SikYoungJeong, HwanBuckDang, ChiGaJeong and MyuongOkHeon. Through creating the original contour maps by combining the field survey results with GIS data，the following aspects are consequently observed on the 9 gardens. (1) Byeol-Seo is considered to have spatial composition to be aware of the view from the Pavilion. (2) Topographical characteristics make spatial composition in Byeol-Seo and fall into two major categories. While prior researches focused on the meaning and philosophy of the gardens, this study, involving the quantitative analysis, elucidates the style of the spatial composition. This kind of analysis could be the basis of recognizing the morphological characteristics and the meaning of the spatial design of the traditional garden.

Agroecological tourism: bridging conservation, food security and tourism goals to enhance smallholders’ livelihoods on South Pentecost, Vanuatu

ABSTRACTSmallholder farmers continue to make up the largest proportion of the world's disadvantaged. Rural smallholders in the South Pacific are particularly vulnerable to climate change, underinvestment and growing competition for land and resources. Strengthening synergies between agriculture and tourism through avenues such as agritourism has been widely discussed; however, very little research has approached these concepts from a sustainability perspective. This case study of rural Ni-Vanuatu smallholders uses the Agroecology and Sustainable Rural Livelihoods Framework (ASRLF) to explore tourism's potential contribution to improved conservation and food security outcomes. Data collection combined participatory methods such as “storian sessions” with analysis of secondary data.The findings highlight minimal current opportunities for rural Ni-Vanuatu smallholders to gain significantly from the tourism sector in Vanuatu. The shift from traditional gardening systems to cash cropping monocultures is also conflicting with tourism and conservation goals. This paper puts forward agroecological tourism as a strategy for integrating positive conservation, food security and livelihood outcomes for rural smallholders. It defines agroecological tourism as having a primary focus on the interpretation of sustainable traditional agroecosystems which exhibit cultural and heritage significance. Agroecological tourism has potential to support traditional practices, enhance the preservation of cultural knowledge and promote sustainable farming practices.

Subsistence Farmers’ Management of Infestations of the Little Fire Ant in Garden Plots on Bauro, Makira Province, Solomon Islands

The little fire ant Wasmannia auropunctata is known to negatively impact the native fauna of tropical islands in the Pacific and its sting is a nuisance to farmers in their garden plots. We examine whether the presence of the little fire ant has the potential to disrupt subsistence gardening practices, with implications for livelihoods and wellbeing. We used structured questionnaires, analysed quantitatively, with 90 participants from the Central Bauro area, Makira, the Solomon Islands, and more detailed semi-structured interviews, analysed qualitatively, with another six people. Our results show that the presence of the little fire ant affects gardening activities by reducing time spent working effectively, influencing decisions about where to make gardening plots, discouraging children’s participation, and changing traditional gardening practices. We also find that the longer the ant is present, the more tolerant Central Bauro subsistence farmers become of its presence.

A Basic Study on the Characteristics of Traditional Garden Landscapes of Inner Mongolia

A Basic Study on the Characteristics of Traditional Garden Landscapes of Inner Mongolia

Mathematically defining and parametrically generating Traditional Chinese Private Gardens of the Suzhou Region and Style

The Traditional Chinese Private Garden is a historically and socially significant landscape type that features multiple complex planning elements. Whereas there are many different examples of Traditional Chinese Private Gardens, the small gardens of Suzhou make up a distinct subset. This paper describes a method for mathematically capturing and then parametrically generating, new instances of what might be called the small ‘Suzhou type’, which features some of the same social and cognitive spatial properties as the historic cases. The research commences with a mathematical analysis of three historic Suzhou Traditional Chinese Private Gardens before using connectivity graphs to investigate their properties. Mathematical measurements derived from the Traditional Chinese Private Gardens are then used as rules for a parametric system to generate new instances of the Suzhou type. In the paper, three new Suzhou type connectivity and spatio-typological systems are generated and tested against the properties of the historic cases. Through this process, the paper demonstrates a method for capturing distinct social and cognitive properties in a parametric system and thereby derives possible new insights into these important heritage sites. This method may also be applied to the analysis and generation of different spatial types.

A Study of Korea Garden Industry’s Profile and Development Direction

In 2013, the Suncheon Bay Garden Expo was successfully accomplished in Korea. This has increased Koreans’ interest in garden and its industry. Although Korea central and local governments make efforts to support the garden industry, there isn’t a sufficient data or statistics for the garden industry and its economic impacts. It is necessary to make a practical and meaningful definition and range of garden industry in Korea. This study is designed to overcome these problems by defining a garden and the garden industry, estimating garden industry’s statistics, and pointing a favorable direction of the industry. According to Huh et al. (2015b), the garden industry is defined with garden material production, garden service and distribution, and garden tourism. Estimating based on this definition and range, Korea’s garden industry generates 1.2 billion dollars in production, 1.5 billion dollars in distribution, and 80 million dollars in tourism (consumption). In total, about 2.7 billion dollars are generated in the garden industry in Korea. I suggest three strategies for a favorable development in Korea garden industry. First, in garden material production, private gardens need management improvement, while public gardens and Korean traditional gardens need government sustainable supports and R&D. Second, in garden distribution, a specific role should be assigned in Korea Agro-Fisheries & Food Trade Cooperation aT Center to connect the garden industry and distribution sectors. Third, a government-leading new industrial strategy should be made to promote consumption and tourism in the garden industry in Korea. Keywords: aT Center, garden distribution industry, garden production industry, garden tourism, industrial strategy

Residential Waterscape Design Based on Traditional Healing Garden Theory

Residential Waterscape Design Based on Traditional Healing Garden Theory

Antiatherogenic Effect of Camellia japonica Fruit Extract in High Fat Diet‐Fed Rats

Hypercholesterolemia is a well-known etiological factor for cardiovascular disease and a common symptom of most types of metabolic disorders. Camellia japonica is a traditional garden plant, and its flower and seed have been used as a base oil of traditional cosmetics in East Asia. The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of C. japonica fruit extracts (CJF) in a high fat diet- (HFD-) induced hypercholesterolemic rat model. CJF was administered orally at three different doses: 100, 400, and 800 mg·kg−1·day−1 (CJF 100, 400, and 800, resp.). Our results showed that CJF possessed strong cholesterol-lowering potency as indicated by the decrease in serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), accompanied by an increase in serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Furthermore, CJF reduced serum lipid peroxidation by suppressing the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance. In addition, oil red O (ORO) staining of rat arteries showed decreased lipid-positive staining in the CJF-treated groups compared to the control HFD group. Taken together, these results suggest that CJF could be a potent herbal therapeutic option and source of a functional food for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis and other diseases associated with hypercholesterolemia.

도시형 식물원 및 수목원의 미션·비전에 따른 단지설계 전략 연구 - 마곡중앙공원을 중심으로 -

Historically, a botanical garden and an arboretum began at a very practical level in which they were used to grow and cultivate decorative and edible plants, including herbs, sharing their history with that of mankind. That is, a botanical garden and an arboretum, which trace their origin to private space of men, gradually expanded to assume more public characteristics, which were manifested more specifically as facility, space planning and programs that seek education, exhibition, preservation and collection, the primary goals of a botanical garden. In particular, through the examples in the West that boast traditional botanical gardens, their characteristics could be discovered in the direction they seek and the relationship of their planning. The conclusions derived from this study are as follows. First, a complex plan requiring special functions must specify spatial planning based on the facilities and the significance of the plan, which is also based on the spatial and environmental characteristics on the specific location. Second, urban parks that have a role in providing a resting area for citizens in a modern society are usually developed from botanical gardens that were used as private gardens, which were transformed into public spaces. Therefore they are specified as strategies to reinforce the relationship amongst communities, in addition to their original functions of collection, exhibitions, research, education and conservation. Thirdly, they are significant as urban botanical gardens. They put importance on the relationship, healing and relaxation, education, and exhibition in accordance with the characteristics of the location. These characteristics are strengthened by focusing on major construction facilities in addition to gardening space, and embodied through various programs.

타슈켄트 서울공원 설계과정에서 구현된 한국정원 설계요소 고찰

서울시와 우즈베키스탄(Uzbekistan)의 수도 타슈켄트(Tashkent)시는 2010년 7월에 자매도시협정을 맺고, 타슈켄트 내에 서울공원을 조성하기로 결정하였다. 이후 이를 위한 현상 설계 공모를 2012년 치렀으며, 이때 당선된 작품을 기반으로 하여 2014년 6월 준공 후, 같은 해 9월에 개장하였다. 본 연구에서는 현상 설계 당시의 고민에서부터 아이디어가 실제 설계에 반영되어 준공되기까지 제 전반의 사항들을 한국정원 설계요소들을 중심으로 살펴본다. 타슈켄트 서울공원은 단순히 타슈켄트 내의 공공 공원으로서의 역할을 넘어 해외에 조성된 한국 전통 정원의 새로운 효시가 될 수 있는 곳으로 조성코자 하는데 주안점을 두었다. 지금까지 외국에 조성된 한국정원과 공원들이 대부분 조선시대에 초점을 맞추어 재현했던 한계를 벗어나, 타슈켄트 서울공원은 17만 명 고려인들이 우즈베키스탄에 머무르고 있는 것을 감안하여 옛 고려의 문화와 정취를 느낄 수 있는 공간이 될 수 있도록 하였다. 선행 연구를 통해 한국성 재현을 위한 디자인 요소들을 도출하였으며, 여기에는 고려시대의 정원 요소뿐 아니라, 고려인들 외에 현지인들이 보편적인 한국 전통정원을 체험할 수 있도록 조선시대의 재현 요소들도 재해석하여 함께 설계에 반영하였다. 중앙아시아에 한국의 전통미와 서정성이 담긴 공간을 구현하여 타슈켄트시 현지인들에게 우리문화의 단아하고 소박한 풍경을 느끼도록 하였다. 서울공원의 스토리텔링의 공간경험은 두 가지 시점으로 전개된다. 첫째, 고려인과 외국인의 시점으로 전개되는 공간경험으로써, 서정적이고 다원적인 공간구조를 지나면서 체험하는 경관의 단서들을 통해 고향, 한국의 정취를 더듬어 나가는 연속적 경관 체험의 장이다. 둘째, 타슈켄트 시민을 비롯한 이방인들의 시점에서 전개되는 경험으로써, 낯선 경관에서 느끼는 새로움, 지형과 경관을 다루는 다양한 기법 및 자세를 읽고, 과거 실크로드를 통해 동아시아와 교역을 이루었던 것처럼 한국정원에서 한국문화와 교감을 하며, 우리의 정서를 느끼는 스토리텔링과정으로 설정하였다. 외국도시에 조성되는 한국정원 및 공원은 단순한 조경공간으로서의 의미를 넘어, 외국인들에게 대한민국의 이미지와 '한국'의 문화를 널리 알리는 첨병 역할을 한다. 타슈켄트 서울공원 역시 이를 통해 대한민국과 수도서울의 이미지를 쉽게 알릴 수 있도록 한국 전통조경의 아름다움과 독창성을 반영하여 설계하였다. 더불어 우즈베키스탄 경관과의 차별성을 나타낼 수 있는 디자인, 현지인들에게 한국문화를 알릴 수 있는 계획안을 도출하는데 중점을 뒀다. 타슈켄트 서울공원은 현 시점에서 외국에 조성된 '한국정원'의 가장 최근 사례이다. 따라서 이에 대한 설계 전략과 내용에 대한 연구를 통해 외국 도시에 조성되고 있는 한국정원에서의 한국성의 재해석 과정과 설계 요소 도출에 대한 고민과 과정을 살펴볼 수 있으리라 사료된다. Tashkent Seoul Park was completed in June, 2014, following the signing of a sisterhood relationship between Seoul City and Tashkent, the capital of Uzbekistan in July, 2010. An open competition for the design of the park was held and, based on the design, the park was completed in June and open to the public in September, 2014. Tashkent Seoul Park is more than a public park in Tashkent. The focus was on making it a starting point for offering a new model for traditional parks of Korea built abroad. Korean gardens and parks built in overseas cities are not only a landscape space but also serve as an ambassador that promotes the culture of Korea to foreigners who are unfamiliar with Korean culture. Therefore, Tashkent Seoul Park was designed to reflect the beauty and uniqueness of Korean traditional landscaping to promote the image of Korea and Seoul. As such, the design and plan was focused on the best measures to make known Korean culture through a design that sets itself apart from the landscape of Uzbekistan. To date, Korean parks or Seoul parks that have been built overseas have focused on the re-enactment of gardens and parks during the Josun Dynasty era. But with the Tashkent Park, the process of the 170,000 people from Goryeo was also reflected onto the design so that the culture and sensibilities of old Goryeo could be felt as well. Korean traditional garden design elements for the representation of the Korean identity are taken from the pilot study. This design element includes not only that of Goryeo, but also the Josun Dynasty era to allow local people to experience a general Korean traditional garden. The traditional beauty and lyricism of Korea was presented to Central Asia through the park in Tashkent so that the citizens could feel the simple yet down-to-earth beauty of Korean aesthetics. As such, the spatial experience of story-telling in Seoul Park evolves from two points of view. First, it is a spatial experience from the perspective of the Goryeo period and of foreigners. It is a continuum of a landscape experience where one can trace the sentiments of Korea and a hometown in Korea by passing through lyrical and multi-faceted spatial structures. Second, it is an experience that evolves from the viewpoint of an outsider, including the Tashkent citizens. It allows visitors to read the various methods and attitudes in an unfamiliar landscape and terrain. Through a story-telling that is reminiscent of the Silk Road through which trade with East Asia took place, visitors can interact with Korean culture in the Korean Garden and throughout the process they can feel the very Korean sentiments. This park presents the latest example of a 'Korean Garden' formed overseas and thus presents a clue to understanding the representation pattern of the Korean aspects of Korean Gardens through a study on the design strategies.

Enhancing agroforestry in Vanuatu: striking the balance between individual entrepreneurship and community development

Increased engagement in the cash economy is influencing a shift from traditional agroforestry gardening systems to monoculture cash cropping in many areas of Melanesia. This shift in farming practices is resulting in unsustainable practices such as increased clearing of native forests in key catchment areas. Yet there is still no consensus on how to successfully integrate the cash economy and political institutions to work within communal structures sustainably. Understanding the role of formal and informal institutions can reveal how best cultural values, the cash economy and governance can support sustainable development and resilience. Rural smallholders livelihoods and their engagement with formal and informal institutions were explored in 12 villages across the SANMA province in Vanuatu. The rural communities with the most diverse livelihood opportunities were those with good access to land, services (such as roads, regional and international markets, medical centres and education) and social support networks. Engagement with formal institutions such as government departments, non-government organisations and industry and market based entities was relatively limited to communities with good access to urban areas. Men dominated formal employment in the private and government sectors. Remote communities counterbalanced the lack of access to formal institutions and markets with a high level of engagement in informal institutions. The most important informal institutions for social support were women’s groups, which engaged in minor economic activities. Communal land tenure and traditional Ni-Vanuatu (people of Vanuatu) agroforestry perennial gardens were described as key livelihood assets and fundamental to their well-being. Promoting increased plantings of native tree species for resource production in these traditional agroforestry gardens presents one opportunity that can be inclusive of male and female smallholders. This research highlights the importance of informal community and culturally based social protection systems in supporting successful smallholder-based agroforestry enterprise development activities operating in a rural Melanesian context.

A Study on Comparing Traditional Garden and Modern Garden for Developing Garden Culture of Korea

A Study on Comparing Traditional Garden and Modern Garden for Developing Garden Culture of Korea

민가정원의 효율적 유지관리를 위한 공원화 방안에 대한 기초연구

민가정원의 효율적 유지관리를 위한 공원화 방안에 대한 기초연구

Characteristics of plant landscape of traditional academy gardens in Zhejiang.

Ancient Chinese academies tended to have garden environment. Plants were an indispensable element for academy to meet the demands of learning, residence, travel and other functions. Combining reviewing literature with investigation, this paper analyzed plant landscape of traditional academies in Zhejiang from natural landscape, artificial landscape and its culture, in order to restore the real garden environment of traditional academy. Characterized by the fun of nature, ingenuity of artificiality and elegance of culture, plant landscape of traditional academy in Zhejiang created the unique space and culture environment. The design idea of combining education with landscape also had great significance to the construction of modern campus. ［Ch, 3 fig. 1 tab. 26 ref.］

Integrated Conservation of the Cantonese Opera Art Museum and Intangible Cultural Heritage

Abstract. Cantonese Opera, as the sole cultural heritage of Guangdong Province of China so far, which was included in the World Intangible Cultural Heritage List by the UNESCO, bears the cultural memory of the Lingnan region and as well as the overseas Chinese worldwide. Located in the core historic urban area – Enning Road of Guangzhou, the Cantonese Opera Art Museum is designed in Lingnan traditional garden manner, through going deep into the Cantonese opera culture, Lingnan traditional garden culture and Lingnan cultural spirit. The design highlights the integrated conservation of tangible and intangible cultural heritage, to protect living history and build the historical environment and place spirit for the intangible cultural heritage. The Cantonese Opera Art Museum is not only a tangible space for exhibition, study, education and display of the Cantonese Opera art, but also a cultural space with the Lingnan cultural memory, gathering the Lingnan intangible heritage and closely linked with current life of successors and ordinary people.

Ecotourism as a Means of Conservation of the Landscape of Rodrigues Island

Abstract The Indian Ocean island of Rodrigues provides an interesting landscape case study. It offers a characteristic example of a small island territory whose natural and environmental resources have been overexploited by human activity and whose inhabitants are now clinging to the remains of its symbolic heritage in an attempt to implement conservation and sustainable reconstruction. From this perspective, rurality, with its attendant agricultural practices, its traditional gardens and its natural or humanized landscapes, has become an essential asset; one which the island is trying to promote by means of a tourist strategy based on the enhancement of economic and identity-focused parameters.

Pteridophytes as active components in gardening, agricultural and horticultural ecosystems in Japan.

Many members of Pteridophytes have been traditionally used in the designs of Japanese gardens and a large variety of ferns attract gardeners as greening pieces in the garden designs. However, details or examples of practical uses of ferns in traditional gardening in Japan have only rarely been introduced in non-Japanese literatures to date, despite the importance of ferns in Japanese gardening traditions. In addition to the discussion of ferns in gardening, the use and association of these plants in Japanese agricultural and horticultural sceneries are addressed. The presence and importance of 40 familiar fern species in local gardening, agricultural and horticultural ecosystems are also discussed, as well as the roles of introduced ferns as key elements of ecosystems and their interaction with neighboring biota. Finally, some examples of uses of fern species in environmental science and engineering are also reviewed.

URBAN AGRICULTURE: A STRATEGY TO SUSTAIN URBAN ENVIRONMENT (CASE STUDY: QAZVIN CITY)

Abstract. Urbanization and gardening, due to the hot and dry weather in Iran, always have been coordinated and interconnected trends. The combination of these two trends could create the concept of Iranian sustainable city. These cities were a combination of gardens and farms in the midst of urban context that offered favorable environmental conditions for citizens and natural urban organs and provided coordination with difficult climate conditions and water supply shortages. In fact, these cities have been self-sufficient and sustainable cities connected with the culture of past people over the thousands of years and formed a part of their identity. These cities that truly had combined nature, culture, economy, and society together, today are destroying and demolishing in the process of development that could cause a break in the chain of environmental sustainability. Qazvin is an example of these cities, which is surrounded by a belt-like traditional gardens and has created an appropriate urban environment. Todays, the environment of these gardens, which have key role in the environment of Qazvin city, is in the path of destruction and elimination. Accordingly, conservation and restoration of local urban agriculture could be effective in the process of environmental sustainabity of Iranian cities. Research methodology was based on content analysis method through examining the case study which its information obtained via observation and documents study. Then, the information was analysed and suggested solutions presented in order to exploit principles and old patterns suitable for today’s life. Solutions were proposed in light of environmantal concerns including preserving old irrigation methods, restoration of native plant species and focus on existing water resources.

The Japanese garden at Sonnenberg: the first traditional private Japanese garden in North America

After a two-centuries-long seclusion from the Western world, in 1853, during the Tokugawa shōgunate, Japan reluctantly opened its ports to foreign trade. However, once it had opened them, Japan dec...

Research on Planning and Design of HIFA's New Campus

The paper intends to research the planning and design of Hubei Institute of Fine Arts (HIFA)'s new Canglongdao campus. The new campus is envisioned as an eco-friendly, economical, functional and elegant garden-like campus with HIFA's unique characteristics. It can be roughly divided into five areas, viz. the administrative area, the teaching area, the residential area, the sporting area and the studio area. The campus buildings and landscaping borrow from traditional Chinese architecture and gardening. Its road and pedestrian systems are convenient and user-friendly.