Traditional Economy Research Articles

Traditional Economy in Northern Nigeria: Pre-1968 Economic Activities of the Gungawa of Yauri and Borgu Emirates

This paper examines what some scholars of Economic History such as A.G. Hopkins described as ‘Domestic Economy’ or what others like T.B. Ingawa and G.O. Ogunremi referred to as ‘Pre-Colonial Economy’ of African people. The Economic History of a people is an account of how the people in a particular place or a community earned their living in the past. The primary focus of this paper is an examination of economic activities of the Gungawa before their forceful resettlement from their traditional homeland on the numerous islands and banks of River Niger in Yauri and Borgu Emirates to the eastern and western banks of the river as a result of the construction of Kainji Dam. Although discussions in the paper centre on the pre-colonial period, the scope of the paper is extended to almost two decades after colonial period because the resettlement in 1968 produced everlasting consequences on the pre-1968 economic activities of the Gungawa.

China’s Post-reform Development Strategy and Traditional Economic System in the New Structural Economics Perspective: Formation and Impacts

Since the reform and opening up in 1978, China has developed rapidly and become the world's second-largest economy. However, during the post-reform era, China was once considered as one of the poorest countries in the world. Though it appeared a fast growth rate of GDP driven by the construction of heavy industry, its excessive industrial structure and the resulting economic structure brought huge obstacles to its economic development and improvement in people’s living standard.

Research on the Role and Mechanism of Digital Economy Boosting Rural Revitalization Under the Background of Big Data

The digital economy is an important product of the information technology revolution. With the advent of the big data era, the digital economy is having an increasingly significant impact on traditional economies. Rural revitalization is an important strategy for the current economic development in China, and the digital economy can provide new development opportunities for rural revitalization. This paper reviews the relevant research on the digital economy and rural revitalization, analyzes the role and mechanism of the digital economy in promoting rural revitalization. The results show that the role of the digital economy in rural revitalization lies in promoting agricultural modernization, promoting rural industrial upgrading, improving rural infrastructure, and enhancing rural social services. The mechanism by which the digital economy promotes rural revitalization mainly includes policy support, technological innovation, capital investment, and talent cultivation. This paper aims to provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for the application of the digital economy in rural revitalization.

The Multiculturalism of a Traditional Economic Region – the Example of the Katowice Conurbation (Poland)

The Katowice conurbation took shape from the end of the 18th century in the borderlands of two states, Poland and Germany. In this sense, it was an area on both their peripheries. Permanent and dynamic interactions between different national-ethnic groups resulted in cultural intermingling. From the middle of the twentieth century, this complex settlement system was already at the centre of socio-economic development on a supra-regional scale. As a result of multidirectional migration, influenced by intensive industrialisation, social relations evolved between the migrants and the local (indigenous) population, as well as between the migrants themselves. The aim of this paper is to analyse the early multicultural nature of selected cities in the Katowice conurbation against a methodological and terminological background and to indicate the extent to which this feature might be an asset in present day socio-economic transformations in this area. The temporal and spatial overlapping of various origins of socio-cultural links and relations leads the authors to formulate the concepts of cultural genotype and primary and secondary cultural genotype, and to exemplify the formation of cultural genotypes in the Katowice conurbation.

A Review of Digital Economy and Digital Economics

Under the burgeoning of the digital era and global crisis of climate change and health, most countries around the world are moving to digitalize their economies. Digitalization is fundamentally changing all social and economic sectors. However, the existing studies have paid much attention on digital economy rather than digital economics. Drawing from recent literature, this paper critically reviews the understanding of digital economy by examining its meaning, main characteristics, scopes, measurement methods and identifies how digital economy differs to traditional economy. The paper, then, presents a concept and roles of digital economics and the needed suggestions for training digital economics. With this regard, the paper concludes that the education policies should be renovated in order to meet the demands on digital economy. The courses of economics should be integrated with digital economics and sharing economics.

Tren Dalam Ekonomi Politik Komunikasi

The globalization of the field, the expansion of a long-standing emphasis on historical research, the growth of research from alternative viewpoints, particularly feminism and labor, the shift from an emphasis on old to new media, and the growth of activism linked to the political economy tradition are five major trends in the political economy of communication that are addressed in this paper. None of them are really new trends; rather, they build on earlier ones that were frequently buried behind more prevalent ones at the time. However, the results of particular battles within each of these areas point to political economists as having significantly contributed to the general upsurge in activity surrounding important communication concerns.
 Keywords: Globalization, feminism, labor, political economy of communication, communication history, and activism

Forms of implementation of corporate rights of the members of commercial corporations: history, current contradictions and development prospects

The purpose of the study is to identify problems arising from the discrepancy between the norms of the current corporate legislation, whose basic principles were laid down during the development of the industrial type of economic development, and the current stage, characterized by the active development of the post-industrial type of economy. The subject of the study is the forms of realization of the corporate rights of members in commercial corporations, and, above all, business entities. The research employs the following scientific methods of analysis: historical analysis of the influence of economic development factors (types of activity, scale of activity, significant resources) on the forms of exercising corporate rights of corporation members and analysis of correspondence of modern forms of realization of corporate rights to the system of interests of the members of post-industrial types of corporations at the modern stage of economic development. The research results. In the traditional economy of the industrial type, the main significant resource is non-current tangible and current assets. Today their cost estimate determines the volume of corporate rights. In the post-industrial economy, non-current intangible assets become the main significant resource; their evaluation seems to be problematic in a significant number of cases. The research reveals the problems of inconsistency of modern forms of realization of corporate rights of members in the post-industrial corporations with the system of interests of members - carriers of a creative resource (ideas, professional knowledge, etc.) - in such corporations. Practical implementation of the research outcome is realized in suggestions and recommendations that can be applied both in the field of improving corporate legislation and legal support of commercial corporations’ activities. Among other things, a forecast of trends in the development of corporate legislation in terms of implementation of corporate rights has been worked out.

Fog computing-assisted path planning for smart shopping.

A Smart City (SC) is a viable solution for green and sustainable living, especially with the current explosion in global population and rural-urban immigration. One of the fields that is not getting much attention in the Smart Economy (SE) is customer satisfaction. The SE is a component of SC that is concerned with using Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to improve stages of the traditional economy. In this paper, we propose a fog computing-based shopping recommendation system. Our simulations used Al-Madinah city as a case study. It aims to improve the customer shopping experience. Customers in shopping malls can connect to the system via Wi-Fi. Then the system recommends products to the shoppers according to their preferences. It optimizes shoppers' schedules using price, the distance between the shops, and the congestion. It also improves customers' savings by up to 30%. It also increases the shopping speed by up to 6.12% compared to the system proposed in the literature.

SPATIAL PLANNING SYSTEM IN POLAND AS AN EXAMPLE OF EFFECTIVE DEVELOPMENT OF TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES IN UKRAINE

The purpose of the work is to research trends in the development of the digital economy; analysis of features and conditions of digitalization of economic processes in Ukraine and the world. Digitization of economic processes is an integral trend in the development of world economies over the last decade, which determines the relevance of its research in the context of the post-war development of Ukraine. The work uses such research methods as monographic, statistical, comparison and systematization methods. The paper examines the concept of the digital economy and its components, which include information and telecommunication technologies (ICT); human capital; favorable business climate, effective management. The digital economy is a supplement to the traditional economy, which involves the production and sale of traditional goods and services using computer equipment and digital systems, including the Internet. This implies certain advantages, namely: providing access to individual markets for ordinary users, reducing transaction costs, increasing efficiency and competitiveness of products. It has been established that the digital economy is expanding its influence on more and more spheres of activity, creating space for the development and improvement of economic processes, which is the basis for the modern global economy. However, depending on the definition used, the size of the digital economy is estimated to be between 4.5% and 15.5% of global GDP. Almost 40% of the added value created in the global information and communication technology (ICT) sector is accounted for by the United States and China. The level of digitization of the Ukrainian economy varies significantly, depending on the specific industry. In such areas as financial services, the provision of communication services, and logistics, Ukrainian companies use the achievements of information technologies as widely as foreign competitors. Also, the task of the state is both to ensure favorable conditions that contribute to digitalization, and to create opportunities for their implementation. The implementation of the requirements of digitalization, as a modern trend in the development of the economy and society, is to some extent facilitated by the presence of prerequisites for digitalization at the state and industry levels, as well as at the levels of individual households and citizens. The obtained results of the study can be useful in the development of strategies for the development of economic sectors after the end of hostilities for the further reconstruction of the economy of Ukraine.

Agricultural commercialization in the Mekong region: A meta-narrative review and policy implications

ABSTRACT Agricultural commercialization has been a development focus in the Mekong region for several decades, resulting in varying outcomes. In response to competing claims and policy advice, this meta-narrative review not only examines the literature on the impacts of agricultural commercialization in the Mekong on local livelihoods, but also investigates the research traditions that shape the conceptualization of the research topics, study design, and recommended solutions. We explore narratives from three research traditions, namely the neoclassical, Marxian political economy, and neopopulist approaches. On the whole, the neoclassical literature finds positive impacts on household incomes and thus contributes to reducing poverty; the Marxian political economy tradition finds that capitalist development in agriculture creates and deepens social differentiation through which certain groups may benefit while others are negatively impacted; lastly, the neopopulist perspective finds negative impacts compared to previous, traditional livelihoods. The ideological premises informing these studies and implications for policy are discussed.

Traditional Economists or Third Worldists? The Effect of Intellectual Property Rights on Economic Growth in Developing Countries

This study investigates the effect of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) on economic growth in 76 developing countries using panel data analysis over the period of 2008-2019. IPRs and the economic growth relationship have been discussed in the empirical literature. On the other hand, Third World Approach to International Law (TWAIL) scholars promote the idea that international law is a hegemonic tool of developed countries, and IPRs may be subjected to their arguments due to the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Agreements (TRIPs). Results provide that IPRs positively and significantly affect economic growth in developing countries, whereas there is no U-Shaped relationship between them. The study suggests that IPRs protection should be highlighted in developing countries to achieve greater economic growth, and approves the perspective of traditional economists’ approach over TWAILers.

EFFECT OF INTERNET AND DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY ON INDIAN BUSINESS

One of the world’s economies with the quickest rate of growth is India, whose economy is also firmly rooted in digitization. Beginning with a traditional economy, India is currently moving towards a massive economy worth $1 trillion. Ravi Shankar Prasad claims (Mo IT). He went on to add that the contribution of the digital economy to India’s entire economy would reach $200 billion by 2020. The state of a nation or region’s economy is defined as the supply of money, the production and consumption of products and services, and other related factors. Speaking of the digital business, it indicates that as a part of the digital economy, the digital business is acting as a driving force for the Indian economy by using technology to create new value in business models, customer experiences, and internal capabilities that support its core operations. This decade has seen a significant rise in digital business, with the previous five years being considered the economic pioneers. The NDA government’s goal and commitment to implement Digital India resulted in a significant increase in the digital business sector in India, with the digital index rising to 56% by 2015. It was discovered that the digital economy contributed 8% to the nation’s overall GDP in the years 2017–18. The main findings indicate that the demonetization that took place in November 2016 and the push to go cashless also encouraged digital business as it was a significant event in the nation’s digital economy. In this study, we looked at the effects of digital business on the Indian economy as well as its potential and difficulties in expanding the national economy.

Research on the Development of the Digital Economy based on Blockchain Technology

As the digital economy becomes a key trend in the economic transformation and upgrading under the new normal of the world economy, a decentralized system, and distributed database technology, blockchain links relevant data in single blocks to form a central system in a cycled chain pattern by encrypted signature verification. The fusion of blockchain technology and big data technology can not only conquer the bottleneck of big data technology but also provide new methods and ideas for the development of the digital economy, upgrade the developmental mode of the digital economy, and promote the rapid growth of the digital economy. Through the popularization of blockchain technology, the traditional internet based on information is transformed into a value-based internet. The status of the traditional economy is mapped into the virtual world, further integrating reality and virtuality.

Discussion on Anchoring Effect in Our Real Life

This paper first introduces the anchoring effect through the introduction of a story and its background. Then, it discusses in detail the definition of anchoring effect, its importance to family, business and society, the attitude and methods that should be adopted to deal with it and its applications in our real life. Among them, this article focuses on the impact of anchoring effect on negotiations, court judgments, auto exhibitions and markets. The anchoring effect will largely affect the outcome of the negotiation, or the outcome of the court judgment, and then affect our real life. It is worth noting the impact of the anchoring effect on the aggregate demand and aggregate supply curves, which will subvert the theory of traditional economics.

Collaborative economy and the cognitive legacy

This article discuss how collaborative economy can contribute to the production and knowledge dissemination for the society, in which refers to practice rescue, values and aspects linked to the solidarity and collectivity, such as confrontation of problems connected to cyclical questions of marketplace economy and environmental crisis. For that, it will be addressed the concepts of sharing economy, social capital and the economy platforming as a business model. In this bulge, it will be described the project of a donation app that will be implemented in a locality, aiming to integrate people, strengthen ties and, then, agglutinate social capital. The work goal is to address the sharing economy as a way to conduct a transition dynamic of the present traditional economy, for a model that is not an inequality reproduction and less hostile to the natural resources. Our question is: does the sharing economy show attributes capable of promoting the formation of the social capital and environmental sustainability, and so help cognitively in the social transformation? Our theoretical basis, between the various references to this research, it will be in Pierre Bourdieu, for someone who the social capital can be treated as a sum of the values generated by the connections between the internal and external members in a social media. The work is a social search, with a qualitative approach, descriptive-interpretative of bibliographic procedure.

Cocaine: From Coca Fields to the Streets ed. by Enrique Desmond Arias, and Thomas Grisaffi

Reviewed by: Cocaine: From Coca Fields to the Streets ed. by Enrique Desmond Arias, and Thomas Grisaffi Jane Rausch, Emerita Arias, Enrique Desmond, and Thomas Grisaffi, eds. Cocaine: From Coca Fields to the Streets. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2021. Bookended by editor Enrique Desmond Arias's introduction and conclusion, this volume is a collection of eleven essays written by scholars who participated in a series of panels at a Latin American Studies Association (LASA) Congress in 2016 to discuss the effects of drug trafficking in Puerto Rico, Mexico, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Colombia, Bolivia, and Brazil. Setting their observations within the framework of moral economy, these researchers acknowledge the effect of global drug markets on the nations they examined, and they show how [End Page 225] drug trafficking has developed via a complex process of self-regulation in the shadow of a state power that formally seeks to destroy it. They review the interconnection between sites along cocaine's global supply chain; the implications of those interconnections for social, political, and economic experiences in places affected by the trade; and, conversely, how those interconnections affect the cocaine trade (3). Taken collectively, these essays demonstrate that entire ways of life are built around cocaine commodification and show how state authority is coupled with the self-regulating practices of drug producers, traffickers, and dealers. Their authors also suggest more progressive policies that acknowledge the important role drugs play in the lives of individuals at the urban and rural margins. Since the essays are all high quality, a brief comparison of just two of them will provide an idea of their collective value. In her article, "Drug Crops, Twisted Motorcycles, and Cultural Loss in Indigenous Colombia," Autumn Zellers-Leon notes that Colombian Law 30 of 1986 allows indigenous people to grow up to thirty coca plants for local traditional use and exchange, yet these farmers are also active participants in the illegal drug trade that began in the 1970s. Although the drugs they produce make up a crucial part of the drug commodity chain, they receive only 2 percent of the profits. Nevertheless, Zellers-Leon notes that rather than disrupt the traditional economy, the drug trade has promoted development of a cash-based economy in rural areas that has helped indigenous families meet their basic needs. One of the most basic changes has been the abandonment of horse-drawn vehicles for motorcycles. Drug gangs introduced these probably stolen motorcycles and then dumped them in remote places such as rural Cauca. Their presence promoted road building and the expansion of municipal town centers, but they also contributed to the breakdown of traditional community values. In this one example, indigenous families' increasing dependence on global commodities challenges their identity models rooted in past lifeways. In fact, many of Cauca's indigenous communities could not sustain themselves today without the availability of motorcycles for transport. Thus, in this way, the drug trade has helped to mitigate the effects of class inequalities in rural indigenous regions. Zeilers-Leon concludes that to resolve the situation, the state must prioritize the needs of indigenous farmers in both long-term agricultural development projects and policies that favor indigenous agricultural goods (114). [End Page 226] By contrast, Taniele Rui's essay compares drug consumption between 1990 and 2017 in two of Brazil's largest cities—São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Her case studies reveal that the illegal drug trade produces and regulates user scenes in both cities, but in different ways. In São Paulo, a single criminal faction manages conflicts that the trade generates, and illicit markets are not necessarily violent. Drug users concentrate in the downtown area, and the government's repressive efforts to repress drug use have not only increased the number of crack users in prison but also strengthen the criminal organization by providing new recruits. In Rio de Janeiro, state policies have displaced drug users to different parts of the city. This strategy has encouraged activities by illegally armed actors in the favelas and hides the problem from the view of tourists who do not see the consumption sites. Rui concludes that since the crack trade is not the same everywhere in Brazil and does...

Incentive Mechanism for Improving Task Completion Quality in Mobile Crowdsensing

Due to the randomness of participants’ movement and the selfishness and dishonesty of individuals in crowdsensing, the quality of the sensing data collected by the server platform is uncertain. Therefore, it is necessary to design a reasonable incentive mechanism in crowdsensing to ensure the stability of the sensing data quality. Most of the existing incentive mechanisms for data quality in crowdsensing are based on traditional economics, which believe that the decision of participants to complete a task depends on whether the benefit of the task is greater than the cost of completing the task. However, behavioral economics shows that people will be affected by the cost of investment in the past, resulting in decision-making bias. Therefore, different from the existing incentive mechanism researches, this paper considers the impact of sunk cost on user decision-making. An incentive mechanism based on sunk cost called IMBSC is proposed to motivate participants to improve data quality. The IMBSC mechanism stimulates the sunk cost effect of participants by designing effort sensing reference factor and withhold factor to improve their own data quality. The effectiveness of the IMBSC mechanism is verified from three aspects of platform utility, participant utility and the number of tasks completed through simulation experiments. The simulation results show that compared with the system without IMBSC mechanism, the platform utility is increased by more than 100%, the average utility of participants is increased by about 6%, and the task completion is increased by more than 50%.

Immigration and welfare state sustainability: whose perception is affected by fiscal cost cues?

ABSTRACT Who reacts politically to fiscally costly immigration? A political economy tradition holds that reactions depend on economic self-interest, whereas a social psychology tradition emphasizes generalized political orientations and trust. Past work largely leans in favor of the latter tradition. We make three contributions. First, our dependent variable is a concrete perception of welfare state sustainability, arguably better suited to capture self-interest. Second, both the political economy- and social psychology traditions have been studied narrowly; we separate between multiple interests (including economic local context), and compare several types of trust orientations. Third, we use machine learning methods well-suited to analyze treatment heterogeneity in a randomized survey experiment. We find support for both interest-based and social psychological explanations. As for the latter, what matters is not only, or even mainly, orientations/trust related to immigration. Rather, generalized political distrust strongly regulates when costly immigration cues trigger welfare sustainability worries.

"Labor culture" and "cultural revolution" in the USSR. The activity of the CIT in the 1920s - 1930s.

Today we are witnessing a transition to new forms of work culture, in the context of the transition from an industrial economy to a digital one. Similar processes took place during the formation of the Soviet state. Then, the culture of work was undergoing its transformation from the conditions of the traditional economy to the conditions of the industrial world. Labor institutions created in the 1920s played a special role in these processes. The main purpose of the article is to analyze the process of forming a new work culture through the activities of the Tsitovites, which took place in the conditions of the cultural revolution in the USSR. The relevance of the topic is due to the historical aspect of the consideration of the described problem, not the economic one. The authors turn to the periodical press of the designated period, to archival documents, as well as to modern scientific research. As a result, the authors come to the conclusion that in the 1920s - 30s in the USSR, the processes of formation of labor culture and the cultural revolution went on in parallel and actively influenced each other. In our country, the principles of scientific organization of labor acquire the character of an important tool for speedy progress towards the restoration of the national economy after the devastation of the First World War and the Civil War. The activities of the Central Institute of Labor laid the foundation for a creative approach to labor relations, a special role in this belonged to the director of the CITA – A.K. Gastev.

A New Retail Interior Design Education Paradigm for a Circular Economy

Since the advent of a circular economy, typical strategies for change have focused on circularising existing business models or developing new closed-loop ones, where design is understood as a service provider, adapting its processes accordingly. This understanding and application of design is problematical, constraining and misdirecting any potential for effective innovation in the future. Interior design methodology needs to be completely rethought to create a sustainable circular design ecosystem. The learning and teaching of the interior design process has its foundation in an unsustainable, traditional economy that operates in a closed linear sequence of design, specification and fit-out. An undergraduate retail interior design project highlighted the need to evaluate designing for a circular economy as an ecosystem, based on the 10 R’s leading to four building blocks for the learning and teaching of circular retail interior design. Through analysis of the nature and existing use of design within a circular economy, it is possible to conceptualise the deconstruction of the existing linear process of interior design pedagogy and rebuild that process as a sustainable circular retail interior design methodology. This paper identifies four key sustainable design principles as a foundation for a new education paradigm for a circular interior design ecosystem model.