Traditional Criminology Research Articles

The Compensation by the international criminal judiciary

The international community is showing an increasing interest in ensuring that international criminal justice takes into account the interests and rights of victims, and that this concern is not limited to the spectrum of accused only, since the middle of the last century, this interest has spawned the emergence of a new science, known as "victimology", this science has taken a parallel path to traditional criminology, opening a new chapter in the understanding of criminal behavior, as a human phenomenon, it includes a set of complex and multilateral relationships. The interest bore fruit when international conventions began to explicitly provide for ensuring justice for victims, this is what is stated in the fourth principle of the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice regarding victims of crime and abuse of power, it states: “Victims shall be treated with compassion and respect for their dignity. They shall have the right to access justice mechanisms and to obtain immediate reparation, in accordance with national legislation in relation to the harm they have suffered”. The pursuit of justice does not stop at convicting the accused of international crimes, but also extends to caring for people whose rights have been violated as a result, this is what the International Criminal Court adopted, when its Statute affirmed that the interests of international criminal justice and the interests of victims go hand in hand, the preamble to the Rome Statute states that ensuring justice for victims of humanitarian atrocities is a right that cannot be overlooked. Especially since millions of children and women have fallen during the current century as victims of unimaginable horrors, which have strongly shaken the conscience of humanity. Thus, the International Criminal Court has paid more attention to the rights of victims than the temporary international criminal courts. The Statute of the International Criminal Court committed to balancing the rights of victims and the rights of the accused in international criminal proceedings, It included an important issue at the level of international trials, which is the right of victims and to obtain reparation for the harm they suffered (compensation) as a result of the international crimes committed against them

Strained Masculinity and Mass Shootings: Toward A Theoretically Integrated Approach to Assessing the Gender Gap in Mass Violence

Recent work by Allison and Klein examining violence and homicide introduced the concept of strained masculinity, a theoretical integration of general strain theory and hegemonic masculinity. Using qualitative data collection ( n = 63), the current study considers strained masculinity themes in the context of mass shootings and the gender gap. Findings demonstrated support for the prevalence of Allison and Klein’s themes in mass shootings. The men who committed mass shootings in our sample responded to challenges to their masculinity (62%), pursued hegemonic masculinity through “sport” (33%), and pursued hegemonic masculinity through controlling space (27%). In addition, qualitative analysis revealed overlaps in strained masculinity themes for mass shooting cases, demonstrating the complexity of this type of violence. There were six outlier cases identified that did not display strained masculinity, rather the perpetrators in these cases suffered from psychological or emotional troubles before opening fire. Overall, findings indicate that the integration of traditional criminology theories and gender theories is warranted.

Green Criminology: Capitalism, Green Crime and Justice, and Environmental Destruction

Green criminology has developed into a criminological subfield with a substantial literature. That literature is so vast that a single review cannot do it justice. This article examines the definition of green crime, the historical development of green criminology, some major areas of green criminological research, and potential future developments. Unlike traditional criminology with its focus on human victims, green criminology recognizes that various living entities can be victims of the ways in which humans harm ecosystems. Green research thus explores crime, victimization, and justice from several theoretical positions that acknowledge these unique victims. Although green criminology contains several approaches, this review primarily focuses on political economic green criminology. The section titled The Definition, Overview, and Historical Development of Green Criminology identifies, but does not review in depth, other forms of green criminology.

Aktuelnost biosocijalnih istraživanja u kriminologiji

New scientific and technological developments have provided a clearer insight into the functioning of the human body. Research into human genetic predispositions, genome mapping, and brain function research have all contributed to explaining human behavior. The results of studies in recent years have unequivocally shown that genetic and social factors of crime act individually but also in interaction. Biosocial criminology is considered to be a more recent paradigm in the explanation of criminal behavior, which underlines the mechanism of the cooperation of biological and social factors in the explanation of crime. The aim of the paper is to review the conceptualization and key aspects of biosocial criminology, key factors in the explanation of crime, and the most important biosocial interventions that are applied. Genetic, neuropsychological, neurophysiological and endocrinological factors are crucial in explaining criminal behavior within the biosocial approach. The results show that programs resulting from the biosocial paradigm are more effective in preventing criminal behavior than interventions implemented within traditional criminology and neglecting the influence of biological factors.

Spatiotemporal Analysis of Stadium-Related Theft: An English Case-Study

Academic studies on football-related crimes have predominantly focused on violent crimes and fans engaged in these crimes. Unlike these studies which may be deemed a reflection of the traditional criminology in the football context, this paper examines the crime patterns focused on where and when theft crimes might occur on match days and why such patterns might emerge. Routine activities theory and crime pattern theory which are two related theories of environmental criminology provide a theoretical framework for the study. These two theories successfully reveal how the components of the social and physical environment provide the necessary conditions for stadium-related theft. Methodologically, for the spatial analysis of theft crimes, the methods of Kernel Density Estimation and spatial permutation test are employed; for the temporal analysis, a “match adjusted temporal analysis” is developed. Using the hotspotting technique around the Elland Road Stadium of Leeds United football team, it is suggested that theft crimes are not randomly distributed in time (match days and non-match days) and space. The risk of theft (per unit of time) is found to be particularly elevated at certain locations near to the stadium on match days, and for a window of time before, during and after matches take place. Analysing the spatial and temporal dimensions of stadium-related theft crime is likely to provide guidance about when and where to deploy officers by informing intelligence services.

Związki zielonej kryminologii z kryminologią tradycyjną

Green criminology, whilst functioning under the banner of critical criminology since its inception, has slowly begun to have more and more to do with traditional criminology. The subject of this article is the interrelations of this new perspective and traditional considerations on crime. Green criminology seems to have much to offer mainstream criminology, enriching it with ideas that have hitherto been unnoticed or overlooked. In turn, the achievements of traditional criminology provide useful solutions and concepts that can enable green criminology to develop.

‘YESTERDAY, I SAW A RABBIT!’: UNLEARNT LESSONS FROM THE NOMOS OF THE HOLOCAUST FOR CRIMINOLOGY, OR WHY SOME PRINCIPLES FROM ANARCHISM MAY TRUMP SOVEREIGNTY IN COMBATING GENOCIDE

A criminologia tradicional responde à soberania e trabalha em defesa da ordem social, de modo que obediência ao Estado é a norma, e anarquismo é o inimigo. Mas o genocídio, como no Holocausto, apresenta um terreno diferente. Esse artigo olha para os atos e julgamentos de, respectivamente, Otto Ohlendorf e Julius Schmahling através do nomos nazista. A teoria criminológica deve estar viva, humana e particular, mas ciente de sua situação no mundo, de modo que o artigo se une à escritora judia brasileira Clarice Lispector para colocar um cachorro (ou dois) para encontrar a visão do coelho que perseguiu Julius Schmahling e, assim o fazendo, questionar sobre a pedagogia do que é e/ou deveria ser a Criminologia. Se isso parece historicamente concentrado, o final nos retorna ao presente, um tempo onde terroristas clamam por lutar guerras globais em nome da pureza e da segurança, seguindo credos interpretativos não diferentes de Ohlendorf, sendo a imagem final contra soberana a da Madonna Negra.

Influência de fatores socioeconômicos sobre os crimes ambientais no Distrito Federal

Danos e problemas ambientais são construídos por processos complexos, constituídos por uma combinação de fatores materiais e sociais. Diferentes escritores da criminologia verde, ramo que foca questões referentes a danos, transgressões e crimes ambientais, alocam os debates em torno das questões relacionadas à pobreza, falta de saúde, corrupção e transgressões corporativas. Seguindo esse entendimento, este trabalho objetivou i) verificar a influência de variáveis socioeconômicas sobre os crimes ambientais registrados pela da Polícia Civil do Distrito Federal entre os anos de 2013 a 2016 e ii) determinar se as teorias da criminologia tradicional se aplicam aos crimes ambientais. Dados socioeconômicos disponíveis na Pesquisa Distrital por Amostra de Domicílios e os registros de crimes ambientais ocorridos no Distrito Federal (DF) foram submetidos à análise de regressão multivariada e à análise de variância para determinar o modelo mais eficiente para explicar a relação entre esses dois conjuntos dados. Os resultados indicaram que a faixa etária entre 40 e 59 anos, os residentes que imigraram para o DF após o ano 2000 e a renda per capita foram as variáveis que mais contribuíram para explicar o número de registros de crimes ambientais no DF. Os resultados sugerem que contextos de privação social e econômica não são os únicos determinantes para a ocorrência de crimes ambientais no DF. A frequente relação com as variáveis relacionadas à imigração aponta para a aplicação da teoria da desorganização social como uma das principais causas dos crimes registrados, pela incapacidade de a comunidade se organizar em prol do controle comunitário.

A Descriptive Model of Desistance From Sexual Offending: Examining the Narratives of Men Released From Custody.

Despite an increasing interest in desistance from sexual offending, a comprehensive theoretical account of the process has yet to be provided. This study examines the narratives of 60 men interviewed in the community, who were incarcerated for sexual offenses and released. Recent findings from this research conclude that men desist from sexual offending, but they seldom follow the processes described by traditional criminology. In many cases, in fact, they desist in spite of their inability to pursue Sampson and Laub's "informal social controls" or Giordano et al.'s "hooks for change." The relentless impact of current public policies such as community notification and electronic monitoring further impedes their likelihood of experiencing Maruna's "Pygmalion effect" or achieving true cognitive transformation or agentic change. The descriptive model introduced here identifies four styles of desistance from sexual offending: "age," "resignation," "rote," and "resilience." Relevant implications are discussed.

Asian Criminology’s Expansion and Advancement of Research and Crime Control Practices

Inspired by Professor Jianhong Liu’s article entitled “Asian Criminology—Challenges, Opportunities, and Directions,” published in 2009 in the Asian Journal of Criminology, I attempt to document the expansion of Asian criminology in terms of the numbers of journal articles published, but also to encapsulate some of the unique contributions of original articles published in the Asian Journal of Criminology. To document the expansion of Asian criminology in terms of journal articles, I used the academic search engine, the ISI Web of Science, to identify criminology articles across a variety of Asian countries and time. This led to distinguishing between more traditional criminology and crime control (TCCC) articles and articles focusing on violence against women/children and on trafficking (VAWCT). Second, because it is not yet part of the ISI Web of Science, I read all of the original articles in the Asian Journal of Criminology to account for how Asian criminology is advancing the larger discipline of criminology. The ISI Web of Science data document the rapid expansion of Asian criminology. Some of the specific Asian Journal of Criminology articles are used to exemplify specific examples of how Asian criminology is advancing the field of criminology worldwide through theoretical, methodological and framing designs, and crime control practices.

Ere wie ere toekomt

Honour, violence and masculinity are closely linked in traditional criminology, and are combined with an ethnic profile of the offender. This article discusses the conclusion of this assumptions as ethnocentric, but also as a simplification of the gendered idea of honour. Beliefs about honour, which are reduced to the male gender, and understood as conductive to crime, disregard insights regarding violent females, and awareness about the significance of honour in marginalized groups. Furthermore, this contribution discusses the suplementary value of a critical gender perspective, for discussion in criminology about honour and crime.

Crime-Event Criminology

Traditional criminology is overwhelmingly offender-focused, with the primary question driving the field being, “What explains variation in criminal behavior—why do some individuals offend while others do not?” This criminology, which seeks to unearth the underlying causes of offending, provides us with many theories. Each theory identifies a unique variable or set of variables thought to explain an individual’s inclination to offend, or “criminality.” For example, theories suggest that low selfcontrol, school failure, peer pressure, unemployment, and community poverty—to name just a few—predispose one toward offending. Thus, individuals exposed to higher levels of such variables are presumed to be “at risk” of initiating or continuing criminal behavior. Approaches to crime prevention often follow suit by attempting to reduce or prevent criminality. In particular, (social) developmental crime prevention focuses on tackling the underlying risk factors for becoming an offender (e.g., Welsh & Farrington, 2012). Indeed, a whole host of programs or policies exist in an attempt to reverse the criminogenic risk factors identified by traditional criminological theories. Programs teaching social competency to youth, providing pre-school education to disadvantaged children, and (re)training potential employees for workforce demands are just but a few examples. A number of such programs have been shown to be at least modestly successful in reducing crime (see, for example, Losel & Bender, 2012; Schindler & Yoshikawa, 2012; Sherman et al., 1997). Still, the potential risk factors for offending are incredibly numerous, as indicated by the dauntingly long list of criminological theories. In fact, the recently published Encyclopedia of Criminological Theory documented nearly 300 such theories (Cullen & Wilcox, 2010). With so many potential causes of offending—and, thus, so many risk factors to address if criminality is to be prevented—it is no wonder that a significant number of individuals fall through the

Book review: John M Hagedorn (ed.), Gangs in the Global City: Alternatives to Traditional Criminology

Book review: John M Hagedorn (ed.), Gangs in the Global City: Alternatives to Traditional Criminology

Gender, General Theory of Crime and Computer Crime

Regarding the gender gap in computer crime, studies consistently indicate that boys are more likely than girls to engage in various types of computer crime; however, few studies have examined the extent to which traditional criminology theories account for gender differences in computer crime and the applicability of these theories in explaining computer crime across gender. Using a panel of 2,751 Korean youths, the current study tests the applicability of the general theory of crime in explaining the gender gap in computer crime and assesses the theory's utility in explaining computer crime across gender. Analyses show that self-control theory performs well in predicting illegal use of others' resident registration number (RRN) online for both boys and girls, as predicted by the theory. However, low self-control, a dominant criminogenic factor in the theory, fails to mediate the relationship between gender and computer crime and is inadequate in explaining illegal downloading of software in both boy and girl models. Theoretical implication of the findings and the directions for future research are discussed.

A book review on: Priceless: how I went undercover to rescue the world’s stolen treasure

In his new memoir, Priceless, retired FBI agent, Robert Wittman (along with cowriter John Shiffman), recounts his many years investigating art crimes. Wittman’s story is a compelling and fascinating one, from his humble beginnings, to his experiences while leading the FBI’s Art Crime Team. Over the years, art crime has emerged as a considerable presence in the world of property theft, yet it was not always a priority at the FBI. Wittman carved out a niche for himself in this area, and in doing so, helped to create and develop the FBI’s art crime Team. His accomplishments brought accolades and recognition to this previously underserved area of crime. Art crime has been a growing topic of research within the last decade and the literature continues to expand in its scope. Increased recognition in law enforcement has resulted in the FBI’s expansion of its Art Crime Team, which currently includes thirteen special agents who are specifically trained in art and cultural property investigations (www.fbi.gov). The topic of art crime has been the topic of increasing study and scholarship over the past decade or so. Although there is certainly some distinguished academic literature on art crime, it is still an emerging area of research which will undoubtedly continue to develop. Those in academia who publish on art crime are a somewhat small but well respected group. Their work can be found not only in traditional criminology journals, but looking more broadly, is also found in anthropology, archeology and art history publications. The connection between organized crime and art crime is well represented in the literature [3, 5, 6]. Organized crime in this area should not be confused with the typical associations of organized crime, such as mafia related. Rather, it is meant in the broader sense of interconnected organized networks in which the goods are trafficked. Crime Law Soc Change (2011) 56:209–211 DOI 10.1007/s10611-011-9318-1

Social Historical Studies of Women, Crime, and Courts

While traditional criminology has ignored the historical dimension of female crime, social historical literature has examined the interplay between gender and the criminal process in a variety of historical settings. This review examines studies focusing on changes in crime, prosecution, conviction, and punishment patterns over time, as well as studies in particular settings. From these studies we conclude that crime has not always been a predominantly male phenomenon and that female crime rates have changed over time. We also conclude that, within the different categories, women defendants in particular were perceived through a gendered perspective, and their criminalization and punishment, as well as its representation in popular culture, reflected this special perspective.

The Comparative Method in Globalised Criminology

Traditional comparative criminology has predominantly focused on the comparison of isolated and self-contained cultures and arrangements. However, globalisation has altered states of isolation and self-containment to produce spheres of interrelation. That provides a challenge to the comparative method. This article will argue that comparative criminology needs to come to terms with novel objects in new conceptual and organisational layers, both above the state and below the city. Such enquiry requires agility. Rather than identifying and crossing new frontiers, globalised comparative criminology should concern itself with the complex interplay between global, national, city and subcity levels. This approach is illustrated by an examination of contrasts in community safety between the rival Dutch cities of Amsterdam and Rotterdam.

A Different Perspective: Introducing Positive Criminology

Positive criminology is a new conceptual perspective of criminology, encompassing several theories and models. Positive criminology refers to a focus on individuals' encounters with forces and influences that are experienced as positive, which distance them from deviance and crime, whether by means of formal and informal therapy programs and interventions, such as self-help groups; through emphasis of positive social elements, such as exposure to goodness, social acceptance, and reintegrative shaming; or based on positive personal traits, such as resilience and coherence. The perspective of positive criminology broadens that of traditional criminology, which focuses mainly on understanding the factors and processes that lead individuals and groups to what is defined as deviant and criminal behavior. Positive criminology is implemented in treatment and rehabilitation of individuals and groups that have demonstrated deviant and criminal behavior, by emphasizing positive experiences that may potentially prevent or discourage continued criminal behavior. Positive criminology is also expressed in prevention based on a positive approach.

Armed Struggle in Italy: The Limits to Criminology in the Analysis of Political Violence

Repeated calls to criminologists to engage in the analysis of violent political conflict have been followed by an abundant production of literature within the discipline. This article examines such production and attempts to delineate the limits to criminology in the analysis of political violence. By presenting interview extracts from a case study centred on violent political confl ict in Italy during the 1970s and 1980s, I demonstrate why criminology should seek supplementary explanatory categories within the broader realm of social theory, rather than rely exclusively on the theories and assumptions of traditional criminology.

Understanding Male Sexual Offending

Previous research has explored whether criminological theories can account for the apparently specialized behaviors of sexual offenders. One perspective proposes that criminals are versatile, engaging in an array of antisocial behaviors. The alternative perspective, more common in sexual offending research, is that sexual offenders (especially child molesters) engage in sexual offenses exclusively or predominantly. This study examined 374 male sexual offenders referred for civil commitment. Offenders were compared by crime classification and level of specialization and were assessed on a selection of variables that measured general criminality and sexual deviance. Specialization level was a stronger group discriminator than offender classification. Versatile offenders were significantly more likely than specialist offenders to present with generic antisocial behaviors predicted by traditional criminology. Specialist offenders reported more indicators of sexual deviance than versatile offenders. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.