Traditional Conservation Research Articles

THE BLUE RESTORATION CONTRIBUTION TO FACE THE CHALLENGING SCALING-UP ISSUE OF MARINE CONSERVATION STRATEGIES IN THE NEXT DECADE

The continuing degradation of marine ecosystems is widely highlighted as having a significant impact on services they provide for human well-being. To this end, especially during the last decade, numerous national, regional and international aspirations, targets and commitments have been made in order to reverse the detrimental trend affecting the ocean health, which is expected to accelerate in the immediate future. Restoration actions are becoming a common strategy to speed-up the recovery pathway of degraded ecosystems. This recognition also depends on the fact that, in some cases, in addition to traditional conservation strategies (e.g. Marine Protected Areas and Maritime Spatial Planning), “active” restoration may be the only politically feasible approach able to increase the flow of marine ecosystem services to stakeholders, ensuring, at the same time, the mitigation of threats to coastal environments in a reasonable time lag. Given the time-bound target aimed to effectively protect/restore on third of global ecosystems in the upcoming decade, concrete considerations about the potential for scaling-up the restoration interventions across coastal ecosystems are required to prioritise and improve the strategies aimed to cope the urgent conservation issues faced by marine ecosystems at global scale. Here, capitalizing on the most upgraded information on restoration efforts worldwide carried out over nearly five decades, a synthetic (but not exhaustive) analysis of progresses is showed, which could helps to better address the upscaling issue of marine conservation strategies in the immediate future.
 Keywords: marine ecosystem restoration, sustainable development, coastal habitats.

Spatial zoning to conserve fish species with complex life cycles in estuaries

Fish conservation in estuaries is complex because there are diverse social values and interests associated with estuarine ecosystems and multiple ecological processes (e.g., nursery, connectivity, and population dynamics). Furthermore, ontogenetic shift has an important role in determining fish habitat use (e.g. pelagic vs benthic environments), and consequently, critical implications for conservation. Here, we develop a prioritisation approach to create conservation zones in an estuarine system that considers fishery costs while also integrating pelagic and benthic habitats for different life history stages (from eggs to adults), and multiple conservation objectives. We applied our approach to the whitemouth croaker Micropogonias furnieri in the Patos Lagoon estuary (Brazil) and tested four scenarios based on different objectives, zone types and targets. In this study, we used Marxan and Marxan with Zones and accounted for 41 conservation features (including habitat type, vegetation and seasonal distribution of whitemouth croaker within the estuary). Overall, we found two important results. First, spatial priorities for the no-take and partially protected zones did not change substantially and were very robust to variation in uncertain parameters. Second, an integrated conservation plan with multiple zones requires less area to be designated as no-take zone than a traditional conservation plan with a single zone. A well-designed conservation plan based on multiple life stages may help to ensure the recruitment, persistence and management of important estuarine resources.

Evaluation of Permulgin 3274 as a Material for the Conservation of Beeswax Seals.

When treating historical beeswax seals, it seems a natural choice to use materials as similar to the original as possible. The properties of analogous recent materials, however, differ from those of the aged ones, not to mention the fact that the exact composition of the particular sealing wax is usually uncertain. In order to obtain the material of desired properties, recent beeswax is often combined with various additives, including petroleum waxes, or even replaced by mixtures based solely on these products. Within this study, the relevant properties of Permulgin 3274, a ceresin-type wax, were compared with the characteristics of recent and historical beeswaxes. The aim was to evaluate its advantages and limitations, in terms of its possible use for the conservation of beeswax seals. The properties studied were comprised of the chemical composition, thermal properties, mechanical properties, possibilities of colour adjustment and ageing properties. Permulgin 3274′s workability was evaluated by conservators from the National Archives in Prague. The results indicate that, from the technological point of view, Permulgin 3274 could be considered a welcome alternative to the use of traditional conservation mixtures.

Opposing abortion in a feminist paradise: Conservative rhetoric in Iceland

AbstractThis article addresses the conservative opposition to Iceland’s recently liberalised abortion laws. It argues that the opposition belongs to a long and rich history of conservatives willing to employ diverse measures to oppose progress. It further claims that the rhetoric employed has strong roots in the conservative tradition. This is demonstrated by the fact that the discourse in Iceland fits within Hirschman’s analytical framework, through which he analyses the main arguments of conservatives in the past. Icelandic conservatives argued that the proposed legislation would lead to the perverse effect that healthy foetuses would be aborted, that the legislation was futile, as the system was already well-functioning, and that it would jeopardise women by giving them the sole responsibility of deciding whether to terminate a pregnancy. The article sheds light on the underlying resistance to women’s bodily autonomy and right to self-determination. It also illustrates the importance of hierarchy and conservatism’s opposition to equality that is perceived to be taken too far. In light of global trends, where conservatives have tried to implement policies that are hostile towards women and women’s interests, it is important to explore national contexts where legislative success has been achieved despite global backlash.

Reform to conserve: Europe and David Cameron’s Conservatism

ABSTRACT This article argues for the importance of considering ideology in any analysis of major political judgements. Through an exploration of British Conservative Prime Minister David Cameron’s judgement – an actor sometimes referred to as a pragmatist – the article shows that to understand why a referendum was held on Britain’s membership of the EU, we must consider Cameron’s ideology. His interpretation of conservatism showed an affinity with ‘reform to conserve’ – an idea that functions like a metaphor within British Conservative traditions for interpreting a core political concept within conservatism: that of managing what Freeden has called the ‘problem of change’. In setting out Cameron’s beliefs, and his perception of the beliefs and actions of others, the contingency of the referendum judgement is revealed – and existing explanations for the referendum decision are reframed. Narratives that approach an ‘inevitability thesis’ regarding Cameron’s decision should be resisted. Instead, we should recognize and consider the beliefs that inform such narratives and the assumptions they make. Outcomes based on ideological motivations can be unintended or even appear contradictory. For Cameron, a strategy of ‘reform to conserve’ resulted in something close to a political revolution.

Current Trends in Urban Heritage Conservation: Medieval Historic Arab City Centers

Traditional conservation efforts did not improve the conditions in most historic urban centers of Arab cities. The internationally adopted shift in historic urban conservation grants better urban vitality and sustainability for these areas. This study investigates the existing trends and forthcoming changes in urban conservation and their implication on historical centers. Urban Heritage Conservation UHC trends were reviewed, conservation parameters were defined, and quality aspects of successful historic urban conservation were identified, and an assessment framework was developed to evaluate the resulting conserved urban heritage. Two case studies of Arab cities, Jeddah and Aman, were analyzed. The findings highlight the most common urban issues such as reusing historic buildings, traffic congestion, and lack of funds. The impact of urban management on historic areas’ quality was revealed. Moreover, the paper ends with recommendations for conservation authorities. These include engaging residents in the conservation efforts, adopting more innovative traffic solutions to ease congestions, turning the historic area into a pedestrian-friendly space, attracting visitors through arranging cultural events, creating new job opportunities through heritage, and improving the image of the areas through urban regulations. The paper’s findings would contribute to the knowledge related to Urban Heritage Conservation (UHC), and its recommendations would help practitioners and decision-makers.

Woody species diversity, structural composition, and human use of church forests in central Ethiopia

Church forests on the premises of Ethiopian Orthodox Churches have been recognized as refugia of tropical plant biodiversity within the predominantly agricultural landscape matrix. Understanding the species composition, population structure, and human use of trees in forested areas is crucial for sustainable conservation efforts. We investigated these features in mixed natural-planted church forests in central Ethiopia. Three forests associated with churches for 37–50 years were surveyed to assess: (i) the diversity and population characteristics of woody species depending on the age of the church forest, (ii) the use of trees by humans, and (iii) church forests’ contribution to the conservation of threatened species. Vegetation and ethnobotanical data were collected via forest inventory of 24 plots sized 0.04 ha and through a rapid rural appraisal conducted in 120 households. Thirty woody species, twenty-eight indigenous species, and two exotic species were identified. The three church forests were floristically different, with only four tree species in common. Most indices of diversity and population structural parameters of woody species were higher in older than in younger church forests, presumably due to a longer tradition of forest conservation. All church forests presented inverse J-shaped size-class distributions, indicative of populations with good recruitment potential. Woody species were mainly used for medicine, construction wood, and firewood. Eighteen threatened species were recorded; however, few conservation activities besides social taboos were revealed in the examined forests. Our findings highlight the role of church forests in the conservation of woody species diversity, and the need to strengthen current strategies to support long-term biodiversity conservation.

ЛУЧШИЕ ПРАКТИКИ ЦИФРОВИЗАЦИИ ПЕНСИОННЫХ ФОНДОВ В РОССИИ

Despite the traditional conservatism and high level of overregulation of the Russian pension system, the Pension Fund of Russia and non-state pension funds tend to digitalize the processes of servicing, informing and communicating with clients, data collection and analysis systems, as well as the proactive offer of public or non-state pension funds’ services. The article discusses the directions and examples of digitalization both in non-state pension funds and in the Pension Fund of Russia, as well as the results of these actions, expressed in the growth of customer satisfaction, reducing the number of errors and speeding up the time to provide services or answer customer questions. Despite the slow pace of implementation of changes in the pension sector, digitalization and transformation of processes are gradually bringing NPFs closer to the best customer service practices adopted in the Russian financial sector.

Local People's Perception of Forest Ecosystem Services, Traditional Conservation, and Management Approaches in North Wollo, Ethiopia

Local People's Perception of Forest Ecosystem Services, Traditional Conservation, and Management Approaches in North Wollo, Ethiopia

Методы и результаты управления сельским хозяйством в хрущёвский период - опыт реконструкции повседневности (50-60-е гг. XX В., на материалах Западной Сибири)

The purpose of the study is to analyze the methods and results of transformations in the agrarian sector of the West Siberian region during the period of renewal of the command-аdministrative system on a democratic basis during the reign of N.S. Khrushchev. The task is to identify the ideological and economic attitudes and decisions of the central and local government bodies in the period of the 50-60s of the 20th century in agriculture. As well as the results of large-scale transformations through the prismof everyday life unfolding through the labor activity of the peasantry and the leadership. The interrelated contradictory processes are considered: the declaration of democratic principles of leadership and their practical implementation in the context of the adoption of large-scale voluntaristic projects and decisions. The analysis of archival sources associated with this period is carried out, which allows us to state both the positive results of management activities and the unrealizability of many undertakings. It also concludes that the village workers themselves were more susceptible to change than the leadership. Soviet historiography of post-Stalinist modernization focused on the phenomenon of transformations, party leadership, and the negative results of the changes that took place. At the turn of the 80-90s of the 20th century there was a turn in the historiographic process, primary attention was paid to the human factor, the everyday life of the historical process. The authors localized their attention to studying the content of the interaction between theory and practice, will and objective conditions, the influence on the course of events in the agricultural sector of an ordinary worker in the collective and state farm period. On the basis of archival sources, periodicals, memoirs and historiographic analysis, an assessment of the methods of state and economic management of agriculture as humanistic, including, is given, while the inconsistency of the methods is not questioned. The importance of this approach is associated with the need to comprehend modernization processes not only as reforms "from above", but also as the need for the participation of the population itself in these processes. Another thing is that this participation had a corrective influence: both visible: positive and negative, which became the subject of this work, and hidden, which may be the topic of the next article. The contradictory nature of the Khrushchev era (the interweaving of democratic and conservative traditions in the management system) did not exclude the interest of the direct workers of the village in a motivated contribution, both collective and personal, to the development of agriculture at the local level when solving socially significant problems of village life. The voluntaristic decisions favorably perceived by the population could not be objectively resolved in full; they were lowered to the local level, subjectively corrected by those who directly implemented them: the workers themselves and regional managers.

Conservation-oriented restoration and its application to Central Asia

Continuing wide-scale habitat degradation and species extinctions indicate that existing plant conservation practices are inadequate and new approaches are needed. I briefly summarize the major principles of a previously proposed concept called conservation- oriented restoration and compare it with two other approaches to tackling ecosystems' degradation and biodiversity loss: traditional restoration and species-targeted conservation. I then present my perspective on how this concept can be applied in Central Asia as a possible solution to the regional biodiversity crisis.

Экономическое положение совхозов и колхозов Алтайского края во второй половине 1980-х гг.

The article analyzes the insufficiently studied problems of the agrarian and economic history of the USSR in the second half of the 1980s, related to the policy of state bodies to increase investment in the agro-industrial complex and stimulate the development of agricultural production. Using materials on the Altai Territory, the author substantiates the thesis that the action of new mechanisms for the economic development of agricultural production and a favorable investment climate became the reasons for the improvement in the welfare of collective farms and state farms in the economic period under review, led to a significant increase in agricultural production. At the same time, the ruling elite did not provide for a radical revision of the system of economic relations between the state and agricultural producers. Attempts were made to introduce self-financing and contracting, elements of economic lease were introduced, and the economic independence of agricultural enterprises was expanded. The pace of development of the agricultural sector of the Altai Territory in 1986–1989 was quite high compared with the three previous five-year plans and was second only to the economic results of the second half of the 1960s. The evolutionary nature of the development of agricultural production was determined by the traditional conservatism of the industry and was meaningfully connected with the political and economic features of the decisions of the March (1965) Plenum of the party and the Food Program of 1982. Cardinal transformations in the agrarian development of the region in the 1990s were due to a change in the economic model and the implementation of a new agrarian course.

Sustainability cultivation and traditional conservation of taro diversity in Bogor Indonesia

Fresh taro and its processed products have been produced in Bogor for decades. It has become a popular commodity from this city and evoked an image of Bogor. The essential component of this issue is the sustainability of taro farming, and farmers are the major preserver who has primary decision-making in agricultural management. It assumes there were unusual agricultural practices that promote the long-term viability of taro cultivation. Farmers’ consideration of taro cultivation and their on-farm activities were observed, and the impacted-on sustainability was studied. We surveyed 30 taro farmers in 8 districts Bogor with a rapid rural appraisal and field observation to validate the obtained data and plant diversity analysis. The result showed that taro has provided more income for farmers, and they prefer an intercropping approach in taro farming. Seed availability was the main consideration of farmers in cultivating this plant consistently for a long time. The seed rotation by seed sharing between farmer’s communities was the mechanism of seed exchange and spread of taro cultivars. There was also found the diversity of taro that divided into three groups similarities and simply to distinguish by the plant stature, color of petioles and corms cross-section.

Česká selka – „aktérka“ moderních hospodářských, sociálních a kulturních dějin. Možnosti prezentace v paměťových institucích

In Czech historical production and in the presentation of the rural environment in memory institutions, the peasant is an almost invisible person for the period of the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, when the farmstead or peasant farm became a kind of showroom of commercialised, ethnically Czech agriculture. This was the case even though as a housewife (the wife of a farmer) she became a member of the middle class, part of the village elite. Literature, both fictional and academic, reflects on her care of her children and her diet, acknowledges her role in managing the farmstead, but leaves aside her spiritual life, her place in national society, and many other aspects. The presentation and visualisation of the Czech female peasant world should systematically show what was natural to it at the time and is unthinkable today, clarify the limits and boundaries of the social space that was reserved for female peasants and their daughters, explaining that the conservative tradition of the countryside has long limited women in their social and cultural roles, as well as in their fundamental economic roles. The female peasant is now a social category of the past and is therefore also unknown. The exploration of her life in the recent past contributes to the understanding of women’s emancipation, the economic and social modernisation of the countryside, and reminds us of a number of cultural and craft traditions slowly fading into oblivion.

Law-Conservative Ideology of Orban’s Government the Main Reason for the Systemic Conflict between the EU and Hungary

The Ukrainian-Russian war, which began on February 24, 2022, accelerated Ukraine’s process of becoming a member of the European Union. In recent months Kyiv approached one step closer to the EU membership. Of course, the path to full membership into the European Community is long and thorny. But today we must be aware of what difficulties and problems await Ukraine when it acquires this status. Therefore, the task of studying the experience of our neighbours, who have been within the EU and NATO since 2004, is extremely important and relevant for both domestic and foreign policy of Ukraine.The aim of the article is to analyze the experience of Hungary within the European Union and the problems and contradictions that have arisen between Budapest and Brussels during the years of Hungarian membership. It is also important to find out the causes of the conflict between the EU and Hungary in order to prepare the Ukrainian society and the government already today to prevent the recurrence of Hungarian mistakes. As a result of the analysis in this article of the influence of the rightwing conservative ideology of Viktor Orban`s government on Hungary’s relations with the EU, it was found, that this is the main cause of acute conflicts that arise from time to time between the parties. The European Union, whose main ideology is liberalism, absolutely does not accept the enshrinement in the Hungarian Fundamental Law that one religion is dominant in the country, the prerogative of the Hungarian national minority living abroad to demand collective rights, intolerance of same-sex marriages and doubts about the rights on abortion. It was also found that Hungary has had a dictatorship of the constitutional majority in the National Assembly since 2010, which allows Viktor Orban`s government to pass any laws in support of his course to establish illiberal democracy in the country. It is confirmed that despite sharp criticism from Brussels of the Hungarian government coalition’s policy, Budapest continues to pursue its policy of strengthening the governance of democracy and public sector reform towards centralization, returning to the conservative traditions of the Hungarian state, curtailing democratic governance and strengthening authoritarian trends. All this has led to the imposition of the EU sanctions on Hungary in the form of cuts in funding for certain programs, sharp criticism of the EU leaders, and even threats to terminate membership in the organization. The author used the following methods preparing the article: structural and functional; conflict theory; behaviorism; historical; informal (traditional) document analysis. Further research on this topic is promising due to Ukraine’s future membership in the EU. From a practical point of view, this article can be used in the activities of those government agencies that are currently working on Ukraine’s European integration into the EU, as well as units of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, which take care of further development of Ukrainian-Hungarian relations

대순진리의 해원(解冤)사상에 대한 해체(解體)론적 이해

‘Déconstruction’ is a system of thought that induces the emergent property that characterizes contemporary philosophy. The tradition of ancient Greek philosophy evolved over and over again, giving rise to the Renaissance and Enlightenment. It seemed to have reached its end under the historical perspective of modernity. However, contemporary philosophy wanted to see more possibilities through the deconstruction of modern philosophy. If modern philosophy dreams of a strange cohabitation between God and man with the humanistic completion of Plato’s philosophy, modern philosophy rejects even that through deconstruction. Although Plato’s classical metaphysics is a stable system centered around the absolute, it is ultimately based on God and religion. Under that system, human autonomy is only the autonomy bestowed by God. Contemporary philosophy is one of the results of efforts that try to begin philosophy from the original human voice through deconstruction. Instead of epistemology dependent on metaphysics, they wanted to establish epistemology from human existence and realize the best good that would set humans free through deconstruction. As such, it is no mistake to say that deconstruction is also an extension of the modern topic of human freedom. Deconstruction and human freedom act as one body in that the two cannot be separated from each other. Oddly enough, Daesoon Thought, which seems to have religious faith and traditional conservatism as main characteristics, has an emergent property that encompasses modern and contemporary times. The period of Korea, when Kang Jeungsan was active and founded Daesoon Thought, has an important meaning for those who have a keen view of history. Such individuals likely think that they have found a valuable treasure. This is because that period was a time when ideological activities were conducted due to an intense desire to discover the meaning of human freedom and envision a new world without copying the ways of the West. Instead they looked to face internal problems and raise people’s awareness through subjectivity. In other words, the subtle ideas created by Korea’s self- sustaining liberalism often take the form of what is commonly called new religions in modern times. Among these new religions, Daesoon Thought, as a Chamdonghak (true Eastern Learning), aims to spread a particular modern value beyond modern times through the concept of Haewon (the resolution of grievances) that was proclaimed by Jeungsan. The Haewon espoused in Daesoon Thought is in line with the disbandment of modern philosophy in that it contains modernity beyond modern times. First, Haewon means to resolve the fundamental resentment of human existence, which arose from Danju’s grievance. Secondly, Haewon in Daesoon Thought encompasses the Haewon of the Three Realms of Heaven, Earth, and Humanity centers on a Haewon-esque style of existence called Injon (Human Nobility). Haewon in Daesoon Thought can be understood in the same context as Derrida’s philosophy of Deconstruction. Modern deconstruction attempts to expose the invisible structures and bonds within human society and attempt to destroy them. In a similar way, Haewon endeavors to resolve the conflicts among the Three Realms by releasing the bonds of fundamental oppression that hinder the Three Realms of Heaven, Earth, and Humanity.

Sacred groves – an ancient tradition of nature conservation of sthalavrikshas in coimbatore, tamil nadu, india

In India sthalavrikshas worship in temples was a religrous practice. In Tamil Nadu almost every temple is associated with a plant or tree connected to the history and mythology of the temple and or deity. The worshipper who comes to the temple attains a healty spiritua; enlighten. Sthalavrikshas is a natural tree found in the temple site brfore construction of the temple. The present investigation was carried out in coimbatore district to enumerate the sthalavrikshas associate with temple by field observation method. During the field visit temples were frequently visited and surveyed for the sthalavrikshas from the month of December 2019 - February 2020. The survey was conduced at 46 ancient temples of the coimbatore district and revelated the occurrence of 19 sthalavrikshas species were observed in different area of coimbatore district. These sacred plants are worshiped by the local people for getting the blessing of health and wealth by positive powers of nature. Sthalavrikshas are germplasm reservers and an indicator of socio-cultural conservation strategy. It is concluded that the Sthalavriksha worship is an age old practice, myths, beliefs and floklore play a major role in the exsistance of Sthalavrikshas worship and this customms help in plant conservation.

Estimating the Efficiency of the “Proactive Behavior Training” in the Formation of the Doctor’s Adherence to Preventive Work

Today the public health service faces numerous pressing challenges, including not only treatment, but also prevention of diseases. A theoretical analysis of materials on this topic shows that insufficient adherence of doctors to preventive work can be associated not only with a high level of their professional burnout, but also with their usual reactive coping strategies, which is caused by the traditional conservatism of the medical community. Previous studies have shown that the solution to the described problem may lie in the formation of a system of proactive coping behaviors and reduction of professional burnout among doctors. The aim of the study is to evaluate the efficiency of the Proactive Behavior Training developed by V.Yu. Slabinsky and N.M. Voishcheva in the formation of a doctors adherence to preventive work. The sample consisted of 125 people (112 women, 13 men). Their age range was from 24 to 68 years. The work experience ranged from less than 1 year to 45 years. The experimental group and the control group consisted of 64 and 61 people respectively. The research was conducted using the following techniques: Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI); Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI); Proactive Coping Inventory (PCI); BAK conflict; projective test My job; and case method (unstructured cases). The statistical analysis was carried out using the Wilcoxon test for compare the test results before and after the training, and the Fisher criterion (*-criterion) for check statistically significant differences in the frequency of occurrence of the selected criteria. The results of the case method were processed by content analysis. It was revealed that, in primary care physicians (PCPs), the Proactive Behavior Training develops a system of proactive coping strategies (proactive overcoming, reflexive overcoming, preventive overcoming, seeking instrumental support and seeking emotional support); it reduces the level of professional burnout (increasing professional success and reducing emotional exhaustion) and potentiates the positive past time perspective. A positive influence on the emotional and imaginative perception of physicians of their professional activities was found, which is confirmed by the results of the projective test My job. It was noted that the participants in the training developed such traits as diligence, optimism and tenderness, which contributes to the manifestation of a more humane attitude towards their patients, and, as a consequence, a greater efficiency in their preventive activities. These results, as well as the content analysis data for the texts of the tasks completed by the doctors and reviews obtained from the heads of the medical organizations, the employees of which participated in the training, confirm the efficiency of the Proactive Behavior Training in developing the PCPs adherence to preventive work.

Beekeeping promotes the traditional home-garden conservation in Ethiopia

In Ethiopia, agrobiodiversity is managed through indigenous knowledge of rural communities, where the selection of plant species varies depending on the sociocultural practices and local economic needs. Traditional beekeeping has been practiced by millions of households in rural Ethiopia over a long historical period. However, the contribution of beekeeping in maintaining agrobiodiversity has not been systematically assessed in the country. This study was conducted in Central and Western Ethiopia to assess and compare traditional conservation practices, as well as the diversity and abundance of vegetation found within home-garden maintained by beekeepers and non-beekeepers. The results of the study showed that beekeepers raditionally retain more remnants of trees and shrubs in their home-garden to favor sustainable beekeeping, compared to non-beekeepers who instead are more likely to expand crop production. The mean number of floral species in beekeeper and non-beekeeper home-gardens was 22.8 ±3.2 and 14.2 ± 2.1, respectively. The higher species richness of bee visited plants in beekeepers’ home-gardens may be associated with traditional ecological knowledge accumulated by beekeepers over the years to maximize harvests of bee products. We therefore recommend the integration of ekeeping to other conservation interventions, such as community forestry, watersheds and protected areas as sustainable conservation practices. We suggest that necessary financial, technological, and extensional support should be enhanced to align improved v to any conservation efforts.

Nature and extent of degradation and deterioration of Medavela Rajamaha Vihara Palm Leaf Manuscript Collection

Palm Leaf Manuscripts faced the threat of deliberate as well as unintentional destruction since ancient times. Custodian individuals and personnel protected the collections from natural and manmade disasters by adhering to the traditional conservation and preservation methods that prevailed for generations. However, the advent of printing, absence of patronage, lack of know-how, less priority paid, and attitudinal changes led Palm Leaf Manuscript collections to deteriorate fast, especially after the beginning of colonial administration. Hence, this study is carried out to identify the condition of the Palm Leaf Manuscript available at the Medavela Rajamaha Vihara based on the nature and extent of the degradation and deterioration. To investigate the collection of qualitative data collection techniques such as survey method and observations was employed to draw data. Palm Leaves as a natural organic material, has been deteriorated owing to several factors. Chemical, physical, and biological degradation, caused by improper storage, incorrect climatic conditions, inappropriate handling, and damage instigated by pests are among the many circumstances that caused the condition of these manuscripts. Safeguarding the collection is suggested by adhering to both modern and traditional techniques. Future research avenues are open for documentation, conservation, and preservation of the collection.