Traditional City Research Articles

Analytical Study of Built Environment in Historic and Contemporary Housing Societies of Lahore

The research is focused on the transformed built environment based on the typologies of historic and modern spatial layouts. Cities have always been termed as constantly evolving physical areas that constitute a characteristic environment through their ordered spatial configuration. This research was carried out following the descriptive, comparative and analytical approach. The characteristic of the traditional historic cities is embedded in the cultural routes which are based on their social system. The fundamental principle of spatial configuration is unity, simplicity and functionality of the space according to the interdependence among community. The modern developments followed new patterns in city planning to accommodate the large population with communal utilities and public services. Modern attitude gave emphasis to the material considerations and focuses on the individualism, commercialism in addition to functionalism that disconnects the communities. The difference in the spatial configuration of the selected historic and contemporary societies of Lahore concluded the adoption of modern concepts in the contemporary societies.

Enhancement of ozone formation by increased vehicles emission and reduced coal combustion emission in Taiyuan, a traditional industrial city in northern China

Coal combustion and industrial processes were often the main sources of atmospheric pollutants in traditional industrial cities in northern China. Studies on sensitivity analysis and source apportionment of ozone formation, which are the basis of ozone pollution controlling, are limited in those cities. The systematic observations of ambient Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) were performed to better investigate the major anthropogenic sources of summertime O3 during different O3 episodes in Taiyuan, a traditional industrial city in northern China. Average mixing ratio of VOCs was 21.80 ppbv during the summer sampling period, and the highest value was measured at the traffic-intensive area. Source apportionment carried by positive matrix factorization model (PMF) showed that VOCs from vehicular emissions exceeded those from coal combustion, and their contributions to the total ambient VOCs were 28.12% and 25.95%, respectively. VOCs limited regime of summertime O3 formation was revealed by using a photochemistry model. Alkenes group was the most crucial contributor to O3 formation. Vehicular emissions made the largest anthropogenic contribution (25.35%) to total O3 formation, while industrial processes with the contribution of 29.81% to O3 was also unacceptable in high O3 episodes. Multi-sources joint prevention and control, especially the joint of vehicular emissions and industrial processes emissions, may effectively reduce the summertime O3 pollution in Taiyuan. Given the vigorous implementation of the coal reform policies and future economic and energy restructuring, effects of vehicular emissions on VOCs and summertime O3 should become more remarkable, indicating that the implementation of more stringent control strategies of vehicular emissions may be the key to alleviate O3 pollution in traditional industrial cities in the future.

Investigating the Urban Spatial Growth by Using Space Syntax and GIS—A Case Study of Famagusta City

Urban morphology studies generally study how a city grows and transforms to embody its embedded history. This study examines the potentials of using space syntax and GIS methods to study the morphological evolution of traditional city centers throughout the historical periods. Using space syntax properties, human activities and movement patterns in the city can be investigated, typically by considering the degree to which urban spaces are integrated and connected. Through the syntactic analysis of street networks, urban planners can derive a better comprehending of the evolution of urban growth, and gain new insights to help with the new urban development. Space syntax theory and tools can extend the modeling capabilities of GIS, particularly in terms of the development of new advances and experimentation in the analysis of street network systems. Indeed, this study brings academic rigor and attention to details in the spatial growth and morphological evolution in the case of Famagusta city. The finding of this study will redound to the advantage of society considering that socio-economic processes and physical configuration play a significant role in the evolution of a city.

THE TRADITIONAL ARAB ISLAMIC CITY: THE STRUCTURE OF NEIGHBORHOOD QUARTERS

This paper is concerned with the structure of quarters in traditional Arab Islamic cities. Previous studies have stressed the idea of an urban structure that corresponds to social groupings, in that it is seen as a collection of neighborhood quarters. This spatial model has often provided the rationale for the design of new housing layouts. The purpose of this study is to examine this issue and to argue that the structure of these cities presents a global whole. To achieve this purpose a general and a specific question are addressed. The general question is about the physically sub-areas within the city, and the specific question is about the issue of social groupings and the kind of relation that space has to society. The proposition thus invokes the idea of a physical structure which appears to correspond to a social pattern. The city of Damascus is used as a model of analysis in which the urban structure is described and characterised. The argument is advanced that the traditional Arab Islamic city has a sub-area structure which is historically generated, but whose morphological combination is fine-tuned and adjusted so that the whole comes to dominate and unify the parts.

Measuring Spatial Justice Indices in the Traditional Islamic Cities by Using GIS, An-Najaf Holy City, Iraq: A Case Study

Iraq includes several traditional Islamic cities, and they share many spatial and social characteristics. A question has often been raised about these cities' ability to achieve spatial justice for their current residents. Therefore, the research aims to answer this question by following a specific methodology based on the derivation of factors and indices of spatial justice through previous literature, then measuring the indices derived in the ancient Najaf city as an example of traditional Islamic cities. The research found that there are five main factors for spatial justice, which are: spatial diversity, spatial connectivity, spatial resilience, spatial security, and spatial empowerment, which in turn are divided into ten indices. These indices were measured in Najaf City. It became clear that the mixed land use index, spatial connectivity indices, and spatial security indices were well achieved, while the mixed residential patterns and spatial empowerment indices did not. As for spatial resilience, changes occurred in land uses. However, these changes were not the result of social and cultural changes or according to the city's residents' needs. Instead, they occurred due to economic changes that primarily served visitors and arrivals to the city.

Postpartum depression and its accomplices in Peshawar; a metropolitan city of Pakistan.

Objective: To analyze prevalence and severity of postnatal depression among females of a major but socio-culturally traditional city of Pakistan, with an aim to pinpoint eminent demographic and medical accomplices. Study Design: Cross Sectional Study. Setting: Combined Military Hospital Peshawar. Period: Feb 2016 to Feb 2017. Material & Methods: Sample was collected via random probability technique. A self-designed questionnaire was used; encompassing demographic details and information regarding obstetric and family history. Screening tool was Standardized “Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS)”. Descriptive analysis done via SPSS-21. Outcome variable (EPDS) was cross-tabulated with independent variables, correlations were generated by Pearson 2-tailed bivariate analysis; p-value<0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Response rate was 52.2% (n-402). Low, moderate and high risk patients for developing depression were 27.1% (n-109), 15.4% (n-62) & 12.9% (n-52) respectively. There was a strong relation between outcome and age(p<0.001), education(p-0.001), socio-economic class(p-0.013), bad obstetric history(BOH)( p-0.009), age of Last Child Born(LCB)( p-0.010), mode of delivery(p-0.011), postpartum phase(p<0.001) and postpartum complications(p-0.003). Number of sons was negatively correlated with EPDS-scores (Pearson correlation co-efficient -0.128 and p-0.01). There was no significant impact of years since married (p-0.349; husband’s education (p-0.397), number of children (p-0.966) or daughters (p-0.063) and previous offspring’s death (p-0.076). Conclusion: Considerable risk of developing postpartum depression was detected among the respondents. Sociodemograhic aggravators were identified to be maternal age, less interpregnancy interval, delivery by SVD, gender of children and postpartum complications. Postpartum depression can be detected by screening/diagnosing every postnatal woman and then promptly treating the sufferers. Imperative measures are opined to identify and vigorously address the sociodemographic and medical aggravating factors. Collaboration of psychiatrists/psychologists is highly recommended in obstetric set-ups.

URBAN GEOMETRY: CITY SHAPE AND SPATIAL LAYOUT OF 6 INDONESIAN GOVERNMENT CENTERS

Indonesia is one of the fastest-growing countries. It has about 50% of the population in the ASEAN region. The country is currently evolving and changing. The recent highlight is the country's plan to create a new capital city – moving from the megalopolitan Jakarta in the Java island to a new remote area in East Kalimantan. However, research on Indonesian cities remains very limited to provide an evidence base for planning a new capital city. A fundamental question arises: Should we plan Indonesia's new capital city following western models, or should we plan the city using traditional Indonesian city patterns? This paper examines urban geometry to show similarities and differences in the government centers in 6 Indonesian provincial capitals. They are Jakarta, Bandung, Medan, Palembang, Surabaya, and the Special Region of Yogyakarta. The six capital cities will be analyzed and categorized using street grid patterns, street centrality, built-up area and open space distribution, and government center distances. This systematic and quantitative comparison of Cities will define the underlying traits and footprint in these Indonesian cities, and the findings could be considered suggestions and guidelines for the new Indonesian capital city. This study utilizes methods and measures using automation techniques to analyze and classify Indonesian government centers based on street networks and urban geometry. The methods include land use recognition techniques using satellite images; OpenStreetMap (OSM) processed using OSMnx; GIS multi-platform applications to run the spatial analysis. On the one hand, the study should contribute to urban design and capital city planning in Indonesia. On the other hand, it should provide methods for comparative studies of cities in developing countries.

Investigating Dispute and its Effect on Real Estate Transactions: Evidence from Traditional Urban City in Nigeria

Clash of interest seems to be unavoidable in real estate matters. This could be due to the market’s complexity and the heterogeneous participants involved. The study examined the causes of dispute and its implication on real estate transactions in Akure (a traditional urban city), Nigeria. Data were collected through questionnaires administered to the target respondents, which comprise disputant residents and Estate Surveyors, and Valuers. The results were analyzed with mean item score and agreement analysis. Findings are that multiple allocations of land and boundary conflicts are the significant factors causing disputes within the study area. It was also discovered that development delay and market interruptions are the substantial implication in the disputes arising from real estate transactions. The study recommends that the concerned authority on land matters should ensure proper land record-keeping. This will help put to check the problem of multiple land allocations. Also, the appropriate land boundary mapping should be done to mitigate issues arising from boundary conflicts.

Urbanization and Winter Precipitation: A Case Study Analysis of Land Surface Sensitivity

Urban modification of precipitation regimes is well documented in the urban climate literature. Studies investigating urbanization and non-convective precipitation, specifically winter precipitation, are limited. The theoretical framework here argues that the collective influence of urbanization extends beyond traditional city limits and the surrounding rural areas and can impact regional climate in non-adjacent cities. This paper utilizes the weather research and forecasting model (WRF-ARW) to simulate a cold-season synoptic system over the Northeastern United States over a variety of urban land surface scenarios. This case study centers on the potential boundary layer urban heat island effect on the lower troposphere and its ability to impact winter precipitation type at the local to regional scales. Results show a significant reduction in temperatures near the modified surface and subtle reductions over adjacent urban areas. When surface wind speeds are less than 5 ms−1, the boundary layer heat island increases air temperatures on the order of 3–4 °C at altitudes up to 925 mb. When combined with encroaching warm air near 850 mb during transitional precipitation events, the boundary layer heat island increases the thickness of the melting layer and consequently exposes falling hydrometeors to longer melting duration and phase change. Model simulations also show regional connections through remote temperature and relative humidity changes in urban areas removed from reforested areas.

The role of the urban soundscape in identification of Baghdad traditional city

Sounds of the city reflect daily life activity, social interaction, and special features. The interaction between people and sounds strengthens the identity of a place in the city. Each city has its own characteristics and elements of sounds that distinguish it. There were many recent studies that define the city soundscape. The main research problem is the lack of knowledge about the role of the urban soundscape in the identification of Baghdad traditional city. This article studied the impact of urban soundscape and analyzed its characteristics and elements and its effect on identification of traditional Baghdad city, a questionnaire were conducted in 10 points about the patterns of sound sources and the presence of sounds, satisfaction, belonging, relaxing, spatial enclosure, annoying, specialty of the soundscape, the locate of position, and gradient of sounds, and a total of 30 people were interviewed in three main traditional streets in Al-Shawakaa traditional district. Measurements of sound pressure levels were also made for the total sounds to identify the most prominent types of sounds. The results showed that soundscape for the traditional cities had its indices that enhancing human awareness of soundscape and identification of the place.

The Development of Tarutung Into a City

This article discusses the history of the formation of the city of Tarutung. This article answers the problem of how the city of Tarutung developed after the arrival of Western colonialism in the form of religion, military, administration and economy which encouraged the development of Tarutung City. This study uses the historical method through four stages: heuristics (collection of historical sources); verification (source criticism); interpretation (historical analysis and interpretation); and historiography (writing history). Sources as historical data obtained from a number of documents and literature from the colonial to post-colonial period. This study found that the existing Tarutung city was formed into a traditional city which was used as a trading center from a durian tree that grew in the middle of the village with the Batak Toba socio-culture that was implemented before the arrival of Western colonialism. The arrival and colonial influence made the identity of Tarutung City begin to develop both in terms of social, economic, and cultural aspects while maintaining the traditional cultural elements that still exist.

FORMATION AND THE ROLE OF PUBLIC SPACES IN THE PROCESS OF CITY EVOLUTION - FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO MODERNISM

The processes of historical development of cities and formation of public spaces are considered. It is established that open public spaces have always been the basis for the formation of cities. In ancient times (Greece), the network of open-closed spaces was interpreted as the only public space of the city and was a sign of its democracy. With the strengthening of imperial power (Rome), the structure of public spaces becomes deterministic, with a certain direction of movement. In the Middle Ages there is a sacralization of space, which is replaced by its formalization in the Renaissance; further aestheticization of spaces intensifies, their new types appear. The era of modernism changed the spatial paradigm of the traditional city, which led to the loss of historically composed types of public spaces. At the same time, the modern era is characterized by the gradual convergence of external and internal space and their democratization. 

Urban Design and Walkability: Lessons Learnt from Iranian Traditional Cities

Physical activity is connected to public health in many ways, and walking is its most popular form. Modern planning models have been applied to cities to manage rapid urban expansions. However, this practice has led to low level of walkability and strong car-dependency in today’s cities. Hence, this study aims to provide a review of the most promising urban design parameters affecting walkability, using Frank Lawrence’s theory of “Objectively Measured Urban Form” (density, connectivity and accessibility, and mixed-use development) as the basis of discussion. The second part of this paper takes a case study approach, through discussing the main design elements of traditional Iranian cities (mosques, bazaars, residential quarters, and alleyways) and analyses their impacts on promoting walkability. This study concludes that incorporating inherent values of traditional urban design elements will complement modern planning and design practices.

Causal Analysis of Ecological Impairment in Land Ecosystem on a Regional Scale: Applied to a Mining City Daye, China

We adopted a weight of evidence approach to establish a causal analysis of an impaired land ecosystem on a regional scale; namely, Daye, a traditional mining city in China. Working processes, including problem statements, a list of candidate causes, and a conceptual model were developed to represent a causal hypothesis for describing land degradation. Causal criteria were applied to integrate multiple lines of evidence. Then, various pieces of evidence were scored to either strengthen or weaken our causal assumptions. Results showed that habitat alteration, heavy metal accumulation, organic pollutants, water eutrophication, and nutrient runoff were the probable causes of land ecosystem impairment in Daye. Meanwhile, noxious gas, toxicants, altered underground runoff, atmospheric deposition, and acid rain were identified as possible causes. The most unlikely causes were altered hydrology, altered earth surface runoff, and soil erosion. Soil salinization, soluble inorganic salts, biological species invasion, and pathogens were deferred as delayed causes due to lack of adequate information. The causal analysis approach was applied to identify the primary causes of land degradation and implement accurate protective measures in an impaired land ecosystem.

Spatiotemporal Variations of Landscape Ecological Risks in a Resource-Based City under Transformation

The development of traditional resource-based cities requires drastic changes owing to the exhaustion of resources. During this transformation, the ecological environment of resource-based cities is threatened because of resource exploitation, in addition to the ecological risks caused by urban expansion. However, there is currently a lack of research on the evolution of ecological dangers in cities during this transformational period. Therefore, conducting relevant studies is essential to establishing a mechanism to mitigate these dangers. The present study analyzed Xuzhou, a typical resource-based city in China, as a case study. The main objective was to consider the dynamic changes in land use and ecological risks during the transformation of this resource-based city. The land-use changes in Xuzhou in 2000, 2010, and 2020 were analyzed, using the Markov model and landscape-pattern indices, allowing an ecological risk-assessment model of land-use changes to be constructed. Additionally, the spatial heterogeneity of ecological risks was evaluated by using spatial autocorrelation. The results showed that urban expansion influenced land use in Xuzhou significantly. Owing to the rapid urban expansion, the area of extremely high-risk regions increased significantly in 2010. Furthermore, the subsidence areas caused by mining had profound impacts on the region’s ecology, and early interventions for ecological restoration are needed to prevent further deterioration. During the transformation, Xuzhou’s overall ecological risks reduced gradually, which was conducive to its transition into an ecological city.

Monitoring Spatial-Temporal Transition Dynamics of Transport Infrastructure Space in Urban Growth Phenomena: A Case Study of Lagos—Nigeria

Lagos is one of the fastest growing world mega-cities with a huge urban mobility crisis, the traditional aggregate city’s development model could not provide reliable scientific solutions to monitor the competing demands of various land-use components and the urbanization’s effects on transport infrastructure space. This study uses a disaggregated predictive spatial modeling approach to investigate the evolutionary dynamics of transportation infrastructure space to address the fragmented urban chain process. The methodology involves analysis and modeling of the land-use spatial transition changes that have occurred over the past three decades using three Landsat imagery epochs (1984, 2013, and 2019) in remote sensing ARC-GIS 10.7. Furthermore, the prediction of the two-temporal milestones (2030 and 2050) using hybrid cellular automata-Markov (CA-Markov) implemented in IDIRISI SELVA 17.0 software when the tides of social-demographic factors were expected to bring about significant urban spatial transformation. The forecast results are expected to increase the area for transport infrastructure spaces by 93 km2 (7.3%) in 2030 and 157 km2 (12.4%) in 2050. The model’s kappa reliability coefficient estimates for the three temporal scales (k1984 = 85%; k2013 = 88% and k2019 = 89%) are higher than the 80% minimum adjudged strong agreement between the ground truth and prediction classified images in literature. The model provides efficient tool in urban development planning and sustainable transport decisions.

Research on BIM Technology in Smart City

With the vigorous development of green and intelligent concepts and technologies in China’s urban construction, BIM can no longer meet the tasks of data processing and management of a large number of information flows in green ecological urban areas. CIM (Urban Information Model), as an information means, has gradually become the engine power of future urban construction. Through the application of information technology and communication technology, smart cities can collect, analyze and integrate the key information of the core system of urban operation, and then make intelligent response to the needs of people’s livelihood, environmental protection, public safety and urban services, create a better life and promote the harmonious and sustainable development of cities. CIM refines the granularity of data to an electromechanical accessory and a door inside a single building in a city, and upgrades the traditional static digital city into a digital twin city with perceptibility, dynamic online and virtual-real interaction, providing a data foundation for agile management and fine governance of the city.

Explanation of physical factors affecting spatial behavior in traditional city houses in Meybod

Explanation of physical factors affecting spatial behavior in traditional city houses in Meybod

DESIGN OF POP-UP BOOK OF TRADITIONAL FOOD TYPICAL OF PALEMBANG, SOUTH SUMATRA AS AN EFFORT TO INTRODUCE INDONESIA'S CULINARY HERITAGE

Palembang city community is one of the people in Indonesia who is famous for its traditional food in the form of pempek, kemplang, and several other foods that are heritage food from the ancestors. The design of pop-up book media of traditional food typical of Palembang, South Sumatra, introduces Indonesia's culinary heritage for the young generation as an audience. The research was conducted with observations, interviews, and documentation studies—literature studies literature. The purpose of this research is;(1) Creating pop-up books for the community, especially the younger generation, as one of the efforts to introduce the culinary heritage of Indonesia,(2)fostering enthusiastic / interest of tourists and also local people to traditional food Palembang city

Fashionscapes and fluid cities

Abstract There is a deep intertwining among fashion and the city, whose relationship is manifested in many forms. There is the official and stereotypical form where the city creates fashion, for example in the “cities of fashion”. There is a second form which manifests when fashions shape the city, especially through street style. In the last three decades a third type of relationship between fashion and the city has come to life, which did not obliterate the traditional cities of fashion or the function of the “street”. Resonating with Appadurai's landscapes (Appadurai, 1996), I am inserting the idea of fashionscapes—with which I refer to the stratified, hybrid, multiple and fluid disposition of imageries of the clothed body of our time. Today, fashion and the city live through constantly moving signs, mirroring the movements of digital information in our world.