Traditional City Research Articles

Australian strategic planning and socio-spatial vulnerability: the case of metropolitan Adelaide

ABSTRACT This article explores the correlation between contemporary strategic planning and socio-spatial disadvantage, utilizing data from five censuses conducted within the Adelaide metropolitan region. To assess how these two dynamics manifest across Australian cities, we introduce a vulnerability assessment methodology. Taking a historical perspective, the study delves into how ongoing socio-spatial transformations have impacted the Index of Relative Socio-economic Disadvantage (IRSD) over several decades. Employing mixed methods, we analyse the temporal progression of the IRSD from 1991 to 2021 and interpret the implications in the context of contemporary strategic plans. The research findings reveal that strategic plans in metropolitan Adelaide have become linked to the establishment of five interconnected/consolidated regional centres, as well as the relocation of areas of disadvantage from the traditional inner cities to the middle and outer suburbs. This has led to residents experiencing enduring socio-spatial vulnerability for several decades. The investigation illustrates the evolving nature of urban disadvantage in post-industrial Australian cities. This article introduces an innovative method for evaluating strategic plans, specifically monitoring progress in achieving their objectives. This could guide future plans to uplift disadvantaged suburbs from a state of permanent vulnerability.

Culling Layer Hen Gastrointestinal Helminth Identification at Wonokromo Market Surabaya

This study aimed to find out and identification gastrointestinal species parasites in cullinglayer hen which sold at in the Wonokromo traditional market Surabaya City. The samples were100 culling layer hen purchased from five merchant. Research design with purposive sampling.The samples was examined by having surgery through the digestive tract and fecal examination.Meanwhile, fecal examination used native methods, sediment and floating. Types of wormsidentified were Ascaridia galli, Heterakis gallinarum, Raillietina tetragona and Mediorhynchusgallinarum through examination the digestive tract surgery. There were Ascaridia galli, Heterakisgallinarum, and Raillietina sp. found in examination of worm egg in fecal. The prevalence ofparasite gastrointestinal in the culling layer hen in sold at in the Wonokromo traditional marketSurabaya City was 85%. The difference in percentage rates were likely due to seasonal factors,maintenance management, feeding and ranching systems.

Hotel or rented flat: A profile of purchasers of accommodation services in Warsaw

The spreading of short-term flat rentals has brought about changes in the accommodation market, often seen as a threat to traditional accommodation providers. This is particularly true in large cities which have a considerable accommodation capacity and also a large stock of flats. The aim is to indicate to what extent short-term rentals are influencing the tourist accommodation market in Warsaw. The idea behind the study is the assumption that the differences revealed between those using hotels or such flats will provide an answer to the question of the influence of the latter on Warsaw»s tourist market. Such information should be useful in the marketing activities of interested parties and in the policies of the city authorities. Analysis of the data from a survey carried out in 2021 using the CHAID decision tree indicates that the choice of accommodation type was mainly determined by situational variables. The only statistically significant demographic predictor relates to a greater interest in flats among those aged up to 34 years old. Planned expenditure per person per overnight stay proved to be a statistically significant predictor only for non-residents of Poland, with the cut-off amount set higher than the median interval for this segment. Flats were more often chosen by people travelling in a larger party or alone and those planning to stay longer than four nights, thus looking for a different offer than that of traditional city hotels.

Compliance with Open Space Standards in Residential Areas of Oyo, Nigeria

Against the widespread non-adherence with statutory requirements for open space provision in virtually every segment of cities, especially in residential areas, this study examined compliance with open space standards in three distinct residential zones (core, transition and sub-urban) of Oyo, a traditional city in Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was conducted with two stakeholders: self-built house owners (SHOs) and town planning officials (TPOs). Systematic and convenience sampling techniques were used to select participants from the groups, respectively. Direct measurements of open spaces within lots were carried out to determine if they met the required standards. Information obtained from the SHOs included their socio-economic characteristics, level of awareness, perceived importance, compliance with standards and factors influencing compliance. The TPOs also provided information on standards (plot coverage and setback requirements), mechanisms and tactics for regulating open space provision. The study showed low awareness of the open space requirements among homeowners in the three residential zones. The compliance level in the core area was the lowest because the area was largely built prior to the introduction of planning regulations and coupled with the residents’ low status. On the contrary, despite the low awareness, the sub-urban area had the highest level of compliance because the homeowners in this area have a higher socio-economic status and personal preferences for ample open space in their compounds. These outcomes support the underlying concepts and propositions advocated by historic and structural theories of urban form. The study, therefore, recommends modifying the existing open space standards to align with the city’s historical development and local conditions in various residential areas to encourage compliance.

The Harmonious Relationship between Energy Utilization Efficiency and Industrial Structure Development under Carbon Emission Constraints: Measurement, Quantification, and Identification

Addressing the challenge of attaining a harmonious balance between energy utilization efficiency and the level of industrial structure development is crucial for promoting regional sustainable development. Aiming at the goal of carbon neutrality, a three-stage method to analyze the relationship between energy utilization and industrial structure development is proposed. The multidimensional input–output index system was augmented with a carbon emission constraint. Additionally, two classical data envelopment analysis models were integrated to establish a dynamic measurement model for energy utilization efficiency, ensuring comparability among all decision-making units. From two perspectives of industrial structure, rational degree and advanced degree, the industrial structure development index was proposed to quantitatively characterize the level of regional industrial structure development. Drawing upon the Tapio decoupling theory, an elaborate model for identifying harmonious relationships was constructed to refine the recognition of the harmonious state between energy utilization efficiency and industrial structural development. A city-scale case study was conducted in Heilongjiang Province, a typical energy province in Northern China. The results revealed that: (a) energy utilization efficiency in various cities has exhibited a consistent upward trend, with the average efficiency rising from 0.54 in 2010 to 0.88 in 2020. Core cities like Daqing and Harbin stand out in energy utilization, and the disparity in energy utilization levels between different cities is progressively diminishing; (b) the overall level of industrial structural development has shown a weak downward trend. Harbin has the best industrial structure development level, with a quantitative index higher than 0.8. For some cities with relatively backward industrial structures, it is necessary to clarify new industrial development positioning and promote deep optimization of industrial structures; and (c) the harmonious relationship between energy utilization efficiency and industrial structural development demonstrates stage characteristics, indicating an overall negative decoupling relationship with limited dynamic coordination. These distinct findings will assist in identifying potential solutions for achieving high-quality development in traditional industrial cities under carbon emission constraints.

The Characteristics of the Traditional Urban Configuration of ArabIslamic Cities through Form and Moral Values: Al-Kadhimiya as a Case Study

This paper studies the main characteristics of the traditional urban configuration of Arab cities, as an important built heritage, discussing the approach adopted with such configuration at the local level, and examines its ability to preserve the character of the city, as well as, its responsiveness to the recent requirements of its society that constantly change; in order to reach the appropriate procedures to deal with the traditional urban configuration of the Iraqi city to achieve a vital cultural communication with the vernacular built heritage, by dealing with the Form-Moral Values structure. Due to its importance within other traditional Iraqi cities, the research chose Al-Kadhimiya as a case study, so it discusses and compares three projects in the competition of developing the surrounding area of Al-Kadhimiya Shrine, in 2009, considering these projects as a clear indication of the recent local approach in dealing with traditional urban configuration. The research reveals a relationship between the type of the traditional urban configuration’s Form-Moral Values bond, and the type of procedures used for it, which could form a vital type of traditional Arab city urban configuration, that keeps the essential characteristics, and in the meantime, responds to the recent demands of the society.

The Image of the City in Chinese Cultural Tradition and Visual Practice: from the Middle Ages to the Early Modern Period

The article examines the problem of the artistic evolution of the image of the city in Chinese fine art. The focus of the authors’ attention is the study of the main stages of the development of the urban landscape genre. The purpose of the article is the analysis of the main stages of the development of the urban landscape genre in Chinese art, as well as the study of its structural formalization and the formation of the repertoire from the Middle Ages to the early modern period. The subject of the research is Chinese art history discourse. The works of Chinese fine art of historical periods were used. The authors found out that the development of the urban landscape genre is connected with the general evolution of the Chinese cultural tradition and its visual forms. They are a constant factor influencing the formation of visual tradition. The article defines two stages of development of the urban landscape genre paradigm. The first continues from the time of the emergence of permanent pictorial forms (X century). Later, during the period of the Song dynasty (XII–XIII centuries) and the period of the Ming dynasty (XIV–XVII centuries), visual culture involved the urban landscape and urban everyday practices in the general artistic space of painting. In the context of the evolution of art during the Qing dynasty (XVII–XIX centuries), the urban landscape is represented for the first time with the help of genre features. According to the authors, these signs should be presented in the form of a combination of three components: 1) urban architectural landscape; 2) representations of typical models of urban life; 3) reproduction of typical city "cultural heroes". The authors prove that the evolution of the urban landscape genre at various stages of development is connected with the processes of self-awareness of Chinese art and the determination of the forms of its identity.

Investigation of Pirnia's orientation theory (Roon) in Yazd Qajar houses

This paper carefully explains Pirnia's theory regarding the orientation of traditional Iranian cities and buildings (Roon) and investigates the factors involved in this historic architectural phenomenon. For this purpose, 40 traditional Yazd Qajar houses were under study. Most of which are in the Rasteh Roon and close to the southwest direction, and only five contradict the direction that Pirnia had pointed. While the primeval data indicated the theory is strengthening, the investigation followed the fundamental factors behind this event. From the perspective of analysis and discussion on involved factors (climate, topography, aqueducts, urban arteries, politics, trade routes, privacy, noise, view, and religion), it turns out that the direction of the wind and sun had negligible impacts on this orientation, and architects of the Qajar era in Yazd old city did not care about these climate factors. It seems religious factors were more influential. Thus, despite being approvingly referenced in many scientific studies, Pirnia's orientation theory (Roon)—the efforts of past Iranian architects to orient buildings in a specific direction due to their unique knowledge of region and climate factors—becomes not solid.

Use or Misuse of Urban Streets? Exploration of Everyday Urbanism in Traditional City Centres

Urban residents often transform street precincts into places for informal activities through everyday urbanism to meet their daily needs, particularly in traditional city centres. Although strict regulations and control over public space exist, people-centred (bottom-up) interventions usually occur in traditional city centres. While such action exemplifies the rights people claim to suit their requirements and improve the daily living experience, there are arguments that everyday use of the streets generates land-use problems. In this regard, using data collected through questionnaire surveys, observations, and interviews, this study explores the factors that facilitate everyday urbanism and encourage using the streets as public spaces in traditional city centres of Nigeria. This is to provide helpful information that could serve as a tool for putting everyday urbanism into urban planning and design practices. The study established that the three most common street activities in the traditional city centres were informal trading, social events/ceremonies, and cultural festivals. It was also shown that the everyday use of public spaces created a unique setting for social interaction among people and contributed to the liveliness of the city centres. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the crucial factors that facilitated and encouraged the everyday use of streets were the economic factor (18.2%), the inadequacy of environmental amenities (17.8%), and culture and social lifestyle (12.2%). This study concludes that everyday urbanism contributes significantly to creating vibrant communities and improving life quality; therefore, it is recommended that the control and management of activities in public spaces should align with people's culture, lived experiences and socioeconomic realities.

Sustainable Renewal of an Empty Block to Public Urban Space: Gentrification of the Railway Workers' Housing Estate and its Garden's Urban Interface, Sétif, Algeria

The contribution questions the prospective role of the recently rehabilitated garden of the railway workers' housing district, a.k.a. "Cité des Cheminots", in Sétif, Algeria, through its immediate environment and the multiple vocations of the district. In its current state, it highlights the imbalances of the Algerian urban fabric by reducing the urban space to the needs of easements, denoting its articulatory role as resulting from the urban planning of the traditional cities. From past to present, a multiscalar reading will deduce the consideration of the garden as an interface with its surroundings. Around a historical, sensitive, and urban renewal approach, the aim is to identify the potentiality of garden offers as an urban interface in the dynamics that led to the formation of the first railway workers' housing estate and its evolution towards the historic center of Sétif town and the spontaneous reshaping of the district in late 1990. This current observation will allow the garden of the "Cité des Cheminots" to be placed in a sustainable and well-thought-out urban renewal process as an urban space that articulates the scales of the city and the district, as well as the functional scales of the city center and the residential space.

Sustainability-based hybridization interventions, the urban fabric of Erbil Citadel - Iraq – As a case study

Traditional cities were social, economic, political, cultural and structural units that grew and developed dynamically within specific spatial spaces under the influence of the contemporary architectural currents. These currents which, frequently, accompanied by uncertainty, caused the positive or negative transformations of the architectural character of those cities in order to be immunized from influential intellectual currents, and to understand the state of development and change in traditional cities according to the principles of sustainability, many concepts have emerged to confront the evolving urban problems among which is the concept of Hybridization. Hybridization is used to control and develop the transformation process taking place in cities and to create a state of balance between tradition and modernity in the development of future cities. Hybridization connects people and activities at common points and stems from these points and other connected pathways in other places.The research aims to build a theoretical framework on the types of hybridization and its applications on the texture of the Citadel of Erbil, one of the northern governorates of Iraq, measuring the interventions of the types of hybridization through the shape of the open spaces, the pattern of movement axes, and the functional hybridization resulting from the restoration and rehabilitation operations of the Erbil Citadel. The importance of the set research objective to build a holistic model of the concept of Hybridization becomes clear. A model that covers types, levels and extents in which Hybridization interventions work in historical urban fabric. The research assumes that crossbreeding interventions in urban areas are associated with a set of factors that determine the type of crossbreeding to be consistent with the urban fabric and sustainable with the current time.The research relied on the description and statistical analysis related to the types of sustainable hybridization and its homogeneity with the ancient urban fabric of the Erbil Citadel and direct recording, measuring the rates of change. Through using computer programs to draw the plans of the Citadel of Erbil.

Social and spatial patterns: A comparative study between two public spaces in the city of Quito, Ecuador

The public space is the ideal scenario to analyze and evaluate the correlation between behavior and morphological conditioning factors in the urban structure. This relationship between the behavior of inhabitants and the spatial configuration is experienced as a social result. From this perspective, the success of urban design is perceived from the capacity it has to reconcile spatial conditions with the alternatives it allows for collective relations, from a close and bidirectional relationship. According to urban studies on morphological approaches, from the second half of the twentieth century two formal configurations are recognized: first, one identified as the traditional city layout, understanding cities as interconnected structures of buildings, with the gaps between them forming the blocks; second, the so-called functionalist, whose configuration of buildings includes a free and isolated arrangement in space, generating undefined layouts (Carmona, 2010, p. 77). This research presents a comparative analysis study for public spaces, which combines studies related to the city’s type-morphology and crucial treatises on behavior in public spaces. Spatial and behavioral patterns are evaluated in two areas in the city of Quito, Ecuador: on one hand, a square in the Historic Center with a traditional layout: Plaza "La Merced"; and on the other, an urban space with a functionalist layout: Plaza "La República". The study focuses on the generation of diagnostic information that comes directly from the observation of social behavior and the analysis of the morphological elements of the studied space. Finally, this study contrasts the review of specific spatial conditions of a place with the behavioral dynamics of its inhabitants.

Generating Natural Cities Using 3D Road Network to Explore Living Structure: A Case Study in Hong Kong

Compared with administrative cities, natural cities can be generally referred to as the areas generated based on the density of different urban facilities (e.g., point of interest, road network, etc.). To some extent, natural cities are outperformed in some related urban studies, such as urban living structure analysis. Nevertheless, traditional ways of generating natural cities are mostly limited to the planar space. Modern cities such as Hong Kong are vertical cities with high buildings, 3D road networks and land uses. Therefore, traditional nature cities could be biased when applied to 3D cities. In this work, a 3D road network in Hong Kong is adopted to extract true road intersections and generate modified natural cities to explore urban living structures. Numerous living structure units are classified into two parts: tiny and serried ones representing natural cities and vast ones representing rural areas. The classification method applies head/tail breaks, and a clustering algorithm was fitted for heavy-tailed distribution. According to the living structure theory, the living structures of the proposed natural cities and traditional natural cities based on the same road network in Hong Kong are compared. The findings show that the distribution of modified natural city regions is more reasonable compared with typical ones. The improved model will more clearly show the inherent living structure of the city and will allow an analysis of the relationship between the part and wholeness of the city.

Place Identity in Defining Urban Space of Border Rivers in Historical City Centres

In the city, building space could transform to be as place, because architecture does not include only traditional values such as housing, human protection, stability, etc, but could carry other dimensions beyond the housing or building occupancy or develop urban design. Rivers had vision in motion as a way to show dynamic processes in its flowing slowly, which are simply measured in time and the life of citizens. The research consider the river path in traditional cities as Alley connecting the spaces of the city ... old Baghdad was characterized by this property and it is look like Venice in the past, while traditional European cities were able to preserve this property till now, and capable to take transformation of the city with development projects inside it. These cities was distinguished by development of river edge as creating place along the river corridor and try to attract peoples who lived in, protect the natural environment along the river, as well as reflect the characteristics of the city along of the elevation of the river, and conserve the river banks as alley connected between urban spaces. Baghdad which penetrates by Tigris River has maintained this feature until the middle of twentieth century. So now, the research can see the absence of specialized local studies, including The comprehensive development plan of the Baghdad city 2030 to study and Re design the spaces and places along river edge, this led to emerge research problem, in the absence of specific knowledge about identity of river space characteristics for identification of urban space in place of the Tigris River in downtown of Baghdad historical city center, in the urban development plans since the mid-twentieth century until now, and study design factors that contributed with disintegration of the space syntax relations in river elevation. Turning to the experience of historical European cities and how to deal with urban space to the edge of the river and created the identity of the place, especially the interface development experience the (Seine river in Paris, Thames River in London, Tiber River in Rome, Danube River in Vienna & Budapest, Vltava river in Prague) and study urban style in dealing with the river edge, in order to reach the elements which define the identity of each city. In order to reach the aim of research in redefining the identity of places for urban spaces overlooking to integrate the banks of Tigris River in the historical city centre of Baghdad, and the methods of linking the development of river front with the comprehensive development plan of the Baghdad city 2030.

The Impact of Varying of Structural & Formal Urban Types on the Coherence of Elements of Dense Urban Fabric

Planning for a city with human identity considers the needs of human being that exist in the traditional cities where it was so easy creating place there, on the other hand, modern cities refuse these values and reduce the human characters of urban fabric elements , and the searching for the concept of " Urban Coherence " considers the knowledge about urban theory, especially Morphological attitudes finding three sides of making the coherence of dense urban fabric which are " Functional Complementarily , Formal Complementarily ,
 Contextual complementarily “and the differentiation of these sides within the variety of spatial structural patterns between the organic type of traditional city and the gridiron type of modern city. To approve the hypothesis of the research, the theoretical frame was

Resulting of pedigree and topology of centripetal spatial schema in Chinese traditional cities

Chinese Traditional Maps and Local Chronicles serve as significant sources for investigating the urban history of ancient Chinese cities. These documents prioritize the abstract representation of topological relationships over precise numerical values and geometric shapes. This is consistent with the traditional Chinese city image and spatial schema emphasizing “harmony between man and nature”. Most Chinese Traditional Maps reflect a centripetal spatial schema, wherein the core area is located at the center, and other locations are positioned hierarchically about the center. Based on this data, this research aims to categorize and examine the development and evolution of the centripetal spatial schema in ancient Chinese cities by constructing a pedigree of types. The authors identify three types and summarize their causes, calculate the topological features, and reveal their correlations with the type of pedigree. This study reveals that cities with different centripetal forms exhibit regular differences in the accessibility, centrality, and functional attributes of central nodes, as well as the proportion of nodes with different attributes in the city. Overall, the conclusion aims to deepen people's understanding of traditional Chinese spatial concepts at the macro-urban level, particularly in the context of China's current urban renewal wave. Additionally, it provides practical references for inheriting and applying Chinese traditional construction wisdom.

APPLYING DEEP LEARNING FOR HEALTHCARE IN SMART CITY VIA INTERNET OF THINGS

In the traditional city for healthcare in IoT, it has been proposed to replace traditional yield models with mathematical models that do not require the assumption of defect density functions. The selection of input parameters in these models is very important, and all the variation factors on the wafer must be included as far as possible. The factors of clustering are usually described by clustering indicators, but some specific clustering patterns will cause the clustering indicators to misjudge the clustering degree, resulting in the yield estimation error becoming larger. In view of this, the proposed study has classified the defect patterns on the wafer into four types: random distribution, regional concentrated distribution, linear distribution and circular distribution, by means of three pattern characteristics analysis. A comparison is made only using cluster indicators to describe cluster phenomena and a model that uses cluster indicators and cluster graphs to describe cluster phenomena. The research results show that when constructing the yield model, the clustering pattern and the clustering index are used to describe the clustering phenomenon in smart city via Internet of things, which is preferred to solely considering the clustering index, as the consequent degree of accuracy far exceeds the improvement of changing the “number of effective grains” in relation to the clustering index. Therefore, the yield rate can be estimated more accurately by using clustering graphs with clustering indicators; the estimated yield in the yield model, with the clustering pattern parameter, is indeed closer to the actual yield than the yield model without the clustering pattern parameter.

NEW SMART CITY CLUSTERS’ CONSTRUCTION LEVEL EVALUATION UNDER ECONOMIC CIRCLES: THE CASE OF SHANDONG, CHINA

China’s Shandong Province plans to create a new smart city cluster that is developmentfocused, demand-led, people-oriented, and data-driven. This entails the scientific assessment of construction levels, analysis of potential hurdles, and formulation of upgraded strategies. However, existing research has mainly focused on measuring single or multiple traditional smart cities, therein overlooking the construction level of new smart city clusters. Thus, this study takes the new smart city clusters in Shandong Province and uses both entropy method and the Moran index to analyze the construction level and spatial differences in the four dimensions of social livelihood, economic production, innovation-driven development, and safeguard measures. Results show that the construction level of the provincial capital economic circle is uneven and has polarization issues. Meanwhile, the construction level of Jiaodong economic circle is relatively good, although the economic driving capacity needs further improvement. The low urbanization rate of the Lunan economic circle occupies a gathering zone with low construction levels, making the construction of digital villages necessary. Targeted suggestions in improving the radiationdriven capacity of core cities, improving digital infrastructure, and developing smart industries are then forwarded to promote the establishment of new smart city clusters and achieve top-notch economic growth.

INTEGRATED RESIDENTIAL AND COMMUNITY COMPLEXES OF MEDIUM FLOORS

Setting the problem - designing the construction objects of the centers of small towns and historical areas is problematic because their construction must accommodate residential and public functions at the same time. The complexity of their integration implies the search and use of special techniques. 
 Publications on integrated residential and community centers cover different stages of design, starting with the study of traditional medieval cities, ending with more recent examples of urban center formation, especially in areas with regulated building heights. 
 The article examines the peculiarities of the architectural and planning organization of housing depending on the component of social tasks of the territory, and options for solving the problems related to this. 
 The purpose of the article is to identify trends and define approaches to the formation of integrated residential and public complexes of average storeys.
 It was revealed that as a result of changes in the way of life of people, as a result of various types of disasters, a large percentage of qualified workers began to prefer working at home or within walking distance to housing. The need for housing that can provide freedom and flexibility in the life schedule began to appear. 
 The expediency of combining two environments with different purposes is substantiated and the factors of mutual influence are taken into account. The international and national experience was analyzed, differences in the architectural and planning organization of integrated medium-story housing were revealed. 
 It is proposed to consider housing as a complex that can satisfy various needs of a person and raise his standard of living, provide social services, security, leisure and health care facilities.
 It was found that the determined trend is becoming relevant at this time and for the coming years. Further research should clarify the methods of architectural and planning organization of such buildings.

What contributes to the government-citizen knowledge sharing: Analysis of 293 cities in China

Advocacy for knowledge sharing (KS) is increasing as it can improve novelty and agility in policy development and service delivery. To determine the combination of factors that best contributes to high-quality government–citizen KS, this study adopts necessary condition analysis (NCA) and a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). Three primary findings are supported. Cities with higher economic development achieve superior KS by enhancing citizens’ motivation to participate; traditional cities that are in transition succeed in KS by leveraging the established strength of the local government; in contrast, less developed cities succeed in KS based on central government guidance. These findings highlight the significance of comparing multi-factor configurations across scenarios. They can be utilised to discover suitable solutions for government–citizen KS in different cities.