Traditional City Research Articles

Arabian City Phenomenon: Riadh

The article follows the main stages in the development of Riyadh — the capital of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The history of Riyadh is viewed in the context of the history of traditional Arabian cities and the new urban centers of Arabia. The great role of the creator of Saudi Arabia, King Ibn Saud and his sons in the development of the capital is indicated; in particular, the innovations of the current King of Saudi Arabia Salman ibn Abdel Aziz, who was the governor of Riyadh for about half a century. It was under Abdel Aziz that a large-scale reconstruction of the city began, as a result of which the city acquired its modern features. In addition, the article describes the layout of the city, shows its functions as the capital’s political, financial, economic and cultural center of the kingdom. Particular attention is paid to the modern architecture of the city, represented by the tower of the Radio Center, the water tower, the Faisalia towers and the “Center of the Kingdom (Burj al-Mamlaka)”. The author concludes that the city justifies its name, which in Arabic means “gardens”, differing from other cities by the presence of squares and parks with green lawns, greenery, and date palms.

Performance of innovative granular sponge city growing media based on field monitoring

The growing media in the planting layer of sponge city facilities has an important influence on stormwater runoff control, pollutant removal and plant growth. This study consists of field tests that include the continuous monitoring to evaluate the performance of runoff control and pollutant removal of the innovative granular sponge city growing media during wet season. The results show that the lowest average permeability of innovative granular sponge city growing mediais 500 mm·h^-1, and the pollutant removal effect is good, the removal rate of solid suspended solids is more than 80%, and the main effluent quality indexes (total nitrogen, TN; total phosphorus, TP; ammonia, NH₃-N; chemical oxygen demand, COD) sampled from the outflow of the testing bioretention cells show that the water quality of discharged runoff meets the Class-Ⅲ indices of the Environmental quality standards for surface water (GB 3838—2002). Combination of local landscape plants such as evergreen shrubs, deciduous shrubs, perennial ground cover and other native plants in South China all grow well during the field tests. The overall life-cycle cost of this new type of growing media also needs to be further verified by different projects in different climate regions, generally it is 1/3-3/4 of that of traditional media. In summary, compared with the traditional sponge city media, the innovative granular sponge city growing media has better permeability and pollutantremoval effect, low cost, and convenient operationand maintenancein the later stage.It can be widely applied in areas without heavy metal pollution, and is expected to replace the traditional media to a certain extent.

Connections between mobility and urban fabrics in the city of Burgos (Spain)

Previous research has studied possible links between different urban environments and induced mobility. The traditional Spanish city patterns have specific features that promote the use of soft modes, mainly favouring pedestrian presence in the streets. Nevertheless the last twenty years development has changed the previous urban reality in many towns, following some sprawl characteristics and occupying much more land than strictly necessary. Accordingly, we have analyzed the morphology of Burgos using the perspective of urban fabric differences. Focusing in some parameters such as density of dwellings, population and compactness, we have tried to understand the underlying correlation between urban environment and private car trip generation. However, although some of these urban variables can be considered as quantitative and quick indicators for unsustainable modes of transport, the effects of compact or diffuse development cannot be figured without taking into consideration other parallel factors that configure urban vitality. A previous qualitative analysis of urban growth and development may help to grasp this reality, connected with design criteria trends and urban planning policies. Likewise, mobility cannot be completely understood if only quantitative correlation is prosecuted. The retail distribution or concentration, the presence of malls, the excessive streets broadness, the existence and size of open spaces, or the residential building typologies have verifiable impact on the final modal share. Our results show clear correspondence between low dense urban fabrics and higher number of car trips. Hence, future urban development and reform policies must be oriented if sustainable mobility objectives want to be fulfilled. We suggest some final recommendations with this aim.

Design and construction of sponge city facilities in Changzhen depot of Shenzhen metro

The sponge city facilities are optimized and designed in consideration of less permeable underlying surface and more impermeable underlying surface of Changzhen depot of Shenzhen metro. In addition to the traditional sponge city facilities such as raingarden, grass planting ditch and underground water storage modules, innovative sponge city facilities such as ecological roof, bioretention parterre and multifunctional pond are designed. The retention capacity and effect of the sponge city facilities of three design schemes are calculated and simulated by volumetric method and storm water management model (SWMM). The results show that the sponge city facilities of three design schemes can meet the design requirements of zero runoff under annual runoff control rate of 70%. The results of SWMM simulation show that sponge city facilities can reduce the runoff volume, runoff peak and runoff coefficient of Changzhen depot;however, the reduction effect of sponge city facilities gradually decreases with the increase of rainfall return period, and sponge city facilities almost have no reduction effect when the rainfall return period is more than or equal to 50 years. Considering the technical and economic factors, the second design scheme is selected as the sponge city implementation scheme of Changzhen depot. According to the requirements of the code for construction and acceptance of urban landscaping projects (CTJ/T 82—2012) and the code for green construction of building (GB/T 50905—2014), the sponge city facilities of Changzhen depot as a green construction have finished and have become the first metrosponge city project in the world, which lays a foundation for the promotion and application of sponge city concept in urban rail transit projects.

Procedimiento para la identificación de actores sociales: custodios del patrimonio cultural inmaterial en ciudades patrimoniales

World heritage cities’ main heritage is focused on their traditional city centres that represent a significant resource for the local residents. Intangible cultural heritage is particularly important and de‑ mands special attention given its specific characteristics, making it vital for it to be safeguarded within all public policies aimed at protecting while promoting heritage in various different urban contexts. Intangible cultural heritage is a sector that involves multiple actors with different and at times conflicting conflicting interests. IIntangible cultural heritage is a fundamental element of social cohesion but , as such, can give rise to tensions and conflicts. This research proposes a procedural model for identifying stakeholders, custo‑ dians and target audiences

A Proposed Model for Measuring the Performance of Smart Cities in Egypt

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Governança pública nas cidades inteligentes: revisão teórica sobre seus principais elementos

Uma cidade pode ser definida como inteligente se adotar um estilo inovador de governança colaborativa para projetar políticas urbanas, visando à melhoria da qualidade de vida dos cidadãos. Portanto, este estudo objetivou compreender elementos que colaboram para o desenvolvimento de uma governança pública na perspectiva das cidades inteligentes. A proposta é baseada em uma revisão sistemática da literatura no período de 2009 a 2020. Nessa revisão foi utilizado o Software VOSviewer® como auxiliar. Foram analisadas 32 produções, sendo apresentados: conceitos; tendências e elementos; agenda de pesquisas futuras; quantitativos de pesquisadores, instituições, países e trabalhos mais citados. Conclui-se que o conceito de governança inteligente se dá pela associação entre o uso da tecnologia e o envolvimento dos atores locais, em especial o cidadão, para definição mais acertada das políticas públicas, coprodução de serviços e práticas de governo, gerando uma maior confiança na administração pública. Foram constatados alguns elementos que colaboram para o desenvolvimento da governança inteligente, como: dados; transparência; participação; contexto; cidadão; colaboração; desenvolvimento; tecnologia da informação e comunicação; e meio ambiente. O estudo contribui academicamente por apresentar direcionamentos sobre o tema da governança, temática ainda pouco explorada nas cidades inteligentes. Gerencialmente, pelo levantamento de características existentes na governança da cidade inteligente, servindo de base para o desenvolvimento de projetos de governança nas cidades. Como agenda futura, sugerem-se estudos que abordem a aproximação entre os atores sociais; mecanismos de participação em plataformas eletrônicas; desenvolvimento de modelo de referência com capacidade de inferência estatística.

Morphology of quarters in traditional Arab Islamic city: A case of the traditional city of Damascus

Studies on the quarters of traditional Arab Islamic cities have stressed the idea of an urban structure that corresponds to social groupings and to a collection of local regions or even of “inchoate” neighborhood units. This spatial model has often provided the rationale for the intervention in these cities and in the design of new housing layouts. This study aims to examine this issue through syntactic measures and observations to describe and analyze the structure and morphology of quarters through connectivity and visibility analysis of pedestrian movement through space syntax. Whether the structure of these cities presents a global whole in contrast to the assumptions of physical subareas of social groupings is discussed. The city of Damascus is used as a model of analysis in which the urban morphology of quarters is described and characterized. This study reports several findings that are potentially relevant to the understanding of traditional laws that relate the physical layout of quarters to the social structure and their local subareas to the global whole that dominate and unify the parts. On this basis, the design approach in these cities may be better understood.

The Role Of Pop-Up Architecture In Urban Void Regeneration

We live in cities that abide by common mindsets that traditional city planning is a sufficient approach to planning and developing a city. However, another approach has surfaced in the form of informal temporary uses and is usually generated by the people. One of these is pop-up architecture being a medium of expression and public engagement between people and a mean of satisfying certain needs within the city and informal development in an impermanent way. The paper shows the dichotomy between theory and practice regarding the planning process and how in practice, temporary uses are essential to a city’s urban fabric and its development—focusing on the urban voids as the main catalyst for temporary uses. More emphasis is then on pop-up cultures, how they act as a form of informal city regeneration within the formal system and contemplate the relationship between users and space with essential regard to time.

Nuevos procesos de expansión metropolitana: incremento acelerado de suelo urbano en el Área Metropolitana de Rosario (1990-2010)

Desde las últimas décadas del siglo XX, gran parte de los territorios a nivel global atraviesan nuevas dinámicas metropolitanas y acelerados procesos de transformación. El presente artículo interpreta las características que registran las expansiones urbanas latinoamericanas, sus causas e impactos socioterritoriales, tomando como caso de estudio el Área Metropolitana de Rosario (AMR), Argentina. A través de una metodología cuali-cuantitativa y mediante un abordaje multiescalar, se analiza el proceso de creación de suelo urbano del AMR desde la década de 1930 hasta la actualidad, identificando las nuevas urbanizaciones, las dinámicas poblacionales del área, los actores intervinientes y los instrumentos de planeamiento urbano-territorial. Se identifica así que las localidades que presentan un mayor incremento de suelo urbano son aquellas cercanas a la ciudad cabecera y carentes de planes urbanos, registrando lógicas y problemáticas particulares con relación a las existentes en la ciudad tradicional.

The Spatial Transformation of the River Waterfront through Three Historical Periods: A Case Study of Belgrade

Urban renewal of the coastal area has regained importance in recent years. The main problem with the city's coastal area is often the insufficient utilization of its potential. The paper analyzes the process of urbanization and treatment of the waterfront through three historical periods: 1. traditional city, 2. during Modernism and 3. contemporary urbanism. Belgrade is chosen as a case study because it is located on the banks of the two rivers the Sava and the Danube, and throughout history, rivers had a significant role in the urban development of the city. A polygon for the methodology of urban morphological research for this paper was the contrast between the Old Belgrade and traditional city core and the New Belgrade created on the principle of the modern movement in architecture. The paper aims to research the relationship between the city and the river waterfront by the method of compare spatial-temporal transformations and to reveal the positive and negative elements of each period of urbanization. The result of the analysis indicates a changed treatment of the river waterfront through the time - from the fortified city isolated from the river to the gradual descent of the city center near the coast.

Planning and Implementation Problems on Izmit Coastline

Throughout the history, being located on a coastal strip has made an immense contribution to a city’s creation of its unique identity. However, the rapid urbanization around the world has also had an impact on the coastal cities, causing some changes in their identities. As in some other coastal cities, various coastline structural readjustments in the city of Izmit have brought out many problems, especially on the city morphology and skyline. Izmit’s central location with easy access to railway, seaway and highway connections has played a key role in the rapid growth of its industry. Nevertheless, while being transformed into an industrial city, many different coastline readjustments introduced in Izmit have gradually made it lose its traditional coastal city identity. In view of this loss, the city residents’ changing use of and their satisfaction with the waterfront of the city were analyzed. In this study, a survey was conducted with 100 people living in Izmit. The participants were asked questions about accessibility to the city center, street facilities, green areas and parking areas, public transportation, pedestrian roads and the adequacy of the bicycle roads available. The results are then analyzed and discussed.

A prelude to new ways of thinking about traditionalism

Lucien Steil’s book In the Mood for Architecture, Tradition, Modernism & Serendipity offers an illuminating and refreshing perspective on contemporary traditional architecture, and what it stands for today. Distilling a wealth of experiences as an architect, artist, teacher and writer, Lucien explores the grounding principles of traditional architecture; principles proven to bring harmony, vitality and variety to the built environment, as the continuing appeal of historic cities testifies. His comparisons between traditional and modern cities sharpen one’s own sensibility for the relationship between cultural heritage and local context, between the time-tested and the new. Lucien Steil. In the Mood for Architecture, Tradition, Modernism & Serendipity. Ernst Wasmuth Verlag, 2018.

실현율을 이용한 시나리오 기반 스마트관광도시 관광객 수요예측

Recently, a growing number of local governments are seeking to invigorate the local economy through smart tourism, a high value-added industry. Thus, while many researchers discuss the economic value of smart tourism, there are few studies that present specific data. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to provide empirical basis for the economic value of smart tourism by predicting changes in the number of tourists through smart tourism. Furthermore, it aims to present specific and objective data to local governments that seek to revitalize the local economy through smart tourism. To achieve this research objective, this study utilized demand forecasting techniques that take into account visit intention and feasibility rates, and collected data through online surveys. Specifically, the study sampled the residents of metroplitan area through quota sampling and examined their respective willingness to visit Jeonju, Gyeongju, and Gangneung when they were traditional tourist cities and smart tourist cities. The analysis shows that the average number of tourists in smart tourist cities is expected to increase twice as much. In addition, as a result of analyzing the differences in the willingness to visit between existing cities and smart tourism cities, women showed higher willingness to visit than men, and 60s showed the highest willingness to visit. These analysis results were not only empirical grounds for the economic value of smart tourism, which had been discussed only conceptually, but the study also presented basic data to local governments seeking to vitalize the local economy through smart tourism.

일본 전통 도시콘텍스트의 21세기 공동주거와 커뮤니티로서의 로지(路地)

이 연구는 고유한 생활양식에 기초하여 전통건축언어로 재탄생하는 일본의 21세기 공동주거디자인방식을 고찰함으로써, 문화와 역사를 공유하며 낙후된 주택지를 탈바꿈시키는 커뮤니티의 새로운 패러다임을 제시하는 것을 목표로 한다. 전통주거지역 구조를 바탕으로 사회적 지속성의 관점에서 개인과 공동체의 삶이 조화되는 네트워크와 커뮤니티의 공동주거디자인을 살펴보고자 하는 이 연구의 방법 및 범위는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 일본 도시주거와 공동생활의 역사적 측면으로서, 전통 공동주거유형인 ‘나가야’를 살펴본다. 나가야의 평면형식, 구조와 특성, 스케일, 내외부의 공간적 요소, 그리고 공동공간으로서의 ‘로지’와의 관계에 대한 도시 서민공동주거에 대한 고찰이다. 둘째, 나가야의 시대별 변화과정을 살펴보고, 나가야와 로지의 전통콘텍스트가 오늘날의 주거와 일상의 삶에 제공하는 사회문화적 가치는 무엇인가를 제시한다. 셋째, 오늘날에 제안하는 ‘전통 로지의 개념을 담은 21세기 공동주거’들을 고찰한다. 현대 건축가들의 작품사례를 통해 공동주거디자인의 전통수용방식, 건축적 조형방식, 그리고 커뮤니티 사용방식을 분석한다. 연구의 결과는 1) 로지를 활용한 커뮤니티는 공동체의식을 계승하여 향수적 이미지를 전달하는 과거에 기초한 미래 주거문화이다. 2) 로지의 네트워크는 사회관계의 실종과 소외로부터 연대와 상호교류의 유익한 환경을 조성, 느린 속도의 삶을 실천하는 슬로시티를 가능케 한다. 3) 로지는 작은 도시 패러다임에 기초하여 소규모마을블록의 장소와 주민을 맺어주는 유연성 있는 커뮤니티 시스템이다. 이 연구는 오늘의 주거문제를 어떻게 해결할 것인가에 대하여 ‘공동주거와 커뮤니티’라는 주제로써 전통의 삶으로부터 하나의 방법론을 제시한 것에 그 의의를 두고자 한다.

The CCTV Headquarters—Horizontal Skyscraper or Vertical Courtyard? Anomalies of Beijing Architecture, Urbanism, and Globalisation

The CCTV Headquarters—Horizontal Skyscraper or Vertical Courtyard? Anomalies of Beijing Architecture, Urbanism, and Globalisation

Research on Optimization of Urban Electric Bus Timetable Based on Computer Technology for Energy-saving Objectives

Energy saving and environmental protection has always been a new innovation goal of various industries in China in the new era. At present, a lot of energy-saving and environmental protection concepts and related design have been put forward. The traditional city bus energy is gasoline[1]. In order to meet the requirements of energy conservation and environmental protection, the energy of city buses has been changed into electricity. The dispatching work of urban electric bus is the core of bus enterprise management and related operation. Under the goal of energy saving, the arrangement and optimization of urban electric bus timetable has become the main concern of urban public transport.

Discriminación y estigma en el campo laboral de Campeche

La ciudad Campeche, entidad mexicana con poco más de 250 mil personas y con una actividad económica basada principalmente en actividades de minería (petróleo), construcción, manufacturas, y un sector de servicios, es una ciudad de tipo tradicional y conservadora, donde las personas pertenecientes a grupos del colectivo lésbico, gay, bisexual, transexual, transgénero, trasvesti e intersexual (LGBTTTI) reciben constantemente actitudes de discriminación y segregación en el ámbito laboral.
 Esta investigación tiene como objetivo determinar porqué que algunos ambientes laborales, los cuales reducen en muchos sentidos la posibilidad de contar con espacios seguros y la oportunidad de un mejor nivel de vida, son cada vez más hostiles para personas con una sexualidad diversa. Para dar respuesta a esta inquietud latente en muchos contextos, surge una interrogante: ¿Qué nivel de discriminación o estigmatización existe en los ambientes laborales de la ciudad de Campeche? Para ello se realizó un estudio de caso en el mercado laboral local, tanto en ámbitos formales como informales, con integrantes de la comunidad LGBTTTI, utilizando una metodología basada en una entrevista estructurada, la cual nos permitió obtener información directa y detallada de sus experiencias y realidad laboral. Los resultados sorprenden a pesar de la frecuente promoción de temas relacionados con equidad de género, pues existe una marcada contrariedad entre la aceptación a personas con diversidad sexual y el respeto a los derechos humanos y laborales.

SMART DATA FOR SMART CITY MORPHOLOGY: THE CASE OF MERIDIA NEIGHBORHOOD IN NICE, FRANCE

Abstract. Nowadays, cities have to withstand multiple challenges such as climate change, increasing urban population, economic cycles, health crises, traffic congestion, rising levels of energy consumption and citizens' expectations. Recently, the smart city has been proposed as a model to face such challenges. Underneath its digital skin, which provides ubiquitous high-tech solutions, the smart city is often presented in continuity with the traditional city, while getting inspired by the modernist or international paradigm (free standing towers, high density development and functional zoning). Is this actually the case? To understand the features of urban form of new smart developments and how these relate to existing approaches in city planning, we propose a quantitative methodology to compare features of multiple city areas, which is based on the computation of a set of 3D morphometrics of the urban environment, and descriptive statistics for each metric. We applied this methodology to compare Nice Meridia, a French example of smart city development, with a traditional neighbourhood, located in the same city. Outcomes show that the smart city neighbourhood shares some morphological aspects with the traditional city, but differs significantly in other respects, showing the interest of quantitative 3D metrics.

Research on some effective properties in nomination of Urfa Limestone to the “Global Heritage Stone Resource” designation

Extracted from Şanliurfa Province in Turkey, Urfa limestone is one of the limestone types that can be nominated to Global Heritage Stone Resource (GHSR). It has been used since the Neolithic Period (i.e., approximately 12,000 years ago) in world-renowned Gobekli Tepe Cultural Center in Urfa. In this study, a research has been conducted on the candidacy potential of Urfa limestone for Global Heritage Stone Resource (GHSR). Urfa limestone, which was used as a building block as of the Neolithic Period and in the first temple built in Anatolia, was also the building block of Gobekli Tepe. The use of Urfa limestone in Sogmatar Ancient City (second century AD), Şuayb City, Harran Ulu Mosque, Urfa Ulu Mosque (St. Stephan Church), Reji Church, sculptures, and Şanliurfa’s traditional city texture in houses, inns, castles, walls, gates, and bridge structures was investigated along with the use in Gobekli Tepe. The use of Urfa limestone in historical buildings and today’s buildings was investigated along with the use in Gobekli Tepe. The engineering characteristics of the building blocks in which Gobekli Tepe was built were examined. A series of engineering characterization tests and analyses were made on the building block samples regarding mineralogical and petrographic properties (polarize microscope, XRD, and SEM), and chemical (XRF), physico-mechanical, petrophysical, and insulation properties (TG and DTA analysis). Urfa limestone is in crystallized form and has a sparite texture containing 55.86% CaO and 0.36% SiO2. The Δ (change of characteristics in percentages) values in petrophysical characteristics were between 1.23 and 18.72%, and the Δ values after salt crystallization test were between 3.78 and 31.67%. According to this characteristics change (Δ%), it is more resistant to degradation compared with other natural stones originating from calcium carbonate. According to SEM Analysis, it was determined that it has a high insulation characteristic in the structure of Urfa limestone because it is contactless among pores. The usage performance of Urfa limestone in Gobekli Tepe, and in historical buildings and today’s buildings has been proven to be good according to engineering characterization tests. Urfa limestone fulfills all requirements for Global Heritage Stone Resource (GHSR) designation.