Traditional Inversion Research Articles

Extraction of Multiple Electrical Parameters From IP-Affected Transient Electromagnetic Data Based on LSTM-ResNet

The induced polarization (IP) effect due to a polarizable body distorts transient electromagnetic (TEM) data, thereby potentially triggering sign reversal phenomena in the measured response. The measured horizontal electric field associated with a grounded-wire TEM is more strongly affected by IP effects than the measured vertical field, meaning that data inversion is more problematic for its component. The traditional inversion method, which assumes a frequency independent resistivity, is complex to extract the chargeability. Yet, the chargeability provides critical information, so it is important to extract the chargeability in addition to the resistivity from IP-affected TEM data. Thus, we proposed a data-driven method based on deep learning to recover the resistivity and chargeability of IP-affected horizontal electric fields. This method, named LSTM-ResNet, combines long short-term memory (LSTM) and a residual network (ResNet) to estimate subsurface electrical properties. Synthetic tests showed that LSTM-ResNet is computationally efficient and accurate for inversion problems. Based on the inverse results with data added noise, we found that a well-trained neural network was not sensitive to noise. A case study was performed by applying LSTM-ResNet to field data collected by a grounded-wire TEM survey at the Kalatongke copper-nickel ore deposit. LSTM-ResNet recovered the simultaneous resistivity and chargeability distributions of subsurface structures from the IP-affected horizontal electric TEM field. The results show a high-chargeability and low-resistivity layer, which was consistent with the lithologic profiles based on drilling cores, indicating the accuracy and robustness of the proposed framework for multi-parameter inversion.

Barzanji Tradition In Muslim Society As An Manifestation of Islamic Values Faith In the Apostles For Discipline Character

Purpose of the study: This research introduces a new approach to actualizing Barzanji cultural values in Islamic education, namely integrating the tradition of reading poetry and stories about the Prophet Muhammad SAW with the doctrine of faith in the apostles. This research aims to explore how islamic values are realized in the barzanji tradition.
 Methodology: This research uses a qualitative approach with a naturalistic research design. Data collection techniques used in-depth interviews and participant observation. Respondents in this study were selected based on variations in roles and involvement in the Ngarot tradition using purposive sampling techniques. Data analysis will be carried out using the Miles and Huberman model.
 Main Findings: This research also proposes suggestions and recommendations to improve and optimize this new approach, by emphasizing the importance and urgency of having a character of discipline and faith in the apostles for the success and happiness of Muslims in this world and the hereafter, based on the findings and implications. from this research. This research contributes to Islamic educational and cultural literature, by providing new perspectives and insights regarding the role and impact of Barzanji poetry and stories in increasing feelings of love, respect and gratitude for the Prophet Muhammad SAW and his predecessors, as well as asking for their intercession and blessings.
 Novelty/Originality of this study: Students who do not have a disciplined character and do not strengthen the value of faith in the apostles can face short-term and long-term implications for their academic, personal and social lives. Therefore, it is important and urgent for students to have a disciplined character and strengthen the value of faith in the apostles, because this is very important for their success and happiness in this world and the hereafter. Students can achieve this by studying and practicing Islamic teachings and values, as well as by reading and listening to Barzanji poetry and stories that tell the life and virtues of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and his predecessors. In this way, students can increase their feelings of love, respect and gratitude for the Prophet and his apostles, and ask for their intercession and blessings.

Computation of Analytical Derivatives for Airborne TEM Inversion Using a Cole–Cole Parameterization Based on the Current Waveform of the Transmitter

Airborne transient electromagnetic (ATEM) technology is a technique often used in mineral exploration and geological mapping. Due to inductive polarization (IP) phenomena, the ATEM response curve often shows a negative response or declines rapidly to the attenuation curve. Traditional resistivity inversion techniques do not explain the IP response of a signal well, so the negative response is usually removed during data processing, resulting in a reduced correctness and authenticity of the findings. In this paper, in the parameter inversion based on the Cole-Cole model, the Jacobian matrix chain analysis method is used to calculate, and the current waveform calculation is also considered in the inversion. The results show that compared with the perturbation method, the analysis technique can greatly reduce the calculation time and improve the inversion efficiency. In the single-point one-dimensional inversion and lateral constraint quasi-two-dimensional inversion, the Cole-Cole four-parameter forward response has strong inversion accuracy, which can successfully invert the actual exploration content and the Cole-Cole four-parameter response. Some measured sounding data in the Qingchengzi survey area of Liaoning Province, China have a negative response to IP, and the resistivity scheme cannot be used alone for inversion, but the real underground resistivity structure can be obtained through the method studied in this paper, and good exploration results can be obtained.

Perceiving the poetic world: A corpus-assisted transitivity analysis of poetry comics.

While modern adaptations of Chinese classics have drawn keen scholarly interests lately, the comic adaptation of Chinese traditional poetry remains under-investigated. Extending the previous research on intersemiotic translation and comics, this paper, drawing on the analytical framework of systemic functional semiotics, examines distribution of process types of language in poems in comparison with that in comic images in the exemplary case drawn by Cai Zhizhong, using UAM image as the annotation tool. The comic book formulates a multimodal corpus that consists of 1,097 clauses and 605 images. We have manually analyzed the process type of the poems and their corresponding comic panels. Our quantitative and qualitative results show that there are distinct patterns of process-type distributions between verbal poems and images. Poems have been turned into perceptions, actions, and verbal processes in comic strips, which serve various purposes such as construction of the poet's gaze, relations building, storyline development, dramatization, metaphor visualization, etc. The paper is concluded with discussion on how the intersemiotic translation of poems might produce effects on readers.

A deep learning-enhanced framework for multiphysics joint inversion

Joint inversion has drawn considerable attention due to the availability of multiple geophysical data sets, ever-increasing computational resources, the development of advanced algorithms, and its ability to reduce inversion uncertainty. A key issue of joint inversion is to develop effective strategies to link different geophysical data in a unified mathematical framework, in which the information obtained from different models can complement each other. We have developed a deep learning-enhanced joint inversion framework to simultaneously reconstruct different physical models by fusing different types of geophysical data. Traditionally, structure similarity constraints are pursued by joint inversion algorithms using manually crafted formulations (e.g., cross gradient). The constraint is constructed by a deep neural network (DNN) during the learning process. The framework is designed to combine the DNN and a traditional independent inversion workflow and improve the joint inversion result iteratively. The network can be easily extended to incorporate multiphysics without structural changes. Numerical experiments on the joint inversion of 2D DC resistivity data and seismic traveltime are used to validate our method. In addition, this learning-based framework demonstrates excellent generalization abilities when tested on data sets using different geologic structures. It also can handle different sensing configurations and nonconforming discretization.

THE FUNCTION OF POETRY IN THE MODERN WORLD: A CASE STUDY OF WALT WHITMAN AND AUDRE LORDE’S POEMS

Lyric poetry has historically referred to a genre that we think of as brief, musical, and personal as well as subjective. This article addresses the role of lyric poetry in the modern world, and how critical analysis enables us to better appreciate the potential impact of poetry today. Specifically, we will offer brief contrastive assessments of two landmark exemplars of American poets, Walt Whitman and Audre Lorde. These two figures demonstrate some of the varied ways of the American poetry tradition. We compare Walt Whitman, a canonical white male poet from the 19th century, with an equally important 20th century African American woman poet, Audre Lorde. These American poets differ in historical periods, sex, race, and other factors, yet both uphold the conventional functions of lyric poetry and prove its continuing relevance to a global readership. The results show that as the reflection of human life, poetry could represent honesty, realism, democracy and even power.

An Improved Forest Height Model Using L-Band Single-Baseline Polarimetric InSAR Data for Various Forest Densities

Forest density affects the inversion of forest height by influencing the penetration and attenuation of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) signals. Traditional forest height inversion methods often fail in low-density forest areas. Based on L-band single-baseline polarimetric SAR interferometry (PolInSAR) simulation data and the BioSAR 2008 data, we proposed a forest height optimization model at the stand scale suitable for various forest densities. This optimization model took into account shortcomings of the three-stage inversion method by employing height errors to represent the mean penetration depth and SINC inversion method. The relationships between forest density and extinction coefficient, penetration depth, phase, and magnitude were also discussed. In the simulated data, the inversion height established by the optimization method was 17.35 m, while the RMSE value was 3.01 m when the forest density was 100 stems/ha. This addressed the drawbacks of the conventional techniques including failing at low forest density. In the real data, the maximum RMSE of the optimization method was 2.17 m as the stand density increased from 628.66 stems/ha to 1330.54 stems/ha, showing the effectiveness and robustness of the optimization model in overcoming the influence of stand density on the inversion process in realistic scenarios. This study overcame the stand density restriction on L-band single baseline PolInSAR data for forest height estimation and offered a reference for algorithm selection and optimization. The technique is expected to be extended from the stand scale to a larger area for forest ecosystem monitoring and management.

Die verwantskap tussen khôra en die mistiek in M.M. Walters se gedig ‘Die groot stilte’

The relationship between khôra and mysticism in M.M Walter’s poem ‘Die groot stilte’. In view of M.M. Walters’ recent death (28 Julie 2020), it is timeous to pay homage to him by focusing on a lesser-known aspect of his poetry, namely mysticism. This article aims to demonstrate the relationship between the mysterious and enigmatic Platonic concept khôra and mysticism, and to subsequently indicate how this is expressed in the poem ‘Die groot stilte’ (in the volume Sprekende van God). Walters (1929–2020) was mainly a satirist, but also a poet of religious verse. However, he differentiated himself as an unconventional religious poet and alternative seeker of God. He opposed church dogma and believed that Christ should be sought in ways that go beyond simply accepting the church’s teachings. The article opens with a brief survey of the mystical tradition in Afrikaans poetry, after which the poetry of Walters is briefly described. Subsequently, the reception of his anthology Sprekende van God is discussed. After an introductory discussion of the khôra concept, his poem Die groot stilte is analysed in detail, and the relationship between khôra and mysticism explained. Pieter G.R. de Villiers (2020) maintains that Walters created striking poems with mystical content, and that he was often misunderstood by the clergy and orthodox believers as an enemy of religion and the church. Countering this, De Villiers observes that Walters was driven to seek a genuine, credible spirituality. De Villiers finds it unfortunate that this aspect of Walters’ poetry is not sufficiently recognised.Contribution: Based on the analysis and interpretation of ‘Die groot stilte’, the conclusion is reached that Walters can indeed be described as a mystical poet and that his mystical poetry can be regarded as part of the relatively small yield in mystical Afrikaans literature. This article adds to the equally small corpus of academic literature on mysticism in Afrikaans.

A machine learning approach to joint gravity and cosmic-ray muon inversion at Mt Usu, Japan

SUMMARY The ability to accurately and reliably obtain images of shallow subsurface anomalies within the Earth is important for hazard monitoring and a fundamental understanding of many geologic structures, such as volcanic edifices. In recent years, machine learning (ML) has gained increasing attention as a novel approach for addressing complex problems in the geosciences. Here we present an ML-based inversion method to integrate cosmic-ray muon and gravity data sets for shallow subsurface density imaging at a volcano. Starting with an ensemble of random density anomalies, we use physics-based forward calculations to find the corresponding set of expected gravity and muon attenuation observations. Given a large enough ensemble of synthetic density patterns and observations, the ML algorithm is trained to recognize the expected spatial relations within the synthetic input–output pairs, learning the inherent physical relationships between them. Once trained, the ML algorithm can then interpolate the best-fitting anomalous pattern given data that were not used in training, such as those obtained from field measurements. We test the validity of our ML algorithm using field data from the Showa-Shinzan lava dome (Mt Usu, Japan) and show that our model produces results consistent with those obtained using a more traditional Bayesian joint inversion. Our results are similar to the previously published inversion, and suggest that the Showa-Shinzan lava dome consists of a relatively high-density (2200–2400 km m–3) cylindrical anomaly, about 300 m in diameter. Adding noise to synthetic training and testing data sets shows that, as expected, the ML algorithm is most robust in areas of high sensitivity, as determined by the forward kernels. Overall, we discover that ML offers a viable alternate method to a Bayesian joint inversion when used with gravity and muon data sets for subsurface density imaging.

АҚЫНДАР ПОЭЗИЯСЫНДАҒЫ МАХАМБЕТ БЕЙНЕСІ

Koblanov Zholaman Taubayevich Department of "Kazakh Philology", acting professor, candidate of philological sciences Caspian University of Technology and Engineering. Sh. Esenova, Aktau, Kazakhstan Karimsakova Baktigul Abdimukhanovna Department of «Kazakh Philology», acting associate professor, candidate of philological sciences, Caspian University of Technology and Engineering. Sh. Esenova, Aktau, Kazakhstan THE IMAGE OF MAKHAMBET IN THE LYRICS OF POETS Abstract. This article discusses the poetic works of many poets about the legendary Makhambet, whose life and work is of great value to our history, as a fiery fighter for the freedom of his native land and his people, and as a poet and famous akyn-improviser, who struck the listener with sharpness and passion , wisdom and humanity of the sounding word, which left a bright mark in the national culture. The art of Makhambet is a popular theme in poetry, and many poets dedicated poems to the hero, glorifying the heroism and spirit of the great poet. The courage and heroism of Makhambet is depicted in the works of poets. In their lyrical poems, they skillfully sang the image of the great poet and fighter through the rational use of the best artistic alternative images - images that show the height, intelligence, eloquence, sharpness, individuality, grandeur, depth of Makhambet's poetry. Lyrics in the art of the artistic word is a special genre that leads the poet to the innermost feelings, to the abyss of subtle thoughts. The works in this genre are not limited only to the manifestation of the individuality of the individual, the reflection of the characteristics of each poet in cognition, feeling of the world. At the same time, they allow us to determine the epochal nature of the path of genre changes, growth, prosperity, decline of lyrics in the process of literary development as a whole. The article is devoted to the problem of continuity of traditions in Kazakh poetry, including as a poetic tradition of the militant poet Makhambet Utemisuly, who has passed through the centuries and has reached our days. The manifestations of intertwining literary traditions in the national literature were considered. Key words: Makhambet, poet, hero, historical figure, Kazakh poetry, valor, heroism, kazakh literature, continuity of traditions, zhyrau school, innovation, poetry, poet, national spirit.

A Machine Learning-Based Correction Method for High-Frequency Surface Wave Radar Current Measurements

An algorithm based on a long short-term memory (LSTM) network is proposed to reduce errors from high-frequency surface wave radar current measurements. In traditional inversion algorithms, the radar velocities are derived from electromagnetic echo signals, with no constraints imposed by physical oceanographic processes. In this study, sea surface winds and tides are included in the LSTM algorithm to improve radar data. These physical factors provide the LSTM network with more oceanic information by which to constrain and improve its training efficiency. The results show that the domain-averaged root-mean-square errors of the radar-derived velocities are reduced from 0.22 to 0.09 m/s for the whole radar observation area. The overall correlation coefficient increases from 0.37 to 0.88. To provide a practical strategy for future field work, we conduct a set of sensitivity experiments, showing that the LSTM network based on one single point can be applied to other data points within a sub-domain.

The poetic world of Arshak Chopanyan

The poetics of the great figure of Armenian culture, cultural critic, literary critic, publisher, editor, national public figure, poet, writer, playwright, translator, propagandist of Armenian culture in the West A. Chopanyan undoubtedly bears the stamp of ideology and poetics of symbolism, in particular, French and Russian symbolism, but the subtle and deep structure of his unique imaginative thinking is based on the tradition of national poetry, also due to his temperament. In the process of researching the poetic world of Arshak Chopanyan, taking into account the available valuable meta-text, structural-semiotic, psychological, comparative-historical methods, principles of historical and cultural research, interdisciplinary approaches were combined. The main themes, motifs and symbols of Chopanyan's poetic world were highlighted and emphasized, among which the national-patriotic theme, the theme of life and death, the motif of silence, the aesthetics of white, olfactory motifs, the relationship of the moment and eternity, fairy tales and boredom of life, dreams and reality, symbols butterfly, star, shooting star, lily, sea, parallels sea-life, sea-woman, woman-life and woman-death. These symbols form a unique sign system. By studying the semantic nuances and interactions of these symbols, analyzing the historical and cultural context, comparative historical research, and some interdisciplinary observations, the overall picture of Chopanyan's poetic world was revealed. A number of Chopanyan's poems about love, about the cosmic thought, in particular, a poem with the refrain "Hate, but don't forget me", revealing one of the layers of the psychology of love, can be presented to the court of world poetry. Short and long poems, poems in prose, white, blue or,, gloomy,, sonnets, rondos, geghons and taghs with personal, national and universal significance are ultimately aimed at revealing the mystery of existence.

NAZIRES IN THE CONTEXT OF THE INTERACTION OF CLASSICAL AND FOLK LITERATURE

Nazire; It is a poet’s rewriting of another poet’s poem by using elements such as measure, rhyme, and content. The artist has the opportunity to show himself better by improving himself in the production process, which he starts by imitating. For this reason, nazireism played an important role in the upbringing, self-development and mastery of poets. The first reflections of the Nazire tradition were seen in classical literature, and then nazire was also used by folk literature poets. Nazires provided intercultural interaction by being written on works written in different languages ​​as well as on works written in the same language. In this study; it is aimed to reveal the reflections of the nazire tradition, which is one of the most important elements of the relationship between classical literature and folk literature. In this direction, some related examples of nazires in classical and folk literature have been identified. Admiration and imitation were influential on the basis of folk poets writing nazires for classical poets. The nazires written by folk poets to classical poets are an example that increases the common points of the two literatures. It is known that folk poets wrote nazires to each other, except for the nazires written by poets of classical literature. It has been seen that the poems written by the folk poets in nazire are also the works that are admired and arranged in the classical poetry tradition.

A Theoretical Approach to the Poetry Songs of Kurinji Mullai and Palai's

There has been a tradition of poetic composition in Tamil literature. In Tholkaapiyam, archeology is a theoretical formulation of poetry. A deep foundation for such theoretical formulation was developed long before the Sangam literature. Palanthamil literature pre to Sangam literature, is written by Tamil authors. The tradition of poetry found till today is the only proof for Palanthamil literature. Such an extensive Palanthamil literature was theorized by later generations. The theory has been followed by the upcoming writers by making slight changes. Sangam literature is the proof for this. This theory which explains the Tamil literature is known as the Thinai Theory.

:Etruscan Literacy in Its Social Context

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Estimating emissions of methane consistent with atmospheric measurements of methane and δ13C of methane

Abstract. We have constructed an atmospheric inversion framework based on TM5-4DVAR to jointly assimilate measurements of methane and δ13C of methane in order to estimate source-specific methane emissions. Here we present global emission estimates from this framework for the period 1999–2016. We assimilate a newly constructed, multi-agency database of CH4 and δ13C measurements. We find that traditional CH4-only atmospheric inversions are unlikely to estimate emissions consistent with atmospheric δ13C data, and assimilating δ13C data is necessary to derive emissions consistent with both measurements. Our framework attributes ca. 85 % of the post-2007 growth in atmospheric methane to microbial sources, with about half of that coming from the tropics between 23.5∘ N and 23.5∘ S. This contradicts the attribution of the recent growth in the methane budget of the Global Carbon Project (GCP). We find that the GCP attribution is only consistent with our top-down estimate in the absence of δ13C data. We find that at global and continental scales, δ13C data can separate microbial from fossil methane emissions much better than CH4 data alone, and at smaller scales this ability is limited by the current δ13C measurement coverage. Finally, we find that the largest uncertainty in using δ13C data to separate different methane source types comes from our knowledge of atmospheric chemistry, specifically the distribution of tropospheric chlorine and the isotopic discrimination of the methane sink.

鏡裏花間———試論《花間集》的鏡書寫

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.&#x0D; 本文以先秦至唐五代銅鏡發展爲依據，考述《花間集》中鈿鏡、鸞鏡、有柄鏡、菱花鏡，以及鏡匣、鏡奩、鏡臺等週邊器物，對於向來不易確解的詞句提出具實物背景的解讀，從而使詞作脈絡、詞中場景獲得更爲清晰的梳理與呈現。以此爲基礎，透過鏡的文化與文學意涵，對照詩歌傳統中的鏡書寫，亦得以凸顯《花間集》中與鏡相關詞作的特殊表現與深層内藴。異於詩人的各言其志與寫實風格，對鏡感傷壯志消磨、紅顔易老，或描寫眼前如鏡晶瑩的水月風光，詞人隱身詞境之外，以如鏡之照影的手法，如“實”映現鏡花水月般未必真實存在的人事物，比如對鏡理妝或掩鏡無語的閨閣女子、虚擬遠隔的樂園與歷史場景等，而於精致如鏡的詞境中藴含深情妙理，在冷落中猶自好修、在困境中夢想飛越，以及樂園的探尋、殷鑑的徒勞、愛與美的救贖等，可謂於幻境中披露真實，於轉瞬消逝的時空中鏤刻永恒。&#x0D; This paper studies a variety of Chinese bronze mirrors mentioned in the Huajian ji (Collection from Among the Flowers). These mirrors are of different designs, such as mirrors inlaid with mother-of-pearl, mirrors with carved legendary birds, mirrors with handles, mirrors with carved petal-shaped octofoils. The paper also discusses relevant peripheral items including mirror cases, mirror chests, and mirror stands. It will start with the development and history of bronze mirrors from the pre-Qin to Tang and Five dynasties. In this way, we can interpret those words that have always been vague and ambiguous by utilizing the background knowledge about the physical objects mentioned above. As a result, the backgrounds and contexts of the relevant works in the Huajian ji can be clearly sorted and presented. Next, by comparing the cultural and literary meaning of mirrors with the writing of mirrors in the poetic tradition, the special expression and inner connotation of Ci-poems related to mirrors in the Huajian ji can be highlighted. In traditional poetry, poets mostly describe a real situation, such as unfulfilled ambition and weakening willpower; sentimental feelings when facing a mirror and being saddened by diminishing beauty and youth; and the depiction of the mirage of untouchable flowers and moons reflected on the mirror. On the other hand, Ci poets of the Huajian ji use the method of mirroring to represent interactions involving mirrors to reflect people, objects and scenes that may not necessarily exist. They include, for example: a lady in the boudoir making up in front of the mirror or covering her mirror speechlessly; an illusory paradise or historical scenes; expressing their will to overcome obstacles, to cultivate themselves, to search for paradise and salvation of love and beauty; and also the disappointment of failing to learn from history. In conclusion, such exquisite and delicate mirror-like illusions allow us to visualize the Ci poets’ affection, beliefs, and the truth they wished to deliver.

Facies-based Bayesian simultaneous inversion technology and its application: A case study of the north section of No.5 fault zone in Shunbei area, Tarim Basin, China

The fault-karst carbonate reservoir in the Shunbei area of the Tarim Basin is controlled by deep strike-slip faults and forms a fault-karst system. The reservoir space primarily includes holes and fractures, and its strong anisotropism aggravates the complexity of the reservoir seismic response characteristics. High-quality reservoirs in the fault-karst body in this area have different burial depths, which is not conducive to the establishment of low-frequency models in traditional inversion. Facies-based Bayesian simultaneous inversion technology combines Bayesian classification with pre-stack simultaneous inversion, divides different facies based on multi-elastic parameters such as P-wave and S-wave velocity and density, and conducts an in-depth trend analysis for each phase to establish the initial model. Compared with traditional inversion technology, this technology not only improves the inversion accuracy but also increases the stability of the density inversion. Taking the carbonate fault-karst body in the northern section of the No.5 fault zone in the Shunbei area as the research object, combined with the actual production situation, two facies, fractured-cavity limestone, and tight limestone, were divided by elastic parameters and then subjected to depth trend analysis and inversion. Through the single fracture-cavity equivalent model test and practical application analysis, the density data obtained by the Facies based Bayesian simultaneous inversion were highly consistent with the reservoirs drilled by Wells W3 and W3C in the northern section of the No.5 fault zone, which verifies the applicability and reliability of the inversion technique in the study area and the reliability of the results.

Enslaved Ecopoetics:

Scholars, such as Kimberly Ruffin and Katherine Lynes, reconsider American environmental poetry that excludes African American ecopoetic traditions of the antebellum period. According to Ruffin, in order to reconstruct and enhance our sense of ecopoetry, we must reevaluate the black tradition of nature poetry, exemplifying the contemporary approaches to slavery in the USA and elsewhere. Likewise, Lyne’s “reclamation ecopoetics” attends to the history of dangers, despite centuries of methodical and organized exploitation, that human groups bring to the black human subjects as well as to non-human nature. Building on this scholarship, I focus on the nature poems of George Moses Horton (1797- 1883), the life-long enslaved poet, that highlight the inseparable unity of nature and humans. Horton’s poetry deployed nature to prove both the humanity and the intellectuality of the enslaved. My study traces a history of American enslaved ecopoetics that requires us to think of the enslaved human subjects as individuals whose nature poetry hinges on the dangers of subjection and exploitation of chattel slavery. My essay resituates Horton, the black bard of North Carolina, in the nineteenth-century American paradigm, analyzing his poetry and his racial subjugation from an ecocritical perspective.

The Beautiful Guantánamo

In "The Beautiful Guantánamo," Mansoor Adayfi, who was imprisoned for fourteen years there without charge, refutes the narratives and images carefully curated by the US government about its captives. Adayfi describes how men and boys speaking eighteen different languages and representing fifty nationalities shared their different cultures with one another and, through communal experiences, generated their own distinctive Guantánamo culture from 2002 to 2010. Beginning with the fear, estrangement, and abuse prisoners experienced upon their arrival, the author details how forming a common language and traditions in greetings, poetry, song, and dance created a brotherhood among those held and helped them to survive. From learning how to greet one another in their own languages to devising classes and cultural competitions, the prisoners forged a unique set of cultural practices to sustain themselves. The essay demonstrates how Guantánamo culture evolved as a mode of communication, self-expression, resistance, and survival and, in the process, as the author writes, ensured prisoners held on to the humanity that the prison sought to destroy.