Traditional Means Research Articles

Use of clinical biological tests of haemostasis to evaluate topical haemostatics.

In addition to traditional means, topical haemostatics are currently used to avoid haemorrhage during surgery. Although they have been reported to be effective, there is a low level of proof of their clinical efficacy, which is at odds with their levels of use. This study used two methods to better understand their in vitro mechanism of action. Two clinical biology assays were used to measure the action of topical haemostatics on primary and secondary haemostasis. Calibrated samples of collagen sponges and polypropylene non-woven gauze were tested. Platelet aggregation was assessed using a multichannel aggregometer. A thrombin generation assay (TGA) was used with a fluorogenic readout. Tissue factor solutions were used to activate coagulation. In terms of primary haemostasis, collagen sponges stimulated platelet aggregation, in particular between 2 and 5 min after incubation with platelet-rich plasma and with no dose effect. In regard to coagulation, the kinetics of thrombin generation was enhanced. Polypropylene non-woven gauze did not exhibit any effect on platelet aggregation, although it did have a weak effect on the kinetics of thrombin generation. Collagen is well known to exert a haemostatic effect due to its action on platelet aggregation. By contrast, polypropylene non-woven gauze has not been shown to have any effect on platelet aggregation other than a minor impact on thrombin generation. The results obtained with the devices tested are in agreement with the literature. Platelet aggregation biological assays and TGA measurements appear to be suitable for evaluation of these medical products.

Fuzzy based self-similarity weight estimation in non-local means for gray-scale image de-noising

Image de-noising in imaging systems is one of the most demanding issues that have been addressed in this work. Non-local mean filtering is gaining traction as a convincing method for image de-noising. Nevertheless, the performance of the traditional non-local mean filter is diminished by the computational expense of its weighted averaging process. In the proposed method, the similarity between the two patches of the image subspace is used to find the best weight for each pixel using a fuzzy inference algorithm. By using the similarity of non-local neighborhood pixels as an input antecedent in the input fuzzy set and the degree of weights as a consequent in the output fuzzy set, the fuzzy inference system which consists of IF-THEN rules, implication, and aggregation is employed. Eventually, de-fuzzification helps to measure how similar the pixels are to their non-local neighborhoods and estimates the fuzzy degrees of weight. Experiments on a variety of speckled noisy gray-scale images from standard and real public datasets demonstrate the improved performance of this fuzzy-based self-similar weight approximation in non-local mean filtering when compared to state-of-the-art image de-noising methods and sophisticated non-local mean methods in terms of standard evaluation metrics. Additionally, the suggested technique works satisfactorily when tested on actual speckled synthetic aperture radar images.

The Public View on Social Media Platforms: A Case Study of Pakistan

Social media and the internet technologies are affecting society. The social media environment in which we live has a significant influence on our perceptions and beliefs. Specifically, social media plays a significant role in how information is accessed and how social and cultural environments are organized in the modern world. Social media has never failed to impress publics. From education and information to entertainment and leisure, social media has never disappointed its users. Similarly, it has transformed the way content is produced, distributed and consumed. Journalism has now become citizen journalism and reliance on traditional means of news have declined. This extensive incorporation of social media into society has encouraged number of perceptions. These views are often divided into positive and negative or mixed public opinions about social media. Traditional society like Pakistan is more critical of social media and its integration into other means of communication. Therefore, this study examines; the public view on social media platforms; a case study of Pakistan. It uses survey method and online questionnaire is sent to 50 university students, 50 housewives, 50 working males and 50 media practitioners. Demographics and other factor impact the view of social media among public.

Correntropy-Based Constructive One Hidden Layer Neural Network

One of the main disadvantages of the traditional mean square error (MSE)-based constructive networks is their poor performance in the presence of non-Gaussian noises. In this paper, we propose a new incremental constructive network based on the correntropy objective function (correntropy-based constructive neural network (C2N2)), which is robust to non-Gaussian noises. In the proposed learning method, input and output side optimizations are separated. It is proved theoretically that the new hidden node, which is obtained from the input side optimization problem, is not orthogonal to the residual error function. Regarding this fact, it is proved that the correntropy of the residual error converges to its optimum value. During the training process, the weighted linear least square problem is iteratively applied to update the parameters of the newly added node. Experiments on both synthetic and benchmark datasets demonstrate the robustness of the proposed method in comparison with the MSE-based constructive network, the radial basis function (RBF) network. Moreover, the proposed method outperforms other robust learning methods including the cascade correntropy network (CCOEN), Multi-Layer Perceptron based on the Minimum Error Entropy objective function (MLPMEE), Multi-Layer Perceptron based on the correntropy objective function (MLPMCC) and the Robust Least Square Support Vector Machine (RLS-SVM).

Reconstructing a Theory of Mind in the Mengzi

This article reconstructs a theory of mind in the Mengzi 孟子. It argues that recent studies in favor of mind-body dualism import Cartesianism through the vocabulary their arguments are couched in. This article exposes this “Cartesian language game” in order to effect a gestalt shift in our understanding of Mengzian philosophy. It then appeals to John Dewey’s conception of mind as both “minding” and “discourse” where mind is a function of attentive engagement predicated on a background of traditional values and meanings. This article then shows how the Mengzi’s concepts of ren 仁 and tian 天 contribute to a theory of mind where the former is defined as xin 心 thus to be understood as “mindful engagement” and the latter implies tradition as shared reservoir of social and cultural meaning. Through the interpretive comparison of the philosophies of the Mengzi and Dewey, we can reconstruct a Mengzian theory of mind.

Skid Resistance Performance Assessment by a PLS Regression-Based Predictive Model with Non-Standard Texture Parameters

The importance of skid resistance performance assessment in pavement engineering and management is crucial due to its direct influence on road safety features. This paper provides a new approach to skid resistance predictive model definition based on experimentally obtained texture roughness parameters. The originally developed methodology is based on a photogrammetry technique for pavement surface data acquisition and analysis, named the Close-Range Orthogonal Photogrammetry (CROP) method. Texture roughness features were analyzed on pavement surface profiles extracted from surface 3D models, obtained by the CROP method. Selected non-standard roughness parameters were used as predictors in the skid resistance model. The predictive model was developed by the partial least squares (PLS) method as a feature engineering procedure in the regression analysis framework. The proposed model was compared to the simple linear regression model with a traditional texture parameter Mean Profile Depth as the predictor, showing better predictive strength when multiple non-standard texture parameters were used.

The Meaning of The Shen Nong Da Di's (神农大帝Shen Nong Da Di) Birthday Ceremony at Ngo Kok Ong Temple Cibarusah, West Java

<p>This article discusses the meaning of the tradition Shen Nong Da di’s birthday ceremony (sejit) at Ngo Kok Ong Temple, Cibarusah, West Java. Ngo Kok Ong temple put Shennong Dadi in Hokkien dialect is called Sin Long Tay Te which means Agricultural Emperor as the main deity. The research methodology and data collection techniques used are qualitative methods. Data collection by indepth interviews and participant observations. Observations and participant observation carried out during the ceremony of Shen Nong's birthday from 26 June 2019 to 29 June 2019 with a descriptive analysis design. The purpose of this research is to describe the meaning of traditions at the Shen Nong’s birthday ceremony. The results of the research show that there are various traditions during this ceremony, prayer together, mediumship such as making amulet, slashing the tongue, stamping on coals lion dance and liong performances, and the tradition of electing locu. These various traditions have religious functions, social functions and psychological functions. Apart from that, the contained meaning in this tradition is the symbolic meaning and philosophical meaning for every Chinese community.</p>

Nuclear mass predictions with the naive Bayesian model averaging method

A naive Bayesian model averaging (NBMA) method is developed to predict nuclear masses. In the NBMA method, the weights of different models may be different for each nucleus, which are sensitive to the model accuracies to describe the nuclear masses of the isotopes and isotones with the same proton and neutron numbers of that nucleus. Therefore, there are remarkable local structures for the weights of different models on the nuclear chart, which well eliminates the local deviations between the model predictions and the experimental masses and thus achieves better accuracy of mass predictions than the traditional arithmetic mean method (AMM) and weighted average method (WAM). Based on the latest atomic mass evaluation of AME2020, the root-mean-square (rms) mass deviation of the NBMA method is 0.293 MeV, while the rms deviations of AMM and WAM are 0.634 and 0.361 MeV, respectively. This accuracy of the NBMA method is even 28% better than the best accuracy of the mass models used in the NBMA method. The extrapolation ability of the NBMA method is also verified with the experimental nuclear masses which are not used in the training of the NBMA method.

Pplications of Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry: A Narrative Review

Artificial intelligence, rooted in the information technology sector, stands as a transformative force driven by sophisticated software mechanisms that confer numerous benefits across a wide array of societal domains. Among these, its integration into the healthcare sector, including dentistry, has proven to be a source of considerable success. The impact is particularly noteworthy in the realm of preventive healthcare, where AI demonstrates substantial potential for advancing early diagnosis, ultimately resulting in elevated treatment efficacy. The exploration of diverse use cases reveals a promising landscape where AI not only facilitates precision in diagnostics but also plays a pivotal role in optimizing treatment outcomes. Through its analytical capabilities and pattern recognition, AI contributes to a more nuanced and accurate early detection of dental issues, thereby empowering dental professionals to intervene at the earliest stages. The implications extend beyond diagnostic accuracy, encompassing tangible improvements in the overall patient experience. By leveraging AI, treatment durations can be streamlined, leading to more efficient and effective interventions. This not only translates to enhanced patient comfort but also contributes to the professional satisfaction of dental practitioners who can deliver high-quality care with greater precision. Furthermore, the synthesis of AI into dental practices introduces a dynamic paradigm shift, fostering a synergy between technology and human expertise. As algorithms evolve and learn from vast datasets, they augment the diagnostic acumen of dental professionals, providing valuable insights that may have been challenging to discern through traditional means alone. This narrative review explores the diverse applications of artificial intelligence in dentistry, emphasizing its transformative potential. From early diagnosis to treatment optimization, the integration of AI not only enhances clinical outcomes but also fosters a more patient-centric and efficient approach to dental care. The evolving collaboration between AI and dental practitioners is set to redefine oral healthcare, paving the way for a future where precision and efficiency converge to elevate the standards of dental medicine.

How to Think About Risks in US Military Innovation

Public discourse about military innovation in the United States tends to portray dramatic changes in technology, organisation and doctrine as desirable. Innovation is a gamble that new ways of war can supplant more traditional means and methods, but it is not always worth taking. Dynamics inherent to the innovation process make it challenging for militaries to properly manage risks. Military innovation is expensive in time and money, but is more likely to occur when these resources are scarce. Also, major innovation proposals usually need to overpromise to secure the necessary support, which sets the stage for future disappointment. Accordingly, defence policymakers should avoid emphasising disruptive innovation as a silver bullet. A more prudent path is to invest in active but incremental changes, as well as resourcing robust but deliberate testing and evaluation processes that avoid rushed development.

The values of the warhorse suits and the epic tradition

In the scientific article “Meanings of war horse colours and epic tradition” the typological similarities of poetic description of heroic epics of Turkic-speaking peoples and Siberia formed in the context of the epic “Manas” are considered. The etymological meanings of war horse colours in the artistic structure of the epic “Manas” are also analysed. The epic “Manas” has brought to our days a whole range of images of horses, starting with fantastic mythological images of horses and ending with realistic ones. Descriptions of the horse’s colours, the peculiarities of its walking and running, its ability to understand not only the master’s orders but also its state of mind occupy a large place in the narrative. Each horse is endowed with a nickname, each is characterised by some qualities peculiar only to it. It is known that different time layers are present in the epic, and from this it is possible to reveal the images of the Tulpar in their stadial evolution, which makes it possible to consider their essence in hyperpolarity. In the epic “Manas” there are more than 150 names of war horses of different colours. The totality of artistic images of war horses depicted in the context of “myth and reality” as endowing them with wings, human speech, and the ability to transform through transformation into werewolves is a real cultural treasure of the epics and a subject of scientific interest of hundreds of researchers. In the process of evolution each national epic preserving the given properties of the archetype, at the same time transformed into the poetic image of horses some specific properties, developing and glorifying some special qualities inherent only to the given epic.

On the Einstein–Smoluchowski relation in the framework of generalized statistical mechanics

Anomalous statistical distributions that exhibit asymptotic behavior different from the exponential Boltzmann–Gibbs tail are typical of complex systems constrained by long-range interactions or time-persistent memory effects at the stationary non-equilibrium or meta-equilibrium. In this framework, a nonlinear Smoluchowski equation, which models the system’s time evolution towards its steady state, is obtained using the gradient flow method based on a free-energy potential related to a given generalized entropic form. Comparison of the stationary distribution resulting from the maximization of entropy for a canonical ensemble with the steady state distribution resulting from the Smoluchowski equation gives an Einstein-Smoluchowski-like relation. Despite this relationship between the mobility of particle μ and the diffusion coefficient D retains its original expression: μ=βD, appropriate considerations, physically motivated, force us an interpretation of the parameter β different from the traditional meaning of inverse temperature.

Kresba nebo fotomontáž pro děti? Příklady inovativních přístupů ilustrace dětské knihy v meziválečném Československu

The aim of the paper has been to show the plethora of innovative approaches to the illustration of books for children in the interwar period in Czechoslovakia (1918–1938). In a journal focused on education and literature (Úhor [Fallow]), the first synthetic text devoted to the aesthetics of children’s books was published as late as 1935, written by Josef Novák. His text perceives the illustrations of children’s books as an important and distinctive artistic expression dependent on the drawing conception of a form. It highlights the most modern examples in the form of the book of Zdenka Marčanová and Toyen, Náš svět [Our World], but not without reservations; it provides another modern example in Karel Čapek’s Dášeňka, on whose typography Karel Teige worked in 1933. The artistic potential of illustration is thus dominated by the individual approaches of particular authors. As early as 1918, the anthology Nůše pohádek [A Basketful of Fairy Tales] brought some unconventional illustrations, adopting elements from progressive art movements. Jeníkovy pohádky [Jack’s Fairy Tales], written and illustrated by Jan Zrzavý in 1920, enriched the visual appearance of children’s books with variations of dream imagery and with the interconnection of image and text according to the author’s concept with the involvement of a visually dominant and aesthetically modified typeface. In particular in Milada Marešová’s drawings published at the turn of the 1930s, it is possible to observe a new way of working with traditional means of expression. Her drawings were a reaction to the contemporary foreign approaches of the New Objectivity. In the early 1930s, Josef Čapek’s book graphics and illustrations were characterised by a shift towards multimedia. The involvement of the avant-garde painter Toyen in children’s book illustration proceeds from Civilism to Surrealism. A distinctly avant-garde form was given to the experimentally conceived popular-educational book by J. V. Pleva Kapka vody [A Drop of Water] in the graphic design of Zdeňek Rossmann, who creatively combined typography with photomontage. Photomontage was used by Augustin Tschinkel in his popular-educational books, either together with Ladislav Sutnar, for instance in Malá vlastivěda [A Little Civics Reader]), or on his own in the book Zeměpisné rebusy [Geographical Rebuses]. The works of the last three mentioned avant-garde artists are typical examples of the progressive graphic design where graphic symbols have been replaced by illustrations. These publications were created within a new model of cooperation – collaboration between a typographer, designer and illustrator in an authorial whole. Significantly radical experiments applying constructivist aesthetics and involving photography were unique in children’s literature in Czechoslovakia.

Plazas domeñadas. Impactos de la turistificación sobre el espacio público urbano

This paper analyses the processes of modification with a view to tourism that are currently taking place in the most emblematic public squares in the centre of Seville (Spain). These spaces have historically constituted the preeminent meeting places for collective use. However, as in other cities that are specialised in the tourist sector, Seville is undergoing a radical process of transformation of the public space embodied in its squares. The research, based on a bibliographical and documentary review and ethnographic fieldwork, reveals that the expansion of tourism has altered the secular multifunctional character of the squares anal‑ ysed as places of expression of life and social diversity. It finds that the intensification of tourism is eroding the traditional meanings, social uses and functions of these central spaces. To varying degrees, the increas‑ ing specialisation in tourism is gradually transforming the squares into “tamed” spaces, that is to say subject to the service of tourist activity. At the same time, this process is triggering new uses and functions, leading to newly shaped socio-cultural dynamics.

Overcoming the challenge of a thin skull in a 2-year-old patient undergoing laser interstitial thermal therapy using an individualized stereotactic platform: illustrative case.

Ependymoma is the third most common pediatric brain tumor that can present with headaches, cranial nerve deficits, nausea, vomiting, and ataxia. Current treatment is maximal safe resection followed by radiation therapy. More recently, laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) has become an alternative to traditional resection. In this report, the authors describe the utilization of a single-use, patient-specific stereotactic platform for the treatment of supratentorial ependymoma with LITT. A 2-year-old female had a complex history of supratentorial ependymoma after multiple craniotomies for repeated tumor progression and ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement. Imaging demonstrated an enlarging, complex, enhancing mass in the right occipital region. LITT was decided on for treatment. Given the thinness of the patient's skull, which precluded traditional means of stereotaxy, the authors elected to use a personalized stereotactic platform. Immediate postoperative imaging captured complete laser ablation of the tumor, with long-term imaging demonstrating a decreased tumor size. Individualized stereotactic platforms are increasingly used in adult populations, but pediatric use continues to be infrequent. In this report, the authors present the youngest reported case using a personalized stereotactic platform and show the effectiveness of this system for performing LITT in the youngest of populations with very thin skulls.

Symbolic Interactions in Traditional Medicine Practice

<p>This study aims to explain the symbolic interaction in traditional medicine of the Sungai Guntung community. The traditional treatment in question is the administration of salt acid. Giving salt acid from the patient to the shaman is still preserved and believed by the community as the key to treatment. The theory used to analyse is Herbert Blumer's Symbolic Interactionism. This research uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. The determination of informants was carried out by purposive sampling technique or method. Based on the results of this study, the Sungai Guntung Village community still practises traditional medicine. This research resulted in the finding that the administration of salt acid is a spiritual phenomenon where the illness comes from physical, psychological and magical sources. The meaning of tradition depends on social interaction, so the continuity of meaning is also very dependent on changes in social interaction. The symbolic interaction in this treatment is reflected in the symbol of bonding between the shaman and the patient, the symbol of the patient's trust in the shaman, the symbol of gratitude from the patient to the shaman, the symbol of the key to treatment, the symbol of the belief that illness and treatment are spiritual phenomena.</p>

DİJİTAL YERLİLER: MEDYA OKURYAZARLIĞI, HABER TÜKETİMİ VE ALIŞKANLIKLARI

People today are in a place where they can produce, consume, store and broadcast news from various sources, media organizations and platforms. There are more options for news consumption than ever before, hence comes the need to comprehend but also compare different news consumption patterns. Following Prensky’s (2001) approach (Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants), this research examines the level of media literacy in the Digital Natives generations (young individuals who have grown up in the digital age) and how said generations consume news. The study focuses on the multiple factors which affect news consumption, distribution and comprehension of mis/disinformation issues, among Digital Natives. A primary quantitative research was conducted and it was based on a closed-ended questionnaire, which was distributed online and was answered by a specimen of 338 adults, born after 1980. Research findings indicate that Digital Natives consider news as strongly affected by political parties. There is a huge surge in the use of digital media, thus traditional means of information, such as newspapers, were found to have a minimum impact on Digital Natives. According to the study findings, they face significant issues regarding trust in news, continuous use of various devices and social media platforms. All these issues influence their information habits and underline the need for tailor-made media literacy approaches.

Efficiency of using interactive means of theoretical training of swimmers 8-10 years old

Purpose: substantiating and developing the structure and content of theoretical training of swimmers at the stage of initial training and determining the effectiveness of traditional and interactive means of theoretical training on the level of theoretical training of athletes.
 Material and methods. A sociological survey by means of a questionnaire was conducted among qualified swimmers and trainers-teachers in order to establish the actual problems of the theoretical training of swimmers.
 The total number of interviewed qualified swimmers was 32 people, the average age of the interviewed athletes was 17.40±0.48 years, 68% were male, 32% were female. The experience of playing sports is 10.62±0.47 years.
 The total number of interviewed coaches was 17 people. Among the interviewees were 3 coaches of the highest category, 1 of them is an honored coach of Ukraine, 6 people are coaches of the first category, 8 people are coaches of the second category; the average age of the interviewees was 43.49 ± 0.44, 65% were male, 35% were female.
 Young swimmers aged 8–10, who were practicing at the stage of initial training, took part in the pedagogical experiment. The total number of athletes was 19 people. Two experimental groups were formed, in the preparation of which both generally accepted means and methods of theoretical training were used, as well as the author's interactive means using the game method.
 Mathematical and statistical processing of the research results was carried out using such criteria as: Shapiro-Wilkie (to check the normality of the distribution of the studied indicators of swimmers), Student's t-test (for independent and dependent samples in the case of normal data distribution), Mann-Whitney U-test and Wilcoxon (in the absence of a normal distribution of data); correlation analysis between the competitive result and the level of theoretical preparedness of swimmers at the stage of initial training.
 The results. Educational and training classes according to the developed program with the use of the author's interactive means of theoretical training contributed to a reliable (p<0.001) increase in the general level of theoretical training of swimmers at the stage of initial training by 161.00%. At the same time, educational and training classes with the use of theoretical training tools provided by the state curriculum turned out to be less effective and contributed to an increase in the overall level of theoretical training of young swimmers by only 39.87%.
 Conclusions. Theoretical training is an integral part of the system of training athletes. The use of interactive means of theoretical training with the use of the game method (computer games) in the process of theoretical training of young swimmers significantly increases its effectiveness, in contrast to classes in which only traditional means and methods were used (study of special literature, story, conversation, demonstration of stands, documentaries) theoretical training. At the same time, it was established that there are no gender differences between the indicators of theoretical readiness of boys and girls swimmers 8-10 years old. In addition, a high correlation was found between the general level of theoretical preparedness of swimmers of the main group and the time to cover the competitive distance of 50 m, which indicates that with an increase in the level of theoretical preparation, the time to cover the competitive distance decreases.

Interferences Between Tradition and Modernity in the Symphonic and Concerto Works by Adrian Pop – (2) Etos I

"The present study is part of a series of analytical approaches undertaken on the symphonic-concertant oeuvre of Cluj composer Adrian Pop. Following the chronological order of the works and keeping as a reference their common source of inspiration – namely the Romanian folklore –, the conclusion seeks to highlight the way in which the composer’s individuality relates to both the trends of contemporary language and the European cultured musical tradition, without attenuating the signs of the local stylistic matrix. Starting from the melody of a Miorița from Sălaj, whose typology will prove crucial in rendering the Blagian concept of the undulating plain, the composer uses traditional means – in particular the timbral essences and effects specific to folk organology – or contemporary techniques such as spectralism, texturalism, heterophony, to capture both the descriptive aspects of the idyllic universe and the archaic, archetypal, timeless and, last but not least, tragic essences of the philosophical and literary source. The symphonic discourse established at the level of the three main sections of the work follows a path of almost organic development, from the cellular-motivic elements that anticipate the Miorița theme, engaged in homogeneous, pulsating, diaphanous, or extremely dissonant textures, to the unique moment of virtuosity of the two semantroms in the central section and, finally, to the display of the original melody in juxtaposition, or superimposition with its inversion, in a tableau dominated by the ascent and descent of the flocks of sheep. Keywords: folklore, melody, variation, evolution, texturalism, heterophony, spectralism, timbrality"

Study of Living Al-Qur'an: Reception Wirdus Sa'adah the Inner Obedience Fathul Ulum Islamic Boarding School

This study aims to explain the phenomenon of living Qur’an that occurs at Fathul Ulum Islamic Boarding School Kwagean Kediri related to the amaliyah tradition, it is Wirdus Sa’adah. The focus of this study is to find out the meaning of the amaliyah tradition, Wirdus Sa’adah, which is carried out after maktubah prayer by reading wirid of Surah Al-Fatihah 100 times a day. This study uses qualitative methods with data collection techniques in the form of observations, interviews, and documentation. The approach used is the phenomenology of social construction using the sociology of knowledge by Karl Mannheim and the social actions of Max Weber. The results of this study can be concluded that first, the activity of amaliyah tradition, Wirdus Sa’adah, is activity carried out individually or sirri means that are not required for everyone because it can interfere with the density of Islamic boarding school activities. Second, sociologically the meaning of the amaliyah tradition, Wirdus Sa’adah at Fathul Ulum Islamic Boarding School Kwagean, has an objective meaning, it means this tradition is a form of obedience to the teachings of kyai who as the model figures. This tradition expressively also affects the condition of religious psychological endurance that is good for practitioners and documentarily it is a local wisdom that needs to be preserved. Third, although Wirdus Sa’adah is not required by this Islamic boarding school, but most of the students followed the tradition with the motivation of expecting blessings from their readings.