Trading Port Research Articles

Politicization and Commodification of Tourism: Implications for George Town World Heritage Site

The inscription of World Heritage Status to both George Town and Melaka in 2008 had given tremendous impacts in terms of tourist arrivals and the growth of economy. While the inscription has pinned Malaysia on the global tourism map, the rapid pace of tourism development has resulted in a series of problems brought by tourism commodification. Tourism gentrification, outmigration and change of building uses are among the common symptoms of commodification. Taking George Town as a case study, this paper aims to explore the implications of tourism commodification, particularly on the physical impacts and local residents. This study is essential to identify the stage of commodification of the study area, whose development are based on the heritage commodification. Based on the site observations and semi-structured interviews with the residents, administrative staffs and business owners in the study area, several arguments are put forward in this paper. First, a phased process of tourism commodification has taken place in George Town, and triggered significant changes in lifestyle, community development, property market values and land use development. Second, George Town has shifted from a free trading port to a productivist heritage-scape, with local government being the principal influencing factor. Findings of the study reveal that commodification does not necessarily destroy the meaning of heritage in urban heritage destination, but also helps to improve economic status and quality of life of the local residents. Future research on commodification should be conducted in other World Heritage Sites and compare with the commodification stage in George Town World Heritage Site.

선박충돌사고의 원인 분석에서 항법 적용의 원칙에 관한 소고

In the analysis of the cause of a collision between ships, the apportionment of liability may vary depending on the navigation rules applied to the accident, which affects civil or criminal proceedings related to the accident. Therefore, the basic principle of application of navigation rules is important in ship collision accidents. The Korea Maritime Safety Tribunal applies general navigation rules stipulated in the navigation regulations only when both ships approach with considerable time, maintaining the course and speed for a considerable period of time to figure out the other ship’s course and speed and predict what action the other ship will take next. If it is not appropriate to apply general navigation rules because it does not meet these conditions, the rule of good seamanship will be applied. If the collision occurred in the water zone, etc. of trade ports, the navigation rules in the ｢Act on the Arrival and Departure of Ships｣ will be applied first, and the navigation rules in the ｢Maritime Safety Act｣ will be applied to the parts not stipulated in the ｢Act on the Arrival and Departure of Ships｣. When the collision occurred in the Korean territorial waters and waters connected to them, but not in the water zone, etc. of trade ports, the navigation rules in the ｢Maritime Safety Act｣ will be applied, and if there is no wtitten rules for the case in this law, the rule of good seamanship will be applied. In the analysis of the cause of a collision between ships, determining of time point to start applying navigation rules is important. The time point to start applying navigation rules shall be determined based on the determination of where the risk of collision began to exist, taking into account the point 15 minutes before the collision, and the point where the distance between the two ships became less than 3 miles. An agreement on a change of navigation rules between the two ships are to be legally recognized only when the two sides have fully agreed on the change of navigation rules over a sufficient period of time. And the effect of such an agreement takes precedence over the navigation rules specified in the ｢Act on the Arrival and Departure of Ships｣ and ｢Maritime Safety Act｣.

Prediction of climate change effects on the potential distribution of cycad blue butterfly (Luthrodes pandava) in South Korea

AbstractLuthrodes pandava (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) is a major pest of the genus Cycas (Cycadales: Cycadaceae) and mainly inhabits low latitudes of Asia. Recently, L. pandava has gradually spread to other regions. L. pandava was first recorded in South Korea in 2006 and has been continuously observed on Jeju Island ever since. Adequate management and mitigation plans are necessary to prevent further spread of L. pandava throughout Korea. Therefore, this study used a species distribution model to predict the potential distribution of L. pandava under current and future climate conditions. A weighted ensemble model that incorporated the accuracy of 10 species distribution models was used to improve the forecast certainty. The potential distribution areas of L. pandava were predicted in units of 20 years from the present to 2,100 using a climate change scenario (SSP5–8.5). Under current and future climate conditions, the ensemble model predicted that L. pandava would be extensively distributed on Jeju Island and along the southern seaboard, west coast, and east coast, inhabiting 50–70% of Korea's land area by 2,100. Additionally, many sources of food for L. pandava, excluding those in the Cycas genus, have been observed in Korea. Thus, trading ports and the inland of the Korean Peninsula must be continuously monitored for outbreaks of L. pandava. The findings of this study provide essential necessary data to help mitigate the outbreak and spread of L. pandava in Korea and their associated damage to the Cycas genus.

Urban Expansion Was the Main Driving Force for the Decline in Ecosystem Services in Hainan Island during 1980-2015.

Hainan Island is one of China's most ecologically diverse areas. Human activities and climate change have recently influenced Hainan Island's ecosystem services. Therefore, scientific methods are urgently needed to investigate the characteristics of these services' spatial and temporal variations and their driving mechanisms for maintaining Hainan Island's biodiversity and high-quality ecological conservation. Based on multivariate remote sensing and reanalysis data, this study analysed the spatial and temporal variations in water retention, soil conservation, carbon sequestration, and oxygen release services on Hainan Island during 1980-2015 using various ecosystem service models such as INVEST, CASA and RULSE. Then, we analysed different ecosystem service drivers using a random forest model. The results indicated that (1) from 1980 to 2015, the change characteristics of different ecosystem types (arable, forest, and grassland) decreased, and the proportion of decrease was 0.98%, 0.55% and 0.36%, respectively. Built-up and water increased significantly, and the proportion of increase reached 1.46% and 0.51%, respectively. (2) Hainan Island's functions of water retention, soil conservation, carbon sequestration, and oxygen release services decreased from 23.31 billion m3, 2.89 billion t, 9.68 million t and 56.05 million t in 1980 to 23.15 billion m3, 2.79 billion t, 9.42 million t and 55.53 million t in 2015, respectively. The high value area was mainly distributed in Hainan Island's central mountainous area, and the low value area was mainly distributed in the lower-elevation coastal area. (3) In the past 35 years, urban expansion has been the leading factor in the reduction of Hainan Island's ecosystem service capacity. However, its central nature reserve and other forms of ecological protection have improved its ecosystem service capacity, which has alleviated the overall declining trend of its amount of ecosystem service functions. (4) The driving forces for the spatial distribution of Hainan Island's ecosystem services were analysed using a random forest algorithm, which indicated that its spatial distribution was mainly driven by rainfall, soil moisture, actual evapotranspiration, maximum temperature, and minimum temperature. This study is expected to help planners develop effective environmental policies to accommodate the potential ecological risks associated with urban expansion during the construction of Hainan Island's future free trade port while filling the gaps in existing studies.

한국과 중국의 국제의료관광 정책 비교연구: 보아오 국제의료관광 선행구를 중심으로

This study focuses on suggesting a path for medical tourism in Korea by examining institutional support cases such as free trade ports in Chinese medical tourism pilot zone, which is developing the medical tourism industry with a focus on Traditional Chinese Medicine. This study reviewed at the medical tourism policy promoted by China, focusing on the Boao International Medical Tourism Pilot Zone. China has adopted a strategy of conducting a pilot operation in a specific area when making new policy attempts and expanding the application area according to the result. The service level of medical and wellness tourism also depends on infrastructure such as the connectivity of international transportation, the comfort of accommodation, and the convenience of domestic transportation. Therefore, an appropriate level of policy support related to infrastructure will be required. This paper presents the direction and implications for high value-added medical tourism to overcome the difficulties that the tourism industry is experiencing after COVID-19.

Exploring the impact of perceived risk and trust on tourist acceptance intentions in the post-COVID-19 era: A case study of Hainan residents.

Hainan, is the only free trade port that also exudes quintessence of the culture of China. Tourism is one of Hainan's most lucrative industries. On the one hand, the regional economy is flourishing and on the other hand, the economy is facing unprecedented impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic. In response to the affected global market environment, this study investigates Hainan residents' acceptance intentions, or tolerance, of tourists. Here, based on the theory of reasoned action, which includes "subjective norm" combined with "trust," "perceived risk," and "perceived value." Using "resident attitude" as a mediator, theoretical research frameworks were developed. A total of 447 valid responses were collected using online and paper-copy questionnaires distributed to Hainan residents from 15 July 2021 to 10 November 2021. The data from the questionnaires were used for three analyses namely, descriptive statistical analysis, measurement model verification, and structural equation modeling analysis. Findings show a positive effect of trust on residents' attitudes in Hainan; perceived value and subjective norm showed a positive effect on resident acceptance intentions for tourism; the perceived risk of residents showed a more negative effect on attitudes toward tourists, but the influence was small. Finally, through the results of the study, theoretical and practical implications in a post-pandemic era are discussed.

The Future of China Commercial Registration System: From the Perspective of the Legal Reform in Free Trade Zone and Free Trade Port

This study focuses on analyzing the reform of commercial registration system in Shanghai Pilot Free Trade Zone (FTZ) and Hainan Free Trade Port (FTP) of China, by adopting the evaluation indicator of Starting a business of the World Bank's Doing Business. By implementing the new policies of Negative List and relative supporting policies like the separation of two licenses and e-registration, the reforms as to the mode and guiding philosophy of regulations on commercial registration in the FTZ/FTP achieved a positive spillover effect. However, there remain several problems, such as the fragmentation of the normative documents related, the overlarge scope of substantive examination of commercial registration, the Chinese government needs to further perfect the commercial registration system by means of delimiting the scope of application of market access upon commitment, further optimizing the Doing Business, enhancing the regulations of financial information of enterprises, harmonizing the legal system of regulatory authorities and strengthening the legislation on applicant's accountability and disciplinary mechanisms.

Industrial structure optimization, economic development factors and regional economic risk prevention in post COVID-19 period: empirical analysis based on panel data of Guangdong regional economy.

In the post-COVID-19 period, the regional economic development gap in Guangdong has expanded and the risk has increased. This is not conducive to building a well-off society in Guangdong in an all-round way. Optimizing the industrial structure, changing the mode of economic growth, preventing regional economic risks, and narrowing the regional economic development gap are the focus of Guangdong governments at all levels. Based on a two-sector economic growth model, the paper uses descriptive statistics and Deng's grey correlation method to analyze the economic development panel data of 21 prefecture-level cities of Guangdong Province from 2011 to 2018, analyzes the characteristics of regional economic development in Guangdong, and makes experimental research of the effect of industrial structure optimization and economic development factors on economic growth in Guangzhou, Zhongshan, Shantou, Maoming and Meizhou at different stages of development. The results show that: there are differences in the industrial structure and the level of economic development in different regions; the rationalization of industrial structure and upgrading of the industrial structure has an impact on economic growth and show different features during different stages; in different stages of economic development, foreign trade, scientific and technological innovation are the main factors affecting regional economic growth. This paper holds that the northwest of Guangdong Province and the Pearl River Delta should formulate industrial structure adjustment policies to promote the rationalization of regional industrial structure, expand foreign trade channels and innovate financing mechanisms, and restrain regional economic risks in combination with regional characteristics. The new development pattern of domestic and international dual circulation and mutual promotion, further expands the level of opening up, effectively playing the role of free trade pilot areas, free trade ports, special economic zones, development zones, bonded areas, and other frontier highlands, improve the level and capacity of foreign trade.

Awal Mula dan Daya Tarik Etnis Tionghoa Datang ke Banjarmasin

The arrival of an ethnic group in a new area is part of an activity that always occurs at all times. The Chinese ethnicity is one of the foreign ethnicities which is quite easy to find in the Banjarmasin area. Basically, Banjarmasin is part of the Malay and Dayak families. So the arrival of foreign ethnic groups such as the Chinese ethnic in this city is a very interesting topic to discuss. This study aims to trace the initial process of the arrival of the ethnic Chinese and the attraction that made the ethnic group anchor their shipping destinations to this city of a Thousand Rivers. The method used in this study is the historical method which consists of heuristics (source gathering), criticism, interpretation and historiography. Heuristics was carried out by collecting sources or data obtained from interviews with several ethnic Chinese who lived in Banjarmasin and through several written documents regarding the topic of this research. Then proceed with the stage of criticism of sources internally and externally. After going through the criticism stage, an interpretation (interpretation) is carried out in order to process the information from the sources that have been obtained. The final stage is to write (historiography). The research results obtained were that the arrival of ethnic Chinese in Banjarmasin began with shipping and trade activities in the coastal areas of Banjarmasin. The arrival of traders from the Bamboo Curtain country began to develop into a colony which was formed into a village. Banjarmasin itself has an attraction for migrants, namely the wealth of natural resources and the bustling trading port in the coastal area of Banjarmasin Time Formerly. The ethnic Chinese reside and can still be traced to this day and are able to blend in well with the people around them.

10. Russian Federation

In the follow-up to the Governmental Regulation of 9 July (<Документы – Правительство России) that endorsed accession of the 2007 Russian Federation to the Nairobi International Convention on the Removal of Wrecks (Nairobi Convention), a federal law (Law no. 395-FZ of 6 December), formalized the accession. The law includes for a reservation not to be bound by clauses 2 and 3 of Article 15 (Settlement of Disputes). The law also contains a notification about extending the application of the Nairobi Convention to its territorial sea as per clause 2 of Article 3 of the convention (<http://www.en.kremlin.ru/acts/news/67293>). In implementing the international commitments under the Nairobi Convention, necessary amendments to the domestic law were introduced by Federal Law no. 470-FZ, dated 30 December. In particular, the Merchant Shipping Code generally prohibits sinking of ships or their wrecks within the internal marine waters, territorial sea, and exclusive economic zone (<https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/acc_e/rus_e/WTACCRUS33A1_LEG_15.pdf>). Sunk or stranded ships, except for warships, shall be subject to removal. Under its new Chapter VII, a ship owner or a ship operator shall be obliged to report to a master of the nearest sea trading port the sunk wreck(s) with indications of circumstances and details as required by the convention. The right to report is also afforded to any person in the form of mere notification. Copies of such reports shall be transferred to the government of the Russian Federation, governments of affected federal regions, and to the states where the ship is registered. On the basis of these reports, relevant Russian governments shall take a decision to either remove a wreck or confirm absence of an environmental hazard. A ship owner shall be obliged to remove a wreck within established terms depending on the type of hazard (within three months, should the wreck pose a hazard to navigation or the marine environment, or six months, if there is a hazard to fishing or hydro-technical constructions) after notification of the sea trading port and in conformity with removal compliance documentation. Should this not be done, wrecks shall be removed by a relevant sea trading port or by the government of the nearest federal region. The latter are entitled to require compensation of costs from an insurance company. A ship owner who omits an obligation to provide a removal compliance documents shall be released from the ownership right that may be reinstated upon a judicial ruling.

Research on the Countermeasures of Smart Tourism Construction in Sanya Under the Background of Free Trade Port Construction

By analyzing the current situation of smart tourism construction in combination with the actual tourism situation in Sanya, this study aims to find out the problems existing in the current smart tourism construction and understand the various factors affecting the smart tourism construction in Sanya. Then, relevant theories and practical applications were used to study the ways to carry out smart tourism construction with the help of policy, location and other advantages to meet the needs of the development of the times. Based on the study, practical countermeasures and suggestions were given to provide reference for the construction of smart tourism, ensure the continuous improvement of smart tourism construction, and help the upgrading and transformation of tourism in Sanya. Based on the analysis of the construction and data of smart tourism and tourism informatization in Sanya, this article has formed a useful method to help Sanya build an international tourist island, as well as using the Hainan Free Trade Port construction policy to build a modern smart tourism city.

A Study on Establishing Joint Arbitration Institutions at China’s Hainan Free Trade Port

A Study on Establishing Joint Arbitration Institutions at China’s Hainan Free Trade Port

Military or trade port cities? About the form and function of the Hispanic colonial cities in Latin America and the Caribbean

ABSTRACT This work studies urban form and function in Hispanic American colonial port cities. By combining different research questions and points of view, new insights are given into matters such as the origin of their urban grids, the development of their fortifications throughout the colonial era, and the military versus trade function they accomplished. The focus is on Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, with other Hispanic colonial cities also included in the discussion. The field work is based on primary literature about colonial laws and ordinances and the reports of several viceroys in the eighteenth century as well as a wide array of secondary literature in different languages. The results show that, while these cities fulfilled an important role as trade nodes, this function was second to their military role. However, both functions are found to be interdependent in a number of ways.

Development of a Protocol for a Sustainable Blue Economy in the Coastal Zone: Case Study and Preliminary Results in a Coastal Industrial Area in the Eastern Mediterranean

During the last decade, growing demand has prevailed for environmental protection and the application of sustainability principles toward the coastal environment. As the coastal zone constitutes one of the first recipients of the impacts of climate change due to the rise in sea level, integrated coastal zone management arises as a significant tool for the study of vulnerable coastal ecosystems. In combination with ICZM, the use of indicators and ecosystem services analysis couples all of the information, leading to an integrated approach and opportunities for a sustainable blue economy in coastal ecosystems. The aim of the present study is to form a protocol for a sustainable blue economy in the coastal zone, which will investigate and define the current capacity and the boundaries of a coastal ecosystem with specific characteristics of industrial activity, cultural heritage, and a protected natural environment. The case study for this research is the Gulf of Elefsis, a special sea basin in the eastern Mediterranean, located a short distance from the Athens metropolitan area. The Gulf of Elefsis is characterized by a developed coastal zone, which includes intense industrial activity, the ancient historical sights of Elefsis, the environmentally protected wetland of lake Koumoundourou, the town of Elefsis, a trade port, and growing shipbuilding activity.

ORTA ÇAĞ ANADOLUSU'NDA KULLANILAN TIBBÎ BİTKİLERİN X. YÜZYILDAN XII. YÜZYILA KADAR TEDARİĞİ

Orta Çağ’da Selçuklular ve diğer Anadolu beylikleri arasında pek çok yönden mücadeleler yaşanmıştır. Bu mücadelelerin bir tarafını da entelektüel bilgiye sahip olmak oluşturmuştur. Bunun için Anadolu beyleri Dârü’s-sıhha, Dârü’ş-şifâ ve Mâristanlar inşâ etmişler ve bu binalarda çalışanlar için her türlü gereksinimi karşılamaya çalışmışlardır.&#x0D; Özellikle Haçlı Devletleri kurulduktan sonra Doğu Akdeniz’den Anadolu’ya doğru kayan ticaret yolları bölgede çok sayıda kervansaray kurulmasına sebep olmuştur. Güvenli ticaret yollarının etrafında bulunan sağlık binaları birçok hekimin Ortadoğu’dan Anadolu’ya geçmesine vesile olurken burada sentezlenmiş olan Yunan-İran-Hint tıbbının İslâm dünyası içinde geliştirilmiş hali Anadolu’ya taşınmıştır.&#x0D; Bu tıbbi bilgi hastalıkların tedavisinde öd ağacı, misk, kâfur, belsam ve helile gibi pek çok bitkinin kullanılmasını mümkün kılıyordu. Fakat bu bitkilerin hepsi Anadolu’da bulunamazdı. Sağlık binalarının yakınlarından geçen ve bilinen Dünya’nın her yerine ulaşan ticaret yolları vasıtasıyla bitkiler bu binalarda çalışan entelektüellere sağlanmaya başlandı.&#x0D; Bitkilerden bazıları ipek yolu üzerinden temin edilirken bazıları ise Çin’in doğu kıyılarında bulunan ticaret limanlarından çıkıp Serendib’e bağlanıyor ve Baharat yolundaki bitkilerle birlikte kuzey-batı yolundan Anadolu’ya doğru getiriliyordu. Ayrıca Endülüs yolu da Orta Çağ’da bitki taşınan ticaret yollarından biri idi.

The Complexity of Religious Traditions in Quanzhou 泉州 under Mongol Rule: An Inscription from Chunyang 純陽 Cave in Mt. Qingyuan 清源, Quanzhou

This paper discusses the complexity of the religious traditions in Quanzhou (Fujian, China), the largest international trade port under Mongol rule. The contribution of presumed Persian Muslim Pu Shougeng 蒲壽庚to the reconstruction of a Taoist-Buddhist shrine was taken as the case study. The external conditions surrounding his composite religious act (beyond private beliefs) were also observed in terms of individual goals, backgrounds, and social networks. For this purpose, the author presents the Chinese stone inscription from Quanzhou (in Fujian, China) titled “Zhong jian Qingyuan Chunyang dong ji 重建清源純陽洞記 (Record of Reconstruction of the Chunyang Cave in Qingyuan Mountain),” dated to the fourth year of Hou-Zhiyuan 後至元 (1338) during the Yuan period.

연안항만 입․출항 선박에 대한 항법적용에 관한 고찰

The Act On The Arrival And Departure Of Ships limits its spatial application to the water zones of trade ports. According to the strict literary interpretation of the above law, the relevant navigation regulations of the Maritime Safety Act or「the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972, hereunder, 'International Rules'」 will be applied to waters excluded from the waters of trade ports. The relevant regulations of the Port Act which restricts water facilities outside the water area of a trade port, which is the scope of the Act On The Arrival And Departure Of Ships, to trade ports managed by the state are legislatively problematic. If so, even if the current interpretation of the law does not directly apply the Act On The Arrival And Departure Of Ships to the local managed trade port, it is reasonable to directly apply or infer the provisions of the Act On The Arrival And Departure Of Ships to the local managed trade port. Also, in light of the legislative purpose of the Maritime Safety Act and international rules, it is not appropriate to directly apply the above laws and rules to coastal ports. Therefore, it is necessary to apply the navigation rules prescribed by the Act On The Arrival And Departure Of Ships by analogy to coastal ports under the Port Act and fishing port under the Fishing Villages and Fishery Harbor Act where marine traffic environments are similar to the trade ports. Regarding the navigational regulations in coastal ports, in a number of maritime safety trials, the judges apply 'the Ordinary practice of good seamanship' as a way to solve the problems of applying the relevant regulations of the Maritime Safety Act and the International Rules. However, this is an escape to the general clause, which is not appropriate. On the other hand, The Excursion Ship And Ferry Business Act and the Fishing Management and Promotion Act, which are included in the broader Maritime Traffic Act, have separate regulations on the navigational rules of the excursion ship, ferry, and the fishing boat. The navigational rules stipulated in the above laws are subject to ships that operate inland waters, not seagoing vessels which is subject to the Maritime Safety Act. Therefore, the relevant provisions of the Maritime Safety Act and the Act On The Arrival And Departure Of Ships are applied to ships operating at sea levels. However, since the navigational regulations of the Maritime Safety Act are not suitable for direct application to coastal ports, and the scope of the Act On The Arrival And Departure Of Ships is limited to water areas of trade ports, there is a problem in that the effectiveness of navigational regulations to be applied to coastal ports or fishing ports where fishing boats mainly enter and depart. Considering that the main contents of the navigational rules stipulated in the Excursion Ships and Ferry Act and the Fishing Management and Promotion Act are in line with the navigation rules stipulated in the laws such as the Act On The Arrival And Departure Of Ships, as a legislative theory, it is necessary to expand application of the navigational rules which is applied to excursion ships, ferry and the fishing boats to seagoing vessels.

Policy Optimization for Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park Based on Quantitative Comparison of Regional Policies of Free Trade Port Areas

Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park, as one of the first national parks established in China, should make full use of the gold brand of “Hainan Free Trade Port” and “National Park,” rely on the advantages and potential of system integration and innovation, draw on the experience of national parks in mature free trade ports (FTPs), and build a perfect national park policy system. This study introduces the PMC index model, constructs a national park policy evaluation index system, and conducts a systematic comparative analysis of 14 representative national park policies in Hainan rainforest, Hong Kong, and Singapore. The study finds that the policy of Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park is not effective enough, the policy in social and cultural fields is relatively lacking, the policy content needs to be further strengthened, and the policy functions need to be improved, etc., and puts forward corresponding suggestions for optimization.

The Development of the Hainan Free Trade Port and Hainan-South China Sea Regional Economic Integration

The Development of the Hainan Free Trade Port and Hainan-South China Sea Regional Economic Integration

INDIAN MERCHANTS IN ANCIENT SOUTHEAST ASIA: THE CASE OF ÓC EO – FUNAN

Being considered a trading polity, Funan was known to have established relationships with major regional economic centers and nations. At its height, Funan controlled a variety of valuable resources and dominated the Southeast Asian maritime trade network, which included many trading ports, raw materials production centers, as well as the Isthmus of Kra, the principal link in the East-West trade route. In this, Indians, notably traders and craftsmen, did not only limit their presence to trading with Funan, but had also permanently settled in the Lower Mekong Delta. They were involved in political life, propagating religion, enriching culture, and producing commodities. Indians’ contributions set the commodity standards for Funan’s economy, affecting arts and the current of ideas in Funan, as well as other Southeast Asian states. Together with internal factors, these external factors influenced the transformation of Funan into a regional power.