Trading Estate Research Articles

Gender Pay Gap in Textile Industrial Cluster Kotri, Sindh Pakistan

The aim of the research is to substantiate the gender pay gap in textile industrial cluster Kotri with the twin comparative research questions, what are the hourly wages of men and women workers and why do men and women workers receive unequal hourly wages in textile industrial cluster Kotri, Sindh Pakistan? The term gender pay gap is not only concern equal pay for equal work. It also refers equal opportunities for women in industrial sector, in the meaning of socioeconomic privileges. In Pakistan female labor force participation rates remain stumpy, the gaps in industries labor market outcomes between men and women (gender disparities) are far from closing. A mixed methodology used with snowball sampling technique in eleven textile industries of Sindh Industrial Trading Estate (Site) Area Kotri. Current study found that from 1 rupee to 11 rupees difference in one hour pay of daily wages men and women workers. Majority of daily wages worker are happy with the role of middleman but mass of them are illiterate. Further this paper offers specific policy recommendations for strengthen women worker position and priorities to wage balance in industrial cluster, expand women employment in industries and advance women’s wellbeing socially and economically by which we may enjoy a healthy piece of society.

The Archaeology of 20th-Century Factory Management: Four Factories on the Team Valley Trading Estate

ABSTRACT This article seeks to determine whether changes in factory management during the mid-20th century can be archaeologically recognised. 1 The 20th century witnessed significant changes in management practice which are understood historically. In order to examine the archaeological record of these changes, archaeological and historical research was carried out on four factories on the Team Valley Trading Estate (TVTE) built between 1938 and 1939. It was possible to detect elements of planning for efficiency of movement and process both in the offices and the factory floor. Similarly, division of labour between workers of different status and gender were also evident. Such differences in status were not only part of practical organisation but were marked symbolically. In addition, it was possible to show that though aesthetic considerations were important in factory design during the period 1930–1970; they became less significant subsequently as factories themselves ceased to be marketing tools.

Surface urban heat islands in the mega city of Karachi, their spatial distribution and health emergency response infrastructure.

The 2015 heat wave resulted in an estimated over 1200 deaths during the month of June. However, there were no records on the spatial distribution of the effects of this heat wave. An analysis of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface temperature (LST) daily data was conducted to identify regions that experienced above normal temperatures in 2015. An analysis of the monthly averages showed that in general April and May were the warmer months in Karachi, unlike the case in 2015. In addition, the general warm trends were common in the highly industrialised Sindh Industrial Trading Estate (SITE) and Liaquatabad towns, while Gadap, with its mostly barren land, and New Karachi also experience higher temperatures. Coastal towns were naturally cooler and more habitable in the given scenario. A count of the spatial presence of health facilities for the city was also extracted where Gadap and Korangi were poorly served while the more affluent towns of Defence Housing Authority (DHA) and Gulshan-e-Iqbal appeared to be better served.

Groundwater quality assessment for drinking purpose: a case study from Sindh Industrial Trading Estate, Karachi, Pakistan

Drinking water quality assessment is an essential tool to address suitability of drinking water and condition of aquifer environment. This study is aimed to assess the groundwater quality in the Sindh Industrial and Trading Estate (SITE) area of Karachi. We have collected groundwater samples from 24 boring wells, at different depth ranging between 100 and 150 ft., and tested for various physicochemical parameters. We have analyzed the spatially distributed groundwater samples in the under study area by following multi-field assessment (statistical estimation, spatial mapping, and hydrofacies distribution). Water quality is evaluated through physical parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, turbidity) and chemical parameters, including major ions (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulfate, bicarbonate, nitrate), minor elements (iron, manganese), and trace elements (zinc, nickel, cobalt, chromium, and copper). The concentration of parameters is varying with following range: pH (6.95–7.84), EC (4050–35,600 μS/cm), TDS (2020–17,800 mg/L), TH (890–8100 mg/L), Na (123–930 mg/L), K (10–68 mg/L), Ca (340–8260 mg/L), Mg (176.17–1725.9 mg/L), Cl (1028.05–15,420.75 mg/L), SO4 (122–960 mg/L), HCO3 (1900–5025 mg/L), NO3 (35.52–227.08 mg/L), Fe (41–79 ppb), and Zn (32–1638 ppb). The results of physiochemical parameters were subsequently compared with national and WHO standards. All the sample results were found above the prescribed standards, except the pH level. These parameters were interpolated through ArcMap tools, which showcase the spatial distribution of water quality in the study area and helped us to identify the anomalous water quality parameters. The Piper diagram used to model the ionic relationship and relative concentration of the major cations and anions dissolved in the groundwater samples. The data show the variability among six hydrochemical facies; Ca–HCO3 type (n = 7), Ca–Cl (n = 7), Na–HCO3 (n = 5), Na–Cl (n = 2), Ca–SO4 type (n = 2), and Mg–Cl (n = 1). This baseline study will signify in monitoring groundwater quality of SITE area and provide footnotes to investigate the variability of hydrofacies and diffusion of industrial discharge in hydrological environment of shallow aquifer in the study area.

The Relationship Between Subjective Well-Being and Work–Life Balance Among Labourers in Pakistan

The aim of this paper is to explore the importance of work–life balance in human life and how job characteristics affect overall well-being. Our data have been collected from the labour market in five major industrial estates in Pakistan, such as M3-industrial estate, Sundar industrial estate, Sindh industrial trading estate, Gawadar industrial estate, and Hayatabad industrial estate, using a stratified sampling technique. The data have been collected via questionnaire, and included demographic data (sex, age, education, number of children, marital status, and regional background), job characteristics (working hours per week), health, education, and monthly nominal income (in absolute terms) of the sample labourers. A regression model has been developed to check the association of well-being with socio-economic status as well as job characteristics of the labourer. We observed that a fair work-family life balance plays a positive and significant role in overall well-being, apart from socio-economic characteristics like health, education and income of a labourer. Policy makers should hence put more emphasis on favorable working hours to ensure greater happiness and better quality of life.

‘Rural’ rhetoric in 1930s unemployment relief schemes

AbstractThis article examines the role of particular ideas of the countryside in unemployment relief schemes. While interwar thinking on the countryside has received attention, it has not been examined in the specific context of unemployment relief. This article uses four case studies from North East England, namely the Team Valley Trading Estate (Gateshead), Hamsterley Forest Instructional Centre (Durham), Swarland model village (Northumberland) and Heartbreak Hill (Cleveland). All four projects took different approaches to the unemployment problem, but all used some form of rural rhetoric. The ways in which the projects deployed images of the countryside creatively recombined a wide range of ideas to suit their needs rather than being rigidly confined by particular schools of thought.

Toxic metals in maternal blood, cord blood and meconium of newborn infants in Pakistan.

Toxic metals and deficiency/excess of trace elements can have adverse effects on health. The aim of this study was to quantify toxic metals lead, cadmium and trace elements zinc, copper, aluminium (Al) and Iron (Fe) levels in pregnant women, cord blood and meconium of new-born infants from industrial zones of Karachi, Pakistan. Analytical research was performed from 2011-2012 in low socio-economic pregnant mothers and newborn infants from 20 towns near Sindh Industrial Trading Estates, Federal B industrial area and Korangi industrial areas, Karachi, where environmental pollution was anticipated. Blood samples of pregnant women (n = 416), cord blood (n = 309) and meconium (n = 309) were analyzed quantitatively for metals and trace elements. Results indicated that mothers residing in steel towns were found to have the highest levels of lead. Meconium contained high levels of toxic heavy metals and trace elements compared to cord blood and maternal blood. Maternal blood toxic metals were present in high quantities. Therefore, safety measures should be taken when industrial waste is disposed of in order to prevent population contamination.

Not fit for Humans? Social and Economic Change in Slough 1919–1951

In the 25 years after the First World War, Slough's population quadrupled from 16,397 to 66,471, transforming it from an insignificant market town into the fastest growing industrial town in southern England. Aggressive expansion of the country's first private sector 'trading estate' provided employment that attracted tens of thousands of voluntary migrants from the distressed areas and elsewhere. Growth placed huge demands on local authorities, resulting in largely unplanned and uncoordinated urban development, with accompanying social challenges and a diminished sense of civic identity. Whether this represented an economic miracle or a demographic blight divided opinion: while Betjeman condemned it as unfit for human habitation, The Times commended Slough as 'a smart and prosperous centre of industry'. The positive and negative aspects of its growth influenced planners of the post-war era of nationalisation and other centralised initiatives.

Samuel Holden Parsons Lee (1772–1863): American physician, entrepreneur and selfless fighter of the 1798 Yellow Fever epidemic of New London, Connecticut

Samuel Holden Parsons Lee practised medicine at a time when the germ theory of disease had not yet been proposed and antibiotics remained undiscovered. In 1798 he served selflessly as the only physician in town who was willing to battle the Yellow Fever outbreak of New London, Connecticut. Because he practised at the dawn of the age of patent medicine, unfortunately his name also came to be associated with medical quackery. We argue that his contributions have been grossly underestimated. He compounded and vended medications - including bilious pills and bitters - that were gold standards of the day. Moreover, one preparation for treatment of kidney stones led to his sub-specialization in this field and was met with such success that its sale continued for nearly 100 years after his death. While a talented medical man, Lee also had a knack for business, finding success in trading, whaling and real estate.

Long-term biomonitoring of lichen and bryophyte biodiversity at Burnham Beeches SAC and global environmental change

Long-term monitoring began 20 years ago at Burnham Beeches Site of Special Interest (SSSI), National Nature Reserve (NNR) and European Special Area of Conservation (SAC) lying 40 km west of London as a consequence of the authorization of an application to extract gravel from an adjacent site lying north of Slough Trading Estate. Dust monitoring (sticky pads) and photographic monitoring, recording and image analysis was instigated in 1992 on Parmelion communities to assess changes in lichen growth, health and community composition. Long-term monitoring identifies that the lichen flora on free-standing trees has undergone rapid expansion from a near dominance by the SO2-tolerant ‘acidophyte’ species Lecanora conizaeoides and Hypogymnia physodes following reductions in SO2 concentrations. Long-term influences of low levels of eutrophication, gaseous pollutants (particularly globally rising background ozone concentrations) on lichen and bryophyte communities and succession under changing climatic conditions are unknown. Soil–plant relationships, lichen–invertebrate interactions and a pollution legacy must also be considered.

Landmarks of Britain: the five hundred places that made our history

such as...The All England Club, Banqueting House, Blackpool Pleasure Beach, Bodleian Library, Caernarfon Castle, Dounreay Nuclear Reactor, Fishbourne Roman Palace, Flatford Mill, The Foundling Hospital, Glasgow School of Art, Glencoe, John Murray Publishers, Jordans Quaker Meeting House, Offa's Dyke, Old Sarum, Plymouth Hoe, Port Sunlight, Rotherhithe Tunnel, Runnymede, Selfridges, Sherwood Forest, Slough Trading Estate, Smithfield, Southwell Workhouse, Spaghetti Junction, Speakers' Corner, Sutton Hoo, Tolpuddle, Trellick Tower, Woking Mosque! THE LANDMARKS OF BRITAIN promises to be the most unusual history of Britain to be published for years. Arranged regionally - but underpinned by a strong sense of chronology - the book embraces the whole of British history, encompassing battlefields, cathedrals and palaces, of course, but also places linked with great events in the worlds of science, literature, architecture, espionage, philanthropy, religion, romance, agriculture and industry. Each entry tells a tale of triumph or disaster: the discovery of penicillin, the writing of Paradise Lost, the abolition of the slave trade - these appear alongside battles, coronations and executions. Visit all 500 landmarks and you will have relived the epic of British history through the very fields and stones on which it happened.

Lise Wilkinson and Anne Hardy, Prevention and cure: the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. A 20th century quest for global public health, London and New York, Kegan Paul, 2001, pp. 438, 32 figures, £65.00 (hardback 0-7103-0624-5). Distributed by John Wiley & Sons, Southern Cross Trading Estate, 1 Oldlands Way, Bognor Regis, West Sussex, PO22 9SA; and Columbia University

Lise Wilkinson and Anne Hardy, Prevention and cure: the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. A 20th century quest for global public health, London and New York, Kegan Paul, 2001, pp. 438, 32 figures, £65.00 (hardback 0-7103-0624-5). Distributed by John Wiley & Sons, Southern Cross Trading Estate, 1 Oldlands Way, Bognor Regis, West Sussex, PO22 9SA; and Columbia University Press, 61 West 62nd Street, New York, NY 10023, USA. - Volume 48 Issue 1

Audio Visual Reviews

Care of small mammals in schools A 20-minule video produced by the RSPCA accompanied by the RSPCA manual Small mammals in schools and a workbook. Available from RSPCA, The Causeway, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 1HG. Price £18.00 (inc. VAT andp dp). Reviewed by Adrian Twiner A place for wildlife A 17 minute VHS video made by the Kent Trust for Nature Conservation for the Kent County Council Education Department, in 1987. Introduced by Sir David Attenborough and narrated by Jim Flegg and Hilary Thomas. Available from Kent Educational Television Centre, Fred Martin Studio, Barton Road, Dover, Kent CT16 2ND. Price £17.25 (inc. VAT). Reviewed by Anne Bacon Acid from the sky 44-minute film produced by the Central Electricity Generating Board. Available from CEGB Film and Video Library, Viscom Ltd, Parkhall Road Trading Estate, London SE21 8EL (01-761-3035). Supplied on free loan or for purchase on 16 mm film (£500.12) or video (VHS and Beta, £13.23, or Umatic £31.63). Prices include VAT. Reviewed by John Gill, Ter...

Book reviews

Book reviews

Late Modern

The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000. By Paul Kennedy Der Auswärtige Dienst von ǒsterreich (‐Ungarn), 1720–1920. By Erwin Matsch Revolution in Brussels 1787–1793. By Janet L. Polasky The Frozen Revolution: an essay on Jacobinism. By Ferenc Fehér Francis Place, 1771–1854: The Life of a Remarkable Radical. By Dudley Miles A Social History of the Non‐conformist Ministry in England and Wales, 1800–1930. By K.D. Brown Sicily: The Insecure Base: A History of the British Occupation of Sicily, 1806–1815. By Desmond Gregory Sectarian Violence: The Liverpool Experience 1819–1914. By Frank Neal Threshold of a New World. Intellectuals and the Exile Experience in Paris, 1830–1848. By Lloyd S. Kramer The Anglo‐American Crisis of the Mid‐Nineteenth Century: The Times and America, 1850–1862. By Martin Crawford Crusade against Drink in Victorian England. By Lilian Lewis Shiman The Rise of Modern Business in Great Britain, the United States, and Japan. By Mansel G. Blackford Nineteenth Century Britain: Integration and Diversity. By Keith Robbins British Foreign Secretaries and Foreign Poky: From Crimean War to First World War. Edited by Keith M. Wilson The Culture of Capital: art, power and the nineteenth‐ century middle class. Edited by Janet Wolff and John SeedConsole and Classify: the French psychiatric profession in the nineteenth century. By Jan GoldsteinGladstone, Whiggery and the Liberal Party 1874–1886. By T.A. Jenkins The Financial Times: A Centenary History. By David KynastonA Royal Rebel. A psychological portrait of Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria‐Hungary. By John T. Sdvendy Karl Kraus, Apocalyptic Satirist. Culture and Catastrophe in Habsburg Vienna. By Edward Timms The Ottoman Empire and the World‐Economy. Edited by Huri Islamoǧlu‐Inan Victorian Feminism 1850–1900. By Philippa Levine E. Sylvia Pankhurst: Portrait of a Radical. By Patricia W. Romero The Alliance of Iron and Wheat in the Third French Republic 1860–1914. By Herman Lebovics. France, Fin de Siècle. By Euguen Weber The Letters of T.E. Lawrence. Selected and edited by Malcolm Brown Ireland before and after the Famine: Explorations in economic history, 1800–1925. By Cormac ÓǴrada Workmen's Compensation in Twentieth Century Britain: Law, History and Social Policy. By P.W.J. Bartrip Government Factories and the Origins of British Regional Policy 1934–1948, including a Case Study of North Eastern Trading Estates Ltd. By Herbert Loebl Below The Magic Mountain: A Social History of Tuberculosis in Twentieth Century Britain. By Linda Bryder The Secret Lives of Trebitsch Lincoln. By Bernard Wasserstein Out of the Night. By Jan Valtin The Politics of Manpower, 1914–1918. By Keith Grieves Town and Country Under Fascism: The Transformation of Brescia, 1915–1926. By Alice A. Kelikian The Formation of the Nazi Constituency. Edited by Thomas Childers The Theatre of the Weimar Republic. By John Willett Nichtangriffspakte: Enhvickiung und operative Nutzung in Europa 1922–1939. By Rolf Ahmann The Great Powers in the Middle East 1919–1939. Edited by Uriel Dann Europe Between the Wars. A Political History. By Martin Kitchen The Mensheviks after October: Socialist opposition and the Rise of the Bolshevik Dictatorship. By Vladimir N. Brovkin Mass Observation at the Movies. Edited by Jeffrey Richards and Dorothy Sheridan The Film Factory: Russian and Soviet Cinema in Documents, 1896–1939. Edited by Riachard Taylor and Ian Christie The Bleak Midwinter—1947. By A.J. Robertson Education in the Post‐War Years: A Social History. By Roy Lowe The Other Europe. By Jacques Rupnik

The maintenance of business park landscape

An attractive landscape is one of the main features which distinguish the business parks of the 1980s from the trading estates of the 1940s. Indeed it is arguable that location, landscape and effective site security/management are the three main selling points in a successful business park. Certainly private sector developers have in the last five or six years been placing an increasing emphasis on landscape architecture as a way of improving the appearance and facilities of their developments. Landscape is featured in marketing brochures, it aids letting and it ought to enhance property values.

The Excavation of an Iron Age Settlement, Bronze Age Ring-Ditches and Roman Features at Ashville Trading Estate, Abingdon (Oxfordshire) 1974–76. By Michael Parrington. (Oxfordshire Archaeological Unit Report 1: C.B.A. Research Report No. 28.) 30 × 21 cm. Pp. viii + 140 + 84 figs. + 16 pls. London: Oxfordshire Archaeological Unit and the C.B.A., 1978. £8·00.

The Excavation of an Iron Age Settlement, Bronze Age Ring-Ditches and Roman Features at Ashville Trading Estate, Abingdon (Oxfordshire) 1974–76. By Michael Parrington. (Oxfordshire Archaeological Unit Report 1: C.B.A. Research Report No. 28.) 30 × 21 cm. Pp. viii + 140 + 84 figs. + 16 pls. London: Oxfordshire Archaeological Unit and the C.B.A., 1978. £8·00. - Volume 59 Issue 1

Le centre commercial de gros de Toulouse

The unified wholesale trading estate of Toulouse (France). Questioning some various and recent trends of the wholesale trading business in different French towns, some businessmen and companies decided and choosed to develope and organize wholesale trading estates where they transferred their premises and where they share from then on common services though they do not consider the incorporation of their companies. This is the case in Toulouse where 33 commercial enterprises formerly located in down town districts merged into a common venture and moved to a specialized peripheral estate ; the total employment reaches nowadays the 750 figure on this estate. Up to date management methods are applied to this trading estate which receives goods from all over France and Europe but dispatches them all over Southwestern France only, such an unbalance being a typical feature for a lesser industrialized region.

Donald Raistrick and John Rees. Lawyers’ Law Books. A Practical Index to Legal Literature, with a Foreword by Lord Leslie Scarman. Milton Trading Estate, Abington, Oxon, England, Professional Books, Ltd., 1977. Pp. 576.

Donald Raistrick and John Rees. Lawyers’ Law Books. A Practical Index to Legal Literature, with a Foreword by Lord Leslie Scarman. Milton Trading Estate, Abington, Oxon, England, Professional Books, Ltd., 1977. Pp. 576. - Volume 6 Issue 1

Equipment

Rexson Pumps (UK) Ltd., Consul Road, Midland Trading Estate, Rugby, are offering a new range of air operated pumps for the transfer of highly viscous materials such as mastic, P.V.C., putty, petroleum jelly etc., — in fact they are said to be suitable for most semi‐solid materials that cannot be poured.