Trade Operations Research Articles

RESULTS OF ARCHAEOZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH ON KARTAMYSH

The paper is devoted to the analysis of archaeozoological collections from the excavations of the Kartamysh archaeological microdistrict of Donetsk Mining Center of Late Bronze Age. The results of the carried out research to a certain extent may indicate the vectors of trade relations between miners and metallurgists, since, as it is known, livestock was the main element of their exchange. Among four main types of domestic animals, the quantitative ratio of three species as sheep or goat, pig and horse on the Kartamysh monuments of the Donetsk Mining Center (DMC) occupies a middle position relating to the same animals from the settlements of the Pokrovsko-Mosolovskaya Timber Culture (PMTC) of the Severskiy Donets Left Bank and Berezhnovsko-Mayevskaya Srubnaya culture (BMSC) of Donetsk ridge. On our opinion, data obtained can be considered as one of the manifestations of trade and exchange operations of DMC miners-metallurgists both with the inhabitants of the BMSC of the Donetsk ridge and with the inhabitants of the PMSC of the Severskiy Donets Left Bank.
 Comparing the Kartamysh to the Kargaly collections of osteological material indicates significant variations in both, which consist in the life support features of the two mining and metallurgical centers of the Timber Community — BMSC and PMSC. The above fact, as far as we could see, affected the animal they chose for ritual ceremonies. On Kargaly, the main sacrificial animal was cattle (a bull), and on Kartamysh — small cattle (a goat or a sheep).

Hierarchical Transactive Energy Scheduling of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Constrained Power Distribution and Transportation Networks

There is a growing opportunity to explore transactive energy potentials among electric vehicle charging station (EVCS) systems as the ongoing trend is toward the deployment of more distributed energy resources such as solar PV and energy storage units at EVCS premises. In this paper, we propose a multi-agent hierarchical framework for energy scheduling and trading of EVCSs considering the mobility constraints in the transportation network (TN) and the operational constraints in the power distribution network (PDN). Modeled as independent profit-driven entities, each EVCS optimally schedules its operation based on a multi-period traffic assignment problem (TAP) solved by the traffic operator (TO) agent. A modified single-sided auction mechanism with limited shared information is used to clear the electricity market based on submitted EVCS bids and offers. The resulting trading operations are shared with the PDN operator to guarantee a reliable network operation. A trading adjustment signal is sent back to market participants (i.e., EVCSs) in case of any PDN violations. We use a realistic three-phase unbalanced representation formulated as a MISOCP problem to model the PDN operation. A four-stage solution method is proposed to solve the proposed EVCS energy scheduling and trading problem. Numerical simulations performed on a modified IEEE 33-bus test system and 12-node benchmark TN prove the effectiveness of the proposed multi-agent-based hierarchical transactive market model and its solution approach for EVCSs.

Глобальная роль доллара и тенденции дедолларизации мировой экономики в новых условиях

The paper is devoted to the analysis of the role of the dollar in the world economy and its formation as a world reserve currency. Based on the methodology of the school of world-system analysis (J. Arrighi, S. Amin, I. Wallerstein, R.S. Dzarazov), the author reveals the mechanism for using the dollar as one of the instruments of unequal exchange between the center and the periphery of the economy within the American systemic capital accumulation cycle. Based on a comprehensive empirical analysis, an assessment is made of the trends in the dedollarization of the world economy in the 21st century. It was found that despite the devastating consequences of the global crisis of 2007–2009. caused by the hypertrophied development of the financial sector of the US economy during the global crisis, the dollar retained a key role in the international reserves of states, in trade and exchange operations in the world economy. In particular, the Russian economy, despite the statements of the authorities about moving towards abandoning the dollar, nevertheless remained highly dependent on it, only partially replacing US dollars with the euro. Real de-dollarization 2022-2023 in Russia became a necessary measure for business, and was associated with the partial blocking of Russian correspondent accounts in Western banks.

L comercio exterior del Ecuador, 1890-1950

At the end of the 19th century, Ecuador was integrated into international markets through esports of cocoa. In the mid-twentieth century, bananas became the most important product in Ecuadorian export basket. In this period, Ecuador’s foreign trade operations were subject to dynamics that deserve discussion. From a descriptive perspective, this paper analyzes several elements of Ecuadorian foreign trade: the reliability of local foreign trade statistics registered by Ecuador, its exportable supply, the behavior of imports and, finally, the geographical composition of the foreign trade flows of this small and open economy.

Impact of International Sanctions on the Socio-Economic Security of Regions

Since 2014, the problem of sanctions and counter-sanctions has not left the front pages of popular and scientific publications and most information resources. A large number of works by domestic and foreign authors, consulting agencies gave both positive and negative forecasts of the impact of anti-Russian sanctions on the country’s economy as a whole. Over the course of 8 years, various types of sanctions were introduced that dealt an economic blow to both individuals and sectors of the economy and specific corporations that are represented in different regions of the country, which undoubtedly carries risks for the socio-economic security of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The subjects of the Russian Federation have a different structure of the economy and the level of socio-economic development, while the impact of sanctions on the level of socio-economic security of individual regions and the possibilities of leveling them have not yet been sufficiently investigated, which gives this topic high relevance. The purpose of the study is to assess the nature of the sanctions and their impact on the socio-economic security of the regions. The work uses bibliographic, analytical, statistical and mathematical research methods, analyzes open statistical data in the context of the regions of the Volga Federal District (VFD). As a result of the study, an analysis of the degree of influence of sanctions pressure on the indicators of foreign trade operations, the availability of technologies, the level of overdue loans, and the financial results of companies’ activities was presented. As a result of the study, factors were identified that have a greater impact on the state of the regional economy, indicators, indicators and directions for reducing the impact of sanctions on the socio-economic security of the Volga Federal District regions.

Study on Talent Skills Analysis and Talent Demand of Cross-border E-Commerce Enterprises in Wuhan

Since Wuhan became a comprehensive pilot zone for cross-border e-commerce, the city has seen a significant rise in import and export trade by virtue of its superior geographical location and continued ability to sustain talent. However, with the continuous development of the digital economy, related positions have tended to become more complex and refined, and cross-border e-commerce practitioners need to continuously improve their comprehensive ability and professionalism. Although there are many universities in Wuhan, which can deliver a large number of cross-border e-commerce and related professional graduates every year, a large amount of data shows that there is a large discrepancy between the supply of talents and the demand of enterprises. This study focuses on investigating and analysing the skills of employees in cross-border e-commerce enterprises in Wuhan, through conducting surveys on supply chain management positions, trade service positions, sales positions, operation positions and design positions, to understand and analyse the skills mastery of employees working in cross-border enterprises in Wuhan, and to summarise the situation, so as to provide advice on the curriculum setting and talent training programmes of cross-border e-commerce majors in Wuhan and universities in other regions. The survey will provide advice on the adjustment of the curriculum and talent training programmes for cross-border e-commerce majors in Wuhan and other regional universities, so as to promote the better and sustainable development of cross-border e-commerce in China.

EXİSTİNG PROBLEMS İN THE SPHERE OF DEVELOPMENT OF İNTERNATİONAL TRADE İN THE REPUBLİC OF AZERBAİJAN

EXİSTİNG PROBLEMS İN THE SPHERE OF DEVELOPMENT OF İNTERNATİONAL TRADE İN THE REPUBLİC OF AZERBAİJAN

Information and communication technologies in the work of the Eurasian transport corridors (case of the EAEU countries)

Digitalization of the economy is proclaimed as a main target by all countries of the Eurasian Economic Union. The official authorities are doing a lot but despite the efforts being made, the goals have not been fully achieved. It is especially sensitive for traffic flows, which in modern geopolitical realities acquire a special role in the world trade operations. The EAEU countries started transition to modern technologies long before the events in 2022. The main aim was not only to create conditions for economic growth (reducing the terms of passenger and freight transportation, simplifying transit through the EAEU, reducing financial costs, creating a barrier-free trading environment), but also increasing the attractiveness of the economic union for other states.Currently, digitalization processes have an impact on integration processes, determining the future of export-import operations. Building effective and technological supply chains increases the transport transit potential of the EAEU and its neighboring states, creates conditions for the implementation of large projects to modernize the transport infrastructure. The analysis of the state and role of information and communication technologies in the movement of goods inside and outside the EAEU, along existing and new logistics corridors, undertaken in the article, showed that the countries of the Union continue to create favorable conditions for business, gradually erasing the borders between states at the digital level, reducing the existing restrictions.

The carbon trading operation optimization for virtual power plants of industrial parks considering wind power

Virtual power plants can participate in power market transactions by combining wind and solar power generation and energy storage technologies, They participate in energy market transactions for aggregating distributed energy and user-side resources, Meanwhile, the carbon trading market is an effective tool to control the greenhouse effect, As a market subject with unlimited potential, VPP of industrial park plays its environmental benefits by participating in the carbon trading market, It is able to promote the growth of VPP benefits and reduce carbon emissions, Firstly, this paper introduces the composition of virtual power plants and the carbon trading market, Secondly, this paper puts forward the influence of the uncertainty of wind turbines on virtual power plants, Thirdly, a virtual power plant model is build under the uncertainty of wind turbines, Finally, the operation of virtual power plants is optimized considering carbon trading, so as to maximize the benefits and explore the carbon reduction capacity of virtual power plants

THE MODEL OF ASSESSMENT OF GOODS EXPORTS OF UKRAINE TO THE WORLD INTEGRATION ASSOCIATIONS

Foreign trade is an important factor of economic growth and development of open economies. At the same time, the analysis of the state of foreign trade operations is becoming methodologically more complex due to the increase in the number of indicators used and the appearance of new ones. They allow not only to examine the effectiveness of the state trade policy, the set of goods and trade partners, but also to get an idea of the structure of the economy, the level of its development and competitiveness, as well as to assess the quality of the export and import baskets from the point of view of economic growth prospects. Therefore, it is advisable to use models of commodity export valuation, which determines the relevance of the chosen topic. The subject of the study is the methods and models of commodity export evaluation. The purpose of the article is the formation of a model for the evaluation of Ukraine's commodity exports to the integration associations of the world and its approval. Methodology. The theoretical and methodological basis of the conducted research is the dialectical method of cognition, the principles of system analysis and synthesis, statistical processing of information. The methods of structural dynamics were used for the analysis of statistical indicators of commodity exports for 2016-2020; the method of constant market share – for the evaluation of changes in commodity exports of Ukraine for the period under consideration; the method of scientific abstraction is used for the generalization of the obtained results and the formation of conclusions; the graphic method – for the visual presentation of the obtained research results. Results. The article proposes a model for assessing Ukraine's commodity exports to the world integration associations, the main component of which is the constant market share method (CMS analysis). This model is easy to use and allows a qualitative assessment of changes in Ukraine's commodity exports. Approval of the model and assessment of changes in commodity exports of Ukraine was carried out on the international statistical database UNCTADstat for 2016-2020. The data are aggregated into groups according to the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC). The following trading partners have been selected for the CMS analysis: EU-27, ASEAN+3, CIS and REST OF THE WORLD. The obtained results make it possible to assess the state of Ukraine's commodity exports and the level of its competitiveness in foreign markets. Practical implications. The practical implications are related to the possibility of using the proposed model for the evaluation of commodity exports, using various options for the classification of goods and integration associations – partners of the exporting country. Value / originality. The originality lies in the development of a model for the assessment of Ukraine's commodity exports to the world integration associations based on the Constant Market Share (CMS) method, which allows to determine to what extent exports change with the growth of the competitiveness of the goods of the exporting country.

"Hybrid diplomacy": on the production of personnel in the field of countering foreign information and hybrid wars

This article is devoted to the issues of personnel training to counter the infected and hybrid free war against the Russian Federation in connection with the start of the Special Military Operation in Ukraine. It is noted that programs such as "Information and hybrid wars" are a structure for the formation in the Russian Federation of a nationwide system to counter information and hybrid war. In modern programs for training specialists in countering information and hybrid wars of great importance for international and analytical work, the main justifications and methods are disclosed in the courses "Analytical support for special military and police operations" and "Information support for special military and police operations in the media and New York". media". The data on the results are read taking into account the experience gained during the fi rst trade operation in Ukraine, with the involvement of specialists from the Russian Ministry of Defense and military journalists. Given the specific indicators, much attention is paid to special intelligence and military companies. To this end, the curriculum includes a course on Competitive Intelligence and Private Intelligence Companies, as well as special courses such as Competitive Intelligence Methods and Private Medical Companies in Special Military, Police and Peacekeeping Operations. Thus, the formation of a system for training specialists to counter hybrid wars is really beginning in Russia. The emergence of such programs as "Information and hybrid wars" is one of the signs of the creation of such a system. We have good chances on this plane, but they were also seen in this country of the West Country.

Analysis of the Export Activity of the Republic of Kazakhstan: Main Trends and State Support

Currently, an important indicator of the success and independence of any state is the export of goods or services. The country, performing export trade operations, demonstrates its capabilities, positioning itself as a credible trading partner with which it is possible to enter into international economic relations. Based on the data of the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the article analyzes Kazakhstan's exports for 2015-2021. The main trading partners of Kazakhstan in the field of export are designated. The structure of exports and the main goods exported from Kazakhstan are described. Based on the conducted SWOT analysis, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the country's export trade are identified. The national institutions of Kazakhstan that support domestic exporters are described. Measures of state support for Kazakh exporters are structured.

Institutional environment for ensuring the sustainable development of the Russian fisheries complex and the growth of trade with the EAEU countries

The purpose of the work is to study the institutional environment that ensures the sustainable development of the Russian fisheries complex and the changes that contribute to the intensification of fish and seafood trade between the EAEU countriesThe methods used: monographic, statistical, scientific abstraction, logical analysis allowed us to explore the theoretical foundations of the creation of institutions and changes in the institutional environment under the influence of external factors.Novelty: the methodological aspects of the formation of the institutional environment have been clarified and the systematization of institutional changes aimed at ensuring the sustainable development of the Russian fisheries complex and increasing the volume of fish and seafood trade with the EAEU countries has been carried out on the basis of the Technical Regulation “On the Safety of Fish and Fish Products No. (EAEU TR 040/2016), which provides for appropriate requirements for the safety and quality of products.Practical significance: High-level use of the potential of the Russian fisheries complex and increasing the efficiency of control of trade operations with the EAEU countries in the digital environment, minimizing risks and transaction costs caused by changes in the institutional environment to ensure mutually beneficial trade in fish and seafood.

The Application of Business English in Agricultural Products Trading Enterprises under the Background of Economic Globalization

As economic globalization continues to accelerate, international trade has become an important aspect of agricultural product trading enterprises. To be competitive in the global market, it is essential for these enterprises to possess proficient business English skills. This thesis examines the application of business English in agricultural products trading enterprises in the context of economic globalization. The literature review discusses the importance of business English in international trade, the challenges faced by agricultural products trading enterprises, and the strategies for developing effective business English skills. The empirical research involves a case study of a Chinese agricultural products trading enterprise, analyzing the application of business English in its international trade operations. The results suggest that effective communication in English is essential for success in international trade, and that agricultural products trading enterprises need to develop strong business English skills to remain competitive in the global market.

Validity of Forex Trading Agreements Using Foreign Currency as the Object of Investment

Forex (Foreign Exchange) is better known in Indonesian as Forex trades between two currencies from two countries by many States Parties, institutions and individuals. Forex trading between market players that lasts Open 5 days a week, 24 hours a day. inner consistency Forex trading operations based on Article 1338 of the Legislative Code Civil. These provisions are less effective because there are still many brokers illegal brokers, unlicensed and unscrupulous companies with the intention of misleading investors. Due to the futures trading law Commodity has not yet implemented a complete forex trading system.Speaking of validity foreign exchange investment contract based on article 1320 of the civil code on the conditions of validity of the contract, foreign exchange as the object of the contract, not contrary to the objective conditions which have legal consequences, null and void history and characteristics of book iii of the civil code which regulates the commitment is open, so it is allowed to make one agreements other than those provided for in the civil code, provided that they are not contrary with the law, public order and good morals. This research advising the government and the legislator to make regulations related toforeign exchange investment regulations to prevent things that are not legal protection desired and guaranteed for investors

Optimal dispatch of integrated energy systems considering integrated demand response and stepped carbon trading

The integrated energy system is an effective way to achieve carbon neutrality. To further exploit the carbon reduction potentials of IESs, an optimal dispatch strategy that considers integrated demand response and stepped carbon trading is proposed. First, an integrated demand response (IDR) pricing approach is proposed based on the characteristics of different load types. Classify multi-energy loads into curtailable and substitutable loads, and incentivize both loads through a price elasticity matrix and low-price energy in the same period. Then, to better incentivize IESs to reduce carbon emissions, a stepped pricing mechanism was introduced in the carbon price. Finally, an optimal dispatch model is developed with an objective function that minimizes the sum of energy purchase cost, carbon trading cost, and operation and maintenance (O&M) cost. Considering the high-dimensional and non-linear characteristics of the model, an improved differential evolution (DE) algorithm is introduced in this paper. In addition, this paper also analyzes the effects of the stepped carbon trading parameters on the optimal dispatching results of the system in terms of carbon trading base price, carbon emission interval length, and carbon price growth rate. Compared to the case of adopting a single IDR model or a single stepped carbon trading, carbon emissions from the IESs decreased by 6.28% and 3.24%, respectively, while total operating costs decreased by 1.24% and 0.92%, The results show that the model proposed in this paper has good environmental and economic benefits, and the reasonable setting of stepped carbon trading parameters can effectively promote the low-carbon development of IESs.

A network analysis of the structure and dynamics of FX derivatives markets

This work leverages inter-connectivity patterns and dynamics of the FX Options and Non-Delivery Forwards (NDF) to uncover temporal changes in the structure and dynamics of these FX markets via network representations during the period between December 2018 to October 2020. We find considerable structural changes to the NDF market weeks before the volatility increase of financial indices such as VIX or VXEFA and the World Health Organisation pandemic declaration on 11th of March 2020. The NDF market shows evident structural changes, such as an increment in the diversity of operations and the strength of preferential attachment activity. In contrast, the OPT market shows significant changes in its dynamics rather than its structure. Comparing each market dynamics indicates an increased divergence in the specificity of trade operations and distribution of funds, reflecting each market’s contract flexibility. Lastly, this study finds that the network representations provide a simple and insightful understanding of the NDF and OPT markets, and provide a potential avenue for the development of methodologies that provide earlier warning signs of economic instability than traditional economic indicators.

A Rational Risk Policy? Why Path Dependence Matters

The Kelly criterion determines optimal bet sizes that maximize long-term growth. While growth is definitely an important consideration, the focus on growth alone can lead to significant drawdowns, leading to psychological discomfort for a risk-taker. Path-dependent risk measures, such as drawdown risk, provide a means to assess the risk of significant portfolio retracements. In this paper, we provide a flexible framework for assessing path dependent risk for a trading or investment operation. Given a certain set of profitable trading characteristics, a risk-taker who maximizes expected growth can still be faced with significant drawdowns to the point where a strategy becomes unsustainable. We demonstrate, through a series of experiments, the importance of path dependent risks in the case of outcomes subject to various return distributions. Based on Monte Carlo simulation, we analyze the medium-term behavior of different cumulative return paths and study the impact of different return outcome distributions. We show that in the case of heavier tailed outcomes, extra care is needed, and optimal might not be so optimal in the end.

Distributionally robust transactive control for active distribution systems with SOP-connected multi-microgrids

The increasing demand for distributed energy and active load increases the risk of voltage violations in active distribution systems. This paper proposes a distributionally robust transactive control method for local energy trading and network operation management of active distribution systems with interconnected microgrids. In particular, the emerging SOP technology is used for the flexible connection of the multi-microgrids (MMGs). First, the local energy interactive market between distribution network operator (DNO) and regional microgrids is constructed to simultaneously solve the economic and security problems of distribution networks considering the energy trading scenarios and various operational constraints. Then, the dual relaxation technique is used to transform the two-layer structure model into a single-layer model. Furthermore, the single-layer game model is further transformed into a two-stage distributed robust problem considering the uncertainties of load demand and renewable power outputs, and the second stage of the problem is decomposed into multiple parallel subproblems without dual information. Finally, numerical simulations on IEEE-33 test system verify the advantages and effectiveness of the proposed method.

Production capabilities of Russian regions under new sanctions and restrictions

The article reveals the reasons for the introduction of economic sanctions and restrictions against Russia. The commodity structure of exports and imports of the Russian Federation was analyzed; the grouping of Russian regions by the volume of exports and imports with countries of the far and near abroad was carried out, which allowed identifying at least 20 regions of the Russian Federation in each group that are actively engaged in foreign economic activity. It is concluded that the industrial specialization of the regions of the Russian Federation determines the nature of their foreign economic activity: the leading regions in export are the regions in which the raw materials industries of the economy are concentrated, and in import — the regions in which the manufacturing industries, primarily mechanical engineering, are concentrated. It is proved that only nine subjects of the Russian Federation (Moscow and St. Petersburg, the Republic of Tatarstan, Krasnodar and Krasnoyarsk Territories, Sverdlovsk, Rostov, Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow regions) are key regions in the implementation of comprehensive foreign trade operations. At the same time, there are regions that work mainly for import — Kaliningrad and Kaluga regions, Primorsky Krai, and others — mainly for export — Sakhalin and Irkutsk regions. The conclusion is made about the need to develop high–tech industries, IT–sphere (hardware and software), mechanical engineering, production of own feed, seeds, plant protection products in the Russian regions.