Horse Trading Research Articles

Development of a microsphere-based immunoassay for the serological diagnosis of equine trypanosomosis

Trypanozoon infections in equids are caused by three parasite species in the Trypanozoon subgenus: Trypanosoma equiperdum, T. brucei and T. evansi. They are respectively responsible for infectious diseases dourine, nagana and surra. Due to the threat that Trypanozoon infection represents for international horse trading, accurate diagnostic tests are crucial. Current tests suffer from poor sensitivity and specificity, due in the first case to the transient presence of parasites in the blood and in the second, to antigenic cross-reactivity among Trypanozoon subspecies. This study was designed to develop a microsphere‐based immunoassay for diagnosing equine trypanosomosis. We tested beads coated with eight Trypanosoma spp. recombinant antigens: enolase, GM6, PFR1, PFR2, ISG65, VSGat, RoTat1.2 and JN2118HU. Of these, GM6 was identified as the best candidate for the serological diagnosis of Trypanozoon infections in equids. Using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis on 349 equine sera, anti-GM6 antibodies were detected with an AUC value of 0.994 offering a sensitivity of 97.9% and a specificity of 96.0%. Our findings show that the GM6 antigen is a good target for diagnosing equine trypanosomosis using a microsphere‐based immunoassay. This promising assay could be a useful alternative to the official diagnostic tool for equine trypanosomosis.

A. I. Mikoyan’s Visit to Vienna in 1957: Trade Policy or Political Horse Trading? The Unknown Pages of Soviet Party-State Diplomacy

A. I. Mikoyan’s Visit to Vienna in 1957: Trade Policy or Political Horse Trading? The Unknown Pages of Soviet Party-State Diplomacy

Reimagining the Damages Valuation Framework Underlying Fair and Equitable Treatment Standard Violations through a Three-Stage Contextualized Approach

Abstract Damages have been described as ‘the poor cousin of liability’.3 Yet damages valuation plays an essential, albeit often controversial, role in investor–State arbitration. Quantum questions require the participants—parties, counsel, experts and especially arbitrators—to think creatively and critically about the applicable framework underlying damages valuation. Consistency and rigor in the tribunal’s approach to damages contribute to the good administration of justice in a case. With that goal in mind, this article introduces a more structured legal framework underlying the valuation of damages arising from breaches of the fair and equitable treatment (FET) standard, which does justice to the unique nature of that standard and avoids ‘horse trading’ among tribunal members. Arbitrators may be inclined to apply valuation methodology associated with expropriation wholesale, or in slightly modified form, to FET claims notwithstanding the fundamental differences between FET and other standards, including with regard to the nature and level of the harm suffered by the investor. A structured approach featuring multiple stages must take account of these differences and must give factors such as contributory fault and valuation date their proper place through rigorous reasoning, lest the outcome, and justice itself, be compromised through over- or undercompensation.

Identification and genomic characterization of emerging CRESS DNA viruses in thoroughbred horses in China.

Multiple novel circular replication-associated protein (Rep)-encoding single stranded (CRESS) DNA viruses have been extensively identified in the feces of humans and animals. Here, we first detected CRESS DNA virus (named Horse-CRESS DNA-like virus, HCLV) in two fecal samples from 10 imported thoroughbred (TB) horses in the customs quarantine station in North Xinjiang province, China. Additionally, we found that this virus was not detected in local breeds (LBs) (0/41) and was found only in imported TB horses (2/73). We obtained the whole-genome sequences of four viruses (HCLV ALSK-3-4, ALSK-13-10, CJ-1-2, and CJ-13-1). Unlike Circovirus and Cyclovirus, whose genome sequences have 1700 to 2100 nucleotides (nt), these HCLVs have circular genome with 3503, 3504, 3485, 3491 nt, respectively and five major ORFs. The ORF1 gene encodes the Rep protein in HCLVs. Furthermore, the Rep protein of the four HCLVs share 23.3-84.8%, 21.6-27.4%, 23.7-27.2% amino acid identity with the corresponding reference viruses of Kirkoviruses, genus Circovirus, and genus Cyclovirus, respectively. Moreover, RCR domain, P-loop NTPase domains, and nonanucleotide motif (TAGTATTAC) of the HCLVs are similar to Circovirus and Cyclovirus. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the virus was grouped together with members in Kirkoviruses. These results suggest the HCLV probably entered Xinjiang province via the international trade of horses.

LAWS TO DEAL WITH HORSE TRADING OF LEGISLATORS

Horse trading if taken literally, means the system of bartering or dealing with horses Because of the inherent perplexity attached while determining the worth of a horse being proffered for sale, such a sale of the horses presented to the bargaining parties great incentives for treachery, deceit and dishonesty, metaphorically steering us to the terminology now commonly known as horse trading (or vote trading) referring to the complicated bargaining or other such convoluted and indecisive transactions, such as trading of votes in the Parliament or political trading of votes. Horse trading in the western countries eventually became a symbol of unethical business trading. Horse traders' practices have been increasingly seen as the normal and, in part, attractive outcome of a dynamic market instead of symbols depicting moral turpitude. As per the Cambridge Dictionary horse trading is portrayed as a wile, often exacting, talks among people owing their allegiance or loyalty to different groups and organizations in order to make profitable deals for their parties usually put forth conditions which are usually unauthorized and unapproved of. The origins of the term can be seen in the nineteenth century, when horse traders were seen as being especially crafty or calculating. It applies to unofficial compromises in contemporary British English involving hard negotiating and giving-and-taking, and varying degrees of agreement, which brings a general feeling of disdain. Horse dealing has been widely used in the history of Indian politics since the mid-1960s at the time political defections were widespread, wherein the various MLAs and other party members were required to infringe the regular party regulations which in turn often helped rivals form governments. It typically includes loaves and shrimp, office lure and is perceived as government corruption. On Congress ticket, Gaya Lal was elected from the city of Hasanput (Dt. Palwal) to the Legislative Assembly of Haryana. Gaya Lal shifted to and fro from Congress party to the Janata Party three times in fifteen days, and then went back to Congress and then shifted again to Janata Party in less than nine hours. ‘Aaya Ram, Gaya Ram came into existence when Gaya Lal assured that he would no longer be a part of United Front and firmly transferred his loyalties towards Congress. It thereafter started encountering a lot of attention and eventually became the topic of contention for the entire Parliament and the politicians.

PROBLEMS OF HORSE BREEDING DEVELOPMENT IN PEASANT FARMS IN THE SOUTH OF UKRAINE (1860s – 1910s)

The paper analyzes the state of development of horse breeding in the peasant farms of the South of Ukraine in the post-reform period. The dynamics of quantitative development of the industry is traced. The relationship between the increase in the number of horses and the growth of the population and farms in the region has been established. It is proved that the peasants were the main owners of horses. The thesis about the “peasant” nature of horse breeding in the South of Ukraine is argued. It was found that the use of work horses in farming contributed to the development of the industry. Government measures to encourage the development of local horse breeding have been traced: creation of a network of state stables and copulation stations in order to improve the quality characteristics of work horses, holding exhibitions, etc. The price level and place of equestrian trade in the region are analysed. Attention is focused on the lack of “entrepreneurial” horse breeding in the region, the excessive situational nature of the horse trade among the peasants, and its local centers – fairs were clarified. The reasons and factors that led to the decline of the industry in the South of Ukraine are analyzed: high cost, low level of knowledge and culture on keeping, care, breeding horses, etc.

Phylogenetic analysis and geographical distribution of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi sequences from horses residing in Spain

The intraerythrocytic protozoans Theileria equi and Babesia caballi are the causative agents of equine piroplasmosis (EP), one of the most important equine tick-borne diseases due to its significant impact on global international horse trade. Although EP is known to be endemic in Spain, previous phylogenetic studies have only been conducted for limited geographical regions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity and distribution of these parasite species nationwide. This was performed by amplification of the 18S small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene from 100 EP positive equine blood samples using a nested PCR protocol, and sequencing the obtained amplicons. Seventy-seven T. equi and six B. caballi isolates were successfully sequenced and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the T. equi isolates grouped into the previously described clades A (n = 21/77), D (n = 1/77) and E (n = 55/77), while B. caballi isolates were placed into clades A (n = 5/6) and B (n = 1/6). Isolates from T. equi clade D and B. caballi clade B have not previously been reported in Spain. A greater intra-clade diversity (97.3–98.3 % identity) was observed between T. equi clade E isolates compared to those within clade A (99.7–100 % identity). Additionally, a multivariable logistic regression model was used to analyse associations between the clade of T. equi infection and available epidemiological data. Horses residing in Spanish northern regions were statistically more likely to be infected with T. equi clade E (p = 0.01). We conclude that while extensive sequence variation of equine piroplasms exists in Spanish infected horses, a requirement for increased equine movement controls between Spain and EP-endemic countries should be considered.

Investigation of Ixodid ticks as vectors of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi (Protozoa: Apicomplexa) in central Italy

Babesia caballi and Theileria equi are widely recognized as causative agents of equine pirolasmosis (EP), an acute, sub-acute, and chronic disease of equines, with relevant economic impact on horse trade worldwide. Although several studies on EP prevalence from central Italy have been published, data on ticks responsible for its transmission are still lacking. In this study, we identified a potential competent vector, investigating main features of its ecology together with EP infection rates. A two-year sampling of questing ticks was carried out for the first time in Italy in an area known for high EP prevalence in horse sera, detecting the association between Rhipicephalus bursa and causative agents of EP. Most of the positive pools harbored a single infection (91.1%); mixed infections were also detected (8.9%). The infection rate for T. equi slightly decreased among years; B. caballi showed a lower, but increasing, infection rate. Tick phenology, climate variables, and peaks of EP prevalence indicated late May and second half of June as periods with the highest risk of new infections, especially during warm and dry days.

An emerging equine parvovirus circulates in thoroughbred horses in north Xinjiang, China, 2018.

In 2015, a novel equine parvovirus, equine parvovirus-cerebrospinal fluid (EqPV-CSF), was identified from cerebrospinal fluid of a horse with neurological signs and lymphocytosis in USA. In our study, an EqPV-CSF-like virus was detected from 15 serum samples of 65 imported thoroughbred horses during custom quarantine in north Xinjiang province, China. Further field investigation in several major horse-producing areas in Xinjiang using specific PCR showed that this virus was detected mainly in thoroughbred horses (39/154 positive) previously imported, not in local breeds (0/127 positive). Phylogenetic analysis based on NS1 gene showed the virus was grouped together with EqPV-CSF in genus Copiparvovirus. The study presents valuable information showing that EqPV-CSF-like virus was likely exotic and introduced into Xinjiang through international trade of horses.

Trade in Horses in Mosul in the 19th Century

Trade in Horses in Mosul in the 19th Century

Negotiation Failure - Case Of Daimler-Chrysler

Negotiations are inevitable in business and in every facet of life. Often parties to a negotiation come to the negotiating table with wrong assumptions, unrealistic expectations, and what academics label as blinded awareness and focus failure because they fail to realise the import of information which is made available and which can lead to negotiation success. Lack of listening properly and being magnanimous at the negotiation table causes negotiation failure. Negotiators often engage in stereotyping, resort to heightened emotions, and provocation of adversaries through bullying, arm-twisting and logrolling and horse trading tactics. Often negotiators fail to take cognizance of contextual and extenuating circumstances because they seek selfish and parochial interests in a winner-take all, zero-sum scenario where they assume they are dealing with a fixed pie situation, and their axiomatic positions cannot be compromised. This essay on negotiation failure regarding the Daimler-Chrysler merger failure draws parallels from history and geo-politics, citing the Cold War era standoff, Shuttle diplomacy regarding the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties (SALT), the Oil-for-food UN-Iraqi deal, and the Israeli-Palestinian imbroglio as typical negotiations some of which were successes and others failures. The author of this essay makes the assumption that negotiation is not a one-off process but a continuous work in progress of establishing long term rapport, good will, and building bridges of friendship and investment in long term binding bonds of mutual coexistence. Key Words: negotiations, conflicts, mergers, merger failures, negotiation failures, conflict resolution, ADR, soft diplomacy, blinded awareness, focus failure

Awareness of African Horse Sickness as an Emerging Arbovirus Disease

African horse sickness (AHS) is one of the important arbovirus diseases in horse. The disease is fatal and should be transmitted by vector. This disease is potential to spread rapidly and has impacts in public health and socio-economic, especially in the international trade of horses and its products. The paper describes AHS, some factors that influence the disease, how to control the disease and its current situation in Indonesia. African horse sickness has been declared as notifiable disease in OIE list, therefore, the disease becomes strategic in the country that has high horse population. Climate changes affect vector population and spreading of the disease. In order to anticipate the entering of AHS infection in Indonesia, the government needs to facilitate the research on horse diseases including the safe laboratory facilities to handle exotic diseases and provide diagnostic tool for early detection.

Horse trade at annual fairs of Kirillo-Novoezerskiy monastery in 1666-1669

Horse trade at annual fairs of Kirillo-Novoezerskiy monastery in 1666-1669

Evolution of proopiomelanocortin.

Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) belongs to the opioid/orphanin gene family whose peptide precursors include either opioid (YGGF) or the orphanin/nociceptin core sequences (FGGF). In addition to POMC the family includes the proenkephalin (PENK), prodynorphin (PDYN), and nociceptin/proorphanin (PNOC) precursors. The opioid core sequence in POMC is incorporated by the β-endorphin that occupies the C-terminal region but this propeptide also exhibits at least two "alien" melanocortin core sequences (HFRW). An ACTH/MSH fragment merged into the opioid fragment not earlier than the two tetraploidizations of the vertebrate genome. Therefore, POMC exhibit a complex "evolutionary life" since the gene has coevolved together with two different receptor systems, i.e., opioid and melanocortin following a horse trading system. In this article, we summarize the different evolutionary hypotheses proposed for POMC evolution.

Understanding African States in International Relations: On Analytics of Sovereignty versus Elite Governmentality

The African state, unlike its European counterpart is often described as lacking the attributes sovereignty, hence it is variously described as a lame leviathan with limited agency in international affairs. By extension, its experiences such as the adoption of neoliberalism and it’s associated ‘conditionalites’ are said to be externally imposed with minimum input from the continent’s governing elites. This line of thinking presents African systems as passive, a-political and bereft of authentic interests in international affairs. The dominance of this perspective has resulted in a one-sided, limited account of African experiences which run much deeper than what the prevailing epistemological posture will make us believe. This paper seeks to go beyond the ensuing analytical limitations by unpacking the international experiences of African states from the stand point of its governing elites. Using the notion of governmentality, I argue that the latter are an autonomous constituency whose engagements are defined by commonalties of interests with their counterparts in the global arena. Hence the options they adopt are not merely crude impositions, but the result of negotiations and horse trading geared toward enhancing their agency.

First molecular evidence of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi infections in horses in Cuba.

Equine piroplasmosis is a disease of Equidae, including horses, donkeys, mules, and zebras, caused by either Theileria equi or Babesia caballi. This disease represents a serious problem for the horse industry and its control is critical for the international trade of horses. The objective of the present study was to detect B. caballi and T. equi infections in horses reared in western Cuba. Blood samples from 100 horses were tested for the presence of piroplasms by using Giemsa-stained blood smears and nested PCR (nPCR) assays targeting merozoite antigen genes of B. caballi (bc48) and T. equi (ema-1). All animals were inspected for the detection of tick infestation and tick specimens were collected for species identification. Erythrocyte inclusions were observed in 13 (13%) of the analyzed samples. nPCR analysis showed that 25 (25%) samples were positive for B. caballi, 73 (73%) for T. equi, and 20 (20%) showed dual infections. Only one tick species was found infesting horses, Dermacentor nitens. In addition, three nearly full-length sequences of T. equi 18S rRNA gene were obtained and subjected to phylogenetic analyses. This study reports a high prevalence of T. equi and B. caballi single and coinfections in horses in western Cuba. Molecular analysis of the 18S rRNA gene of T. equi suggested that different genotypes of this hemoparasite circulate in Cuba. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the molecular detection of B. caballi and T. equi in horses in Cuba.

The Effects of Horses and Raiding on the Salt Industry in Northwest Louisiana

When French explorers first arrived in northwest Louisiana, the local Caddo Indians had already earned a reputation for being important players in the salt trade. Likewise, many western Caddo groups living near the southern Plains were known for their involvement in the horse trade. In the first part of this paper, the relationship between the local salt industry and the introduction of the horse is considered. It is suggested that at least some of the salt made in northwest Louisiana was being fed to horses and other livestock acquired either directly or indirectly from the Spanish. In addition to its potential effect on the salt trade, the introduction of the horse in the southern Plains also spurred an increase in theft and raiding. Historical data suggest that Caddo salt producers may have been worried about such activities from hostile groups like the Osage and Chickasaw. In the second part of this paper, it is argued that these Caddos may have tried to discourage raiding by using salt licks bordered by waterways, by working in close proximity to other salt producers, and by traveling long distances to reach well-protected salt production sites.

Brazil–Bolivia and a horse trade: a postcolonial case within South America

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of institutional changes in Bolivia (2005-2016) in the power structures within the headquarters (HQs) of a Brazilian energy multinational corporation (MNC) and its subsidiaries in Bolivia.Design/methodology/approachThis investigation is informed by a postcolonial South–South perspective. The Brazilian and Bolivian managers were interviewed and drawing techniques were used to unveil hidden power relationships. To achieve the multilayered objective, a Lukesian power framework was integrated into the analysis.FindingsTraces of a postcolonial relationship between Brazil and Bolivia were found, even though Brazil never colonized Bolivia. The power structure within this MNC’s HQ and subsidiaries reflects a postcolonial relationship: local staff members see the Brazilian MNC as the holder of power of resources, process and meaning. Finally, despite its colonizing role, Brazil is depicted as a savior, not an exploiter. Much to the authors’ surprise, the institutional changes in Bolivia – the nationalization of its oil and gas reserves and the declaration of a plurinational state – have not affected the power relationships within the Brazilian MNC.Originality/valueThe contribution to postcolonial investigations within the international business field was carried out in different ways: a review of EMNC literature was conducted in the study for a South–South postcolonial perspective; empirical data from a case within South America were added; a Lukesian power perspective was integrated into the analysis; and finally, drawing techniques were used to unveil hidden power relations.

Внесок київських ветеринарних лікарів другої половини ХІХ – початку ХХ ст. у світову науку і практику

Scientific researches on the activity of veterinary doctors of Kyiv in the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were conducted. It was established that no attention was paid to the veterinary and sanitary organization of the Kyiv province until the end of the nineteenth century. It was confirmed by a small number of veterinary staff in the province. A small number of veterinarians in the province until 1882 could not organize veterinary and sanitary activities at the proper level. Their activities were of a purely organizational nature. During that period, the Sanitary Commission, which included medical doctors, but none veterinarian, operated in Kyiv. Only in 1885 the veterinary doctor V.K. Ponomariov was introduced into the commission (from 1886). After the liberation of V.K. Ponomariov, that post was occupied by P.M. Genevsky, who previously worked as a senior veterinarian of slaughterhouses.With the opening of urban slaughterhouses, veterinary and sanitary activities were not limited to that work, and the veterinary doctor, as a member of the Sanitary Commission, conducted an autopsy of animals, which died from infectious diseases; took measures in case of epizootics; treated urban fire horses; supervised the activities of the contractor for the disposal of dead animals and the catching of stray dogs; oversaw dairy cattle, horse's trade on fair grounds, as well as watering place and urban pastures. After creating the Kyiv city slaughterhouses, the task was to provide people with benign meat and, moreover, to prevent the pollution of water, soil and air by slaughter waste.In order to clarify the issues of veterinary and sanitary affairs in urban slaughterhouses in 1899, a special subcommittee was appointed, headed by a member of the Sanitary Commission A.K. Stolpchevsky. The subcommittee was tasked with developing an instruction for veterinarians responsible for the veterinary and sanitary condition of the Kyiv city slaughterhouses, which was conducted by the Sanitary Commission. Only in 1899 a distinction was made between purely veterinary supervision and sanitary supervision.

Coalition Politics in India: History and Analysis of Political Alliances

Federalism is an instrument of power sharing between independent authorities’ viz. union and state. Coalition government is also a means of power sharing. Logically both federalism and coalition government should be complimentary to each other. As the object of sharing of power is common in both, a student of politics or law may gather the impression that coalition government is always supportive of federal form of government or constitution and sometime also gives more opportunity for expression of ideas and democratic rights to small and regional parties. In this way it seems that coalition government promotes democracy and representative administration. But there are some grey areas also of the coalition politics like sometimes the coalition which are formed after declaration of election which give rise to ‘horse trading’ for the purpose of proving majority on the floor of house of representatives. The paper discusses the development of coalition politics and explores some solutions how the grey areas in coalition politics can be minimized.