Trade Of Countries Research Articles

Badanie ścieżki handlu uprawnieniami do emisji dwutlenku węgla w Chinach w kontekście tzw. podwójnego węgla

With the continuous development of the global economy, the rapid deterioration of the global ecological environment has caused a huge impact on the future development of the world. In order to solve the problem of global warming and enhance the self-development capacity of all countries, based on the concept of sustainable development, China has set the ambitious goal of dual carbon. To this end, China is actively promoting the establishment of a national carbon emissions trading system.In response to low price competitiveness, such as nonstandard trading system, the influence of the development of the carbon emissions trading system in the future, should not only attach importance to enrich and strengthen the basic function of the carbon market, also continue to carbon pricing system and in-depth reform of the fiscal and taxation system, clear up the thoughts to the carbon market trading rules, is on its relevant rights and obligations, firmly adhere to steadily promote carbon market links between countries. Currently, China’s carbon emission trading is still in its infancy, and its effect is still limited in specific practice. Meanwhile, carbon emission trading markets in developed countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom have begun to implement carbon tariffs and other means to maintain their carbon borders. Therefore, the construction of carbon emission trading is necessary for development, but also for the sustainable development of the country.The lag of China’s carbon emission market leads to the worsening of the problem of carbon excess emissions of industries in the regions not covered, and the increased economic burden caused by the carbon barriers of other countries in foreign trade. Of course, this requires China take the path of sustainable development to continue to strengthen the system construction of carbon emission rights and promote the further optimization of their functions.

The Trade Development Among OIC Countries: Exploring Challenges, Opportunities, and the Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic

This paper investigates the factor determining the impact of trade development, challenges, and opportunities among various OIC countries. It studies the impact of socioeconomics, geo-political and cultural, factors using data between 2014 to 2022. The selected OIC countries from diverse regions, namely South and Southeast Asia, South America, Europe, Africa, and Central Asia. The study’s sample includes 50 countries out of a total of 57 OIC member nations. The paper employs a two-step GMM model to address endogeneity issues related to institutional variables. To account for the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on trade, we have included a Covid-19 dummy variable in the model. Our results reveal that the Covid-19 dummy variable is significant in all models, indicating its significant impact on trade. Furthermore, most of the variables included in the study are found to be significant in all models. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the factors that influence trade in OIC countries and the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on trade.

The determinants of China’s outward foreign direct investment in ASEAN: A panel ARDL approach

Research aims: This paper aims to examine factors influencing China's outward foreign direct investment (FDI) in ASEAN economies.Design/Methodology/Approach: The Kao panel cointegration approach and the Panel ARDL model were used in this study to estimate the long-run and short-run relationship between variables. This method is deemed superior to other panel models since it is advantageous when dealing with non-stationary variables at the level or I(1).Research findings: The estimation results provide empirical evidence that in the long run, ASEAN market size, exchange rate, import and export levels between China and ASEAN countries, inflation rate, and institutional factors such as the index of corruption control and political stability are the primary determinants of the flow of outward foreign direct investments from China to ASEAN economies. Theoretical contribution/Originality: This study provides additional evidence regarding the factors influencing direct investment flow from the home country to the host country, known as an outward foreign direct investment (OFDI). Previous studies have robustly proven that OFDI flows are influenced by factors such as the resources and market size of the host country, as predicted by location theory. This study further provides evidence that host country trade policy, the level of competitiveness demonstrated by favorable exchange rates, and institutional factors like corruption control and political stability are other important determinants in the context of China’s OFDI in ASEAN countries.Practitioner/Policy implication: Maintaining open trade policy, a competitive exchange rate and significant improvement in law and order would be suitable policies for ASEAN economies to attract more investment from China and other countries.Research limitation/Implication: This study did not cover other variables, such as investment facilities provided by the host government. In addition, economic packages like tax holidays and import-tariff discounts are common policies ASEAN countries provide. Hence, this variable can be considered in future research.

Comparative legal analysis of consumer protection in the field of trade in the post-Soviet countries

The subject of the study is the legal regulation of consumer protection in the field of trade in the post-Soviet countries. The object of the study is the social relations arising from the protection of consumer rights in the field of trade. The author examines in detail the civil law regulation of consumer protection in the field of trade in the post-Soviet countries. Particular attention is paid to the subject matter, subject matter, form, essential terms of the retail sale contract, as well as the seller's pre-contractual obligation, the right to exchange goods of proper quality, unilateral termination of the contract, penalty, etc. When writing the work, the following methods were used: universal systematic method of cognition, comparative legal, formal legal methods, as well as the method of logical analysis of normative legal acts. The analysis of the legislation of the post-Soviet countries shows that the deviation from the principle of equality of participants in relations and freedom of contract on the issue of concluding a retail sale contract was carried out in favor of the consumer by establishing additional guarantees. The degree of deviation from the principle of equality of participants in relations and freedom of contract on the issue of concluding a retail sale contract in favor of the consumer in the post-Soviet countries differs. The legislation of the Russian Federation, to a greater extent than in other post-Soviet countries, establishes guarantees for consumers: the pre-contractual obligation of the seller to provide the necessary and reliable information about the product, the right to exchange non-food goods of proper quality, the right to unilateral termination of the retail sale agreement in the event of the purchase of goods of inadequate quality, the right to a legal penalty, the right to compulsory compensation for moral damage, the establishment of a limited period for satisfying the consumer's requirements by the seller, exemption from payment of state duty and alternative jurisdiction over consumer protection claims, a fine for non-fulfillment of the consumer's requirements on a voluntary basis.

기후변화에 대한 대응에 있어서 무역의 역할과 정책적 시사점

This paper analyzes the impact of climate change on trade through changes in productivity, logistics networks, trade costs, and comparative advantage through a literature review, and then examines the role of trade in responding to climate change and examines policy implications. The expansion of trade allows access to key goods and services such as food and health, as well as the technologies necessary to minimize the negative impacts of climate change, reduce the negative impacts of climate change, and respond appropriately to changes in comparative advantage. Each country should implement comprehensive climate change response measures, such as strengthening its logistics networks, diversifying production, suppliers and customers, and investing in long-term human capital. At the same time, it is necessary to help low-income developing countries respond to climate change and enhance the resilience of the world economy to climate change through cooperation between countries in trade and climate change response policies.

Analysis of the Relationship Between Trade Openness and Inflation: Evidence from MIKTA Countries

Foreign trade plays a key role in the development of a country's economy and international social relations. Accordingly, the increase and decrease in a country's trade openness directly and indirectly affects macroeconomic indicators. In short, it is important to know the expected relationship between trade openness and inflation for a country's economy. Investigating the relationship between trade openness and inflation is important in keeping inflation under control, along with foreign trade policy practices. On the other hand, the theoretical basis of the association between trade openness and inflation is known with the Romer (1993) Hypothesis. According to the Romer Hypothesis, it is argued that an increase in trade openness will negatively affect inflation. However, although there are findings supporting this theory for the studies done so far, there are empirical studies expressing the opposite. This study has investigated this relationship in MIKTA countries. Kónya (2006) panel causality test was used in the study using annual data between 1960 and 2020. In result of the paper, it is found that there is no causal linkage between trade openness and inflation in countries. These results do not coincide with the Romer (1993) Hypothesis.

Multivector features of agricultural production in the Republic of Kazakhstan

In the current position of Kazakhstan on the world stage, food production accounts for more than 50% of the country's trade turnover, in this regard, the industry's prospects are to saturate food market and provide the population with jobs. Purpose the article shows the current state of food industry of the republic. Methods – analysis and synthesis, statistical, factorial, on the basis of which the assessment of current situation of food enterprises was made. Results – on the example of the Akmola region, indicators of the effectiveness of large, medium and small agricultural enterprises were identified. Sectoral, regional, socio-economic aspects of the development of food industry are considered. Assessing its place and role in food security, real opportunities and scientific and practical prerequisites for expanding the business environment and increasing employment are outlined. The authors point out the need for further development of the processing sector, which will provide agricultural producers with markets for their products, create conditions for employment, attract investments to the region, ensure socio-economic stability in the region, and improve the quality of life. The article presents the standards of budget subsidies for certain types of food. The importance of monitoring promising trends in food production in the country, which are currently little studied, is noted. Conclusions – agro-industrial complex of Kazakhstan is characterized by multi-vector sectoral parameters that affect the competitiveness of food products. Emphasis is placed on the relevance of organization of agro-logistic and service, wholesale and distribution centers. The solution of issues related to the supply of the population with food products in the required volumes is a priority task of state policy.

Assessing the Competitiveness and Complementarity of the Agricultural Products Trade between Korea and CPTPP Countries

Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the competitiveness and complementarity of the agricultural products trade between Korea and Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) countries. The study evaluates the opportunities and challenges that Korea's agricultural sector faces after joining the CPTPP, and suggests strategies to deepen cooperation and expand Korea's agricultural products trade. Design/methodology – To achieve these objectives, we analyze the trade competition and cooperation relationship between Korea and CPTPP countries in the agricultural products trade. This study uses data from Chapters HS1-24 in UN Comtrade from 2012 to 2022, and applies the indices of revealed comparative advantage, export similarity, and trade complementarity to examine the trade dynamics. Furthermore, we use an Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model to predict the agricultural products trade complementarity index between Korea and CPTPP countries from 2022 to 2031. Findings – The findings of our analysis reveal that Korea's agricultural products trade competitiveness is weak compared to that of CPTPP countries, and Korea's agricultural products are at a competitive disadvantage. On the whole, the similarity index of agricultural products trade exports between Korea and CPTPP countries is low, the structure of agricultural products export is quite different, and trade competition is relatively moderate. The trade complementarity index between Korea and CPTPP countries is generally high, with strong complementarity and a large space for cooperation and development. The ARIMA model shows that in the next ten years, although the agricultural products trade complementarity index fluctuates, but is generally high, there will still be a complementarity advantage in the future. Originality/value – This study is the first attempt to investigate the competitiveness and complementarity of the agricultural products trade between Korea and CPTPP countries. We also introduce an ARIMA model to forecast and analyze the future agricultural products trade complementarity index. Our study provides new perspectives and solutions for the future development of Korea's agricultural products trade after joining the CPTPP.

ВНЕШНЯЯ ТОРГОВЛЯ АРМЕНИИ: МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЕ И ЕВРАЗИЙСКОЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ

The article analyzes the international and Eurasian directions of the Republic of Ar- menia’s foreign trade that is caused by the Armenia’s membership in the Eurasian Economic Union since January 1, 2015. The main indicators characterizing the coun- try’s integration into the world economy are the openness of economy, export and import quotas. The dynamics of these indicators for 2002-2022 demonstrates a rather high degree of involvement of the Armenian economy in the world economy. The main characteristics of the Armenia’s foreign trade in goods are the presence of a stable negative balance of foreign trade, which reached its maximum in 2022 (-3.4 billion USD), as well as a large share of raw materials in exports (38%). In gen- eral, the year 2022 became very important for Armenia in terms of a significant in- crease in the volume of foreign trade flows (by 169%). Among the main directions of Armenian export in 2021-2022 there were Russia, China, Switzerland, Bulgaria, the Netherlands and Iraq. The main suppliers of goods to the Armenian market in 2021- 2022 were Russia, China, Iran, Italy, and Germany. In the commodity structure of exports of the Republic of Armenia, 66% of exports in 2022 were in four commodity groups: "mineral products" (19%), "precious and semi-precious stones, precious met- als and articles thereof" (18%), "ready-made foodstuffs" (16%), and "machinery, equipment and mechanisms" (13%). The share of the EEU countries in the foreign trade of the Republic of Armenia has always been significant: at average, for the pe- riod 2002-2022 it accounted for 24% of exports and 28% of imports, the maximum values were reached in 2022: 47% of total exports and 31% of total imports. The ge- ographical composition of the foreign trade flows of the Republic of Armenia to/from the EEU countries has always been characterized by high concentration: 95-97% of these flows went from/to the Russian Federation, 3-4% – Belarus, 1-1.5% Kazakhstan, less than 1% – Kyrgyzstan.

Industrial Policy in the EAEU Countries: Challenges and Solutions for Kazakhstan in the Competition and Intellectual Property Law

The paper describes and examines the industrial policies of the Eurasian Economic Union member states. It shows the need to adjust the traditional type of industrial policy of the Eurasian Economic Union countries, which relies on leading industries. The purpose of this article is to identify the main challenges for the industrial policy in Kazakhstan, taking into account its participation in the EAEU and the risks associated with distortion of competition as a result of hostile mergers and acquisitions, and to propose solutions intended to ensure a balance between competition protection and industrial policy. The paper’s objectives are to review the problems arising at the intersection of trade, innovation, and intellectual property in the EAEU countries and to develop recommendations for industrial and innovation policy. The article considers two main issues in accordance with the purpose: the industrial policy problems in the EAEU countries; the use of intellectual property and competition law for the development and protection of innovations. It is shown that the industrial policy of Kazakhstan and other EAEU countries remains insufficiently effective and has a contradictory nature. Since 2000, the economic complexity index decreased in most EAEU countries, the intensity of industrialization remained low, and the share of medium and high-tech manufacturing diminished. There is a need to adjust the traditional type of industrial policy, to exclude selective advantages to specific firms, to focus on industry-wide industrial policy, the insufficient experience of EAEU member states in counteracting hostile and murderous takeovers, the complexity of innovation development system, protection of competition within the integration.

불변시장점유율모형을 이용한 한국 HS9031 품목의 수출변동 분석

Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the export competitiveness of the Korean HS 9031 product group from 2016 to 2021 by adopting two constant market share models. Design/Methodology/Approach – This study utilizes two constant market share models, CMSA and CMSB. CMSA consists of disaggregating export growth into three main components. These components are referred to as the national growth component, the product component, and the trading country component. CMSB decomposes the total effect into the scale effect, the competitiveness effect, and the cross effect. All data used in this study were taken from the UN Comtrade database and the Korea International Trade Association database for four digit HS items. Findings – This study shows that Korea has a competitive edge over Vietnam, the United States, Taiwan, and Mexico in the domestic market, but has a competitive disadvantage in their import markets, while for India, Korea has competitive edge at home, but has a competitive disadvantage in India’s market. Research Implications – The analysis suggests that approaches and policies that focus on import market share rather than a competitive edge in the domestic market are needed.

Administrative and financial diagnosis of miscellaneous stores classified as microenterprises, in Izúcar de Matamoros, Puebla

In Mexico, 80% of the tobacconists or miscellaneous shops, also known as “corner shops”, are considered within the informal occupation. Taking into account that these microenterprises are a source of employment for a significant percentage of the employed population, we consider it vital to carry out an administrative and financial diagnosis, which allows us to establish the basis for the creation of a business model that allows them to join the sector formal and modernize, which would be a significant advance for the country Trade is the preponderant economic activity in Mexico, since it brings together 50% of the country's economic units. Of the 153 kinds of activities in which the North American Industrial Classification System (SCIAN) divides trade, ten stand out, which accounts for 56.4% of the economic units and 47.7% of the total employed personnel. Among the 10 most outstanding activities of commerce (INEGI, 2009), the activity of grocery stores and miscellaneous stores, represents the highest percentage of economic units with 31.2% and total employed personnel with 19.2%, that is, every 10 commercial establishments, three are grocery and miscellaneous stores and for every 100 people employed in commerce, 19.2% work in this type of economic units. This means that miscellaneous stores represent a significant percentage of employability opportunities for people in Mexico and, if something is not done to modernize and become more competitive, their sales will decrease and, given the competition represented by the chains Convenience stores, such as Oxxo, will continue to lose sales until they disappear and, consequently, people who live from this type of trade will have to look for other sources of income. This research aims to apply the results of the administrative and financial diagnosis of the miscellaneous stores in Izúcar de Matamoros, Puebla (542, according to INEGI data), to design a management and control model that allows them to be strengthened and boost their business development, implementing a control administrative and financial, which also contributes to the job stability of those engaged in this commercial activity and decreases their mortality rate.

The Anglo-Dutch Rivalry over Trade in Persia during the Seventeenth Century

This paper examines the Anglo-Dutch rivalry over trade in Persia during the seventeenth century, following the rivalry that had existed in the sixteenth century. The Portuguese, who had dominated the region’s political, military, and commercial capabilities, began to lose their influence after their expulsion from Hormuz in 1622, and then faded after their expulsion from Muscat in 1650. An important factor directly related to the changes that occurred and affected the nature of global and Asian trade is what is known as the Asian port trade or “Country Trade.”The article also focuses on the volume of trade and the types of goods that were transported and exchanged in the region by European companies, and the conflict and commercial competition that took place between them to monopolize materials and goods from the east, foremost of which are spices and silk, in addition to many other goods, some of which urgently needed markets where they could exchange their products, such as wool, of which the British produced large quantities that exceeded their needs.

It’s time African Countries utilized the WTO, Dispute Settlement Understanding more to leverage their International Trade Interests

The paper deconstructs the law relating to WTO, Dispute Settlement Mechanisms (DSMs) to establish why African Countries have failed to harness it to leverage their international trade Interests. There is compelling evidence to affirm that many African Countries are marginalized in international trade because many odds including failure to harness the WTO Dispute Settlement are stacked against them. The ability of African Countries in international trade has been saddled by many factors that characterize Less Developed Countries. The Uruguay Round (1986-94) introduced many changes such as the reduced timelines (from when disputes are initiated to when they are disposed of), admission of third parties to represent poor Countries which may be deficient in requisite capacity to handle the complexity of the World trade disputes mechanisms. This paper posits that the marginalization of African Countries in the World trade system is partly caused by inherent factors that saddle them as Less Developed Economies. We adopted hybrid doctrinal and qualitative methodological approaches by way of reviewing WTO relevant Agreements, existing literature and evaluating evidence in the context of objectives for writing the paper. The findings corroborate that African Countries have been sidelined in international trade system because they have not utilized the Dispute Settlement Understanding Agreement to leverage their international trade interest well.

ПОЛИТИКО-ПРАВОВЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ РАЗВИТИЯ МЕЖДУНАРОДНОГО СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВА В РАМКАХ ЕВРАЗИЙСКОГО ПРОСТРАНСТВА

The article examines the ideological, geopolitical and international legal factors of Eurasian cooperation and reasons for the low pace of its development. As a leading barrier to the deepening of trade and economic integration of the post-Soviet countries, the desire of the post-Soviet states to prevent the restriction of national sovereignty and infringement of national economic interests is highlighted. The purpose of the study is to identify political and legal problems of deepening Eurasian cooperation and ways to eliminate them. The history of relations between Russia and Kazakhstan through the creation of a single trade and economic space is used as an empirical base that allows us to fully reveal the content of interaction between the leaders of Eurasian integration and barriers to its development. Methods: formallegal, historical-legal and comparative-legal.

ПОЛИТИКО-ПРАВОВЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ РАЗВИТИЯ МЕЖДУНАРОДНОГО СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВА В РАМКАХ ЕВРАЗИЙСКОГО ПРОСТРАНСТВА

The article examines the ideological, geopolitical and international legal factors of Eurasian cooperation and reasons for the low pace of its development. As a leading barrier to the deepening of trade and economic integration of the post-Soviet countries, the desire of the post-Soviet states to prevent the restriction of national sovereignty and infringement of national economic interests is highlighted. The purpose of the study is to identify political and legal problems of deepening Eurasian cooperation and ways to eliminate them. The history of relations between Russia and Kazakhstan through the creation of a single trade and economic space is used as an empirical base that allows us to fully reveal the content of interaction between the leaders of Eurasian integration and barriers to its development. Methods: formallegal, historical-legal and comparative-legal.

Extraterritorial trade sanctions: Theory and application to the US–Iran–EU conflict

AbstractUnder extraterritorial sanctions the sanctioning country extends its policies to trade of third countries with the sanctioned country. An example is President Trump's decision in 2018 to leave the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), a multilateral agreement with Iran. In this article, I develop a game‐theoretic model to explain the emergence of extraterritorial sanctions. Such trade sanctions (i) do not arise when the harmful activity of the sanctioned country (“build a nuclear bomb”) is verifiable even if monetary transfers are ruled out, but (ii) emerge if a second activity (“sponsor international terrorism”) is not verifiable, and the sanctioning countries differ in their gains from trade with the sanctioned country, their harm from the non‐verifiable activity, and their cost from abandoning the international economic order. In the context of the US–Iran–EU conflict, I argue that the oil and gas fracking boom in the US together with former President Trump's ignorance of his international reputation are key factors in the emergence of extraterritorial trade sanctions.

The causal relationship among trade openness, financial development, and economic growth: Recent evidence from newly industrialized countries (NICs)

A country's financial development and trade openness are important indicators that affect integration into the economic system at the international level. Especially in newly industrializing countries, these variables can be beneficial in ensuring economic growth. Financial development supports economic development through the mobilization and effective use of capital. Trade openness is one of the unifying forces of productivity and economic growth. The effectiveness of trade openness is highly dependent on structural reforms. Newly industrialized countries are motivated to attract large amounts of capital and investment from the global economy. These countries tend to encourage exports while ensuring their industrialization. This research investigates the relationships between financial development, trade openness, and economic growth for ten newly industrializing countries. Research data contained the period from 1990 to 2020. The Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality test was used in the analysis. Considering the results, there is a uni-directional causality relationship between trade openness to economic growth and financial development to trade openness. Moreover, a bidirectional relationship between economic growth and financial development has been observed.

Study on the Development Path of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area and ASEAN Cross-Border E-Commerce Under the RCEP Framework

In recent years, with the rapid development of cross-border e-commerce and the transformation and upgrading of traditional foreign trade of various countries, both China and ASEAN regard cross-border e-commerce as an important content to promote the high-quality development of bilateral trade. The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area is a key global trade digital pilot area. The official entry into force of the RCEP provides a new environment for the development of cross-border e-commerce between the Greater Bay Area and ASEAN countries. From the background of RCEP framework, this paper analyzes the opportunities and challenges faced by cross-border e-commerce enterprises in the Greater Bay Area and ASEAN. Based on this, it proposes the innovative development path of cross-border e-commerce from the aspects of cross-border logistics system building, cross-border e-commerce talent team building and cross-border e-commerce intellectual property protection. It is aimed to activate the Greater Bay Area commodity trade market, and further promote the development of cross-border e-commerce between the Greater Bay Area and ASEAN countries.

Reinvestigate the significance of STRIPAT and extended STRIPAT: An inclusion of renewable energy and trade for gulf council countries

The rapid growth experienced by the Gulf Council countries (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates) has placed significant strain on their ecological footprint due to extensive energy consumption. Consequently, it becomes necessary to examine the factors contributing to the high ecological footprint and explore potential solutions for its reduction. This study aims to analyze the key factors influencing the ecological footprint in the GCC countries from 1995 to 2020. Through an extensive review of existing literature, it is evident that economic growth, urbanization, and trade can disturb ecological balance, while environmental technology and renewable energy offer potential remedies for environmental challenges. Thus, these variables have been selected as independent factors for investigation. The results obtained from advanced panel techniques emphasize the significance of adopting environmental technologies and increasing the utilization of renewable energy sources in order to decrease the ecological footprint. Conversely, economic growth, urbanization, and trade are identified as crucial drivers of environmental degradation. Considering that the GCC countries heavily rely on oil and petroleum exports, as well as non-renewable energy sources for their economic activities, the positive relationship between economic growth and trade is to be expected. The results propose multifold recommendations: (i) providing incentives for renewable energy and (ii) prioritizing the implementation of clean technology over traditional technologies.