Trade Of Countries Research Articles

‘QRIS Cross Border’ as Digital Financial Inclusion Acceleration in Southeast Asia

This study aims to examine economic issues in a number of countries, specifically the number of unbanked individuals who contribute to economic stagnation. In addition, several Southeast Asian nations have begun to adopt digital financial services (digital finance). Digital Financial Inclusion has positive effects on MSMEs, including financial transactions and documenting transactions, obtaining financial assistance from bank and non-bank institutions, and digital finance is viewed as more reliable by the public due to its reliance on artificial intelligence. The development of QRIS, which began in Indonesia, is anticipated to result in digital economic adjustments for Southeast Asian nations. This study employs descriptive qualitative methodology, which describes extant phenomena. The findings of this study indicate that the application of digital finance, particularly QRIS as a game-changer, can increase efficiency and make cross-border payments more inclusive. Due to the existence of QRIS, the community is able to make cross-border remittances and increase the country's foreign exchange and trade balance.

Emerging Innovation Ecosystem of China Pakistan Economic Corridor under One Belt One Road Initiative; Stakeholders Perspective

The current study analyzed the emerging innovation ecosystem of China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) under One Belt One Road (OBOR). The purpose of this study was to analyze the inputs, processes, and outcomes of the CPEC innovation ecosystem. The mixed research method was applied to achieve the objective. A literature review of the CPEC and innovation ecosystem was used to build solid grounds. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 89 stakeholders (business managers, industrialists, academicians, researchers, and government officials) from different areas of Pakistan. Advanced text analytic and content analysis software along with mathematical procedures were further used to extract the anchors (stocks or fixed assets) and processes (changes related to various anchors, or stocks). The innovation ecosystem of CPEC is based on six processes namely Chinese people's involvement, other countries' connectivity, project development, economic activities, trade enhancement, and industrial development. Upon the disruption of any process, this ecosystem would not sustain. The combination of these processes further generates a unique structure to lead CPEC as an innovation ecosystem. Therefore, such type of infrastructure development project is essential for the economic prosperity of this region which makes the CPEC a demand-driven project. So far, it is the first study conducted on CPEC as an innovation ecosystem by exploring the relationship between anchors and processes.

Research on the Policy Effects and Impact Mechanisms of the Belt and Road Initiative on China’s Forest Products Trade

The Belt and Road Initiative, as an important measure for China in terms of opening up and participating in international economic and trade cooperation, has become a new driving force for the sustainable development of China’s forest products trade. This paper takes the Belt and Road Initiative as a policy event and evaluates its policy effects on the development of China’s forest products trade from the causal level through the difference-in-differences model (DID), explores the policy effect in detail from the perspectives of product heterogeneity and regional heterogeneity, and clarifies the specific impact mechanism. The main results are as follows: (1) there is a significant policy promotion effect of the Belt and Road Initiative on the growth of the bilateral trade scale of forest products between China and the countries along the route. (2) In terms of product structure, the policy promotion effect of the Belt and Road Initiative is mainly manifested in processed wood products. (3) In terms of regional distribution, the policy promotion effects of the Belt and Road Initiative are mainly concentrated in Europe, Africa, and Asia. (4) The “logistics performance, political partnership with China, and Internet penetration” of trading countries play a significant positive mediating role in the policy effects of the Belt and Road Initiative. Therefore, in view of the significant role of the Belt and Road Initiative in promoting the development of bilateral forest products trade, China should promote more countries to participate in the joint construction of the Belt and Road and tap new momentum for the development of the forest products trade by focusing on key countries, priority areas, and key products.

Does the Participation Degree in Global Value Chains Influence Carbon Emission Transfer Through International Trade in Belt and Road Countries?

Studying the impact of global value chains’ (GVCs) participation degrees on carbon emission transfer through international trade (CTIT) in Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) economies is of great significance because these economies are significant participants of GVCs and international trade. The current study, through the inter-regional Input-Output table, calculated the GVCs’ participation degrees (forward and backward participation) and CTIT (carbon emission transfer through export (ETET) and emission transfer through import [ETIT] trade) of 27 BRI economies from 2005 to 2018 and investigated the impact of the GVCs on CTIT. Several test results illustrated that endogenous issues did not affect the robustness of study discussions. The study articulates appropriate environmental governance policies that could realise emissions reduction goals. Significant results are (a) participation degree in GVCs increases the CTIT in BRI; (b) energy intensity, energy structure, final demand and secondary industry escalate CTIT; (c) the optimisations of participation degree in GVCs, energy intensity development, industrial structure optimisation and increased awareness of emission lessening among the BRI community could compensate for the growth in CTIT from the constant deepening of GVCs. This study delivers a comprehensive insight into understanding the driving forces that cause the changes in CTIT from the GVCs’ perspective. JEL Codes: F02, F18, Q56

Free Trade Agreement between Morocco and the United States of America (Track and bets)

After the end of World War II, international trade relations developed significantly in the volume of exchanges, besides in their quality and in the status of the parties involved. The resources in question have also varied from raw to manufactured and semi-manufactured materials, although the trade in facilities has become an important part of international exchanges. (Dr. Al-Hassan Bouqantar, 2022). Shared relations are no longer limited to traditional trading countries, but have exceeded them to developing countries, as this phase has been categorized by an increase in the number of bilateral and multilateral agreements in the trade field, not to mention the establishment of free trade zones, customs contacts and regional and global organizations. Facing the rapid and rapid liberalization of trade at the global level, economic sincerity is no longer a choice for Morocco, but as a realistic given that must accept a strategy which enables it to control it, to take advantage of its positives and avoid its disadvantages. (Husseini, 2001). Moroccan-American relations date back to the early years of the U.S. War of Independence. Morocco was the first country outside Europe to identify the emerging republic.the establishment of political and trade links between countries came first and foremost as a result of the desire of the efforts of Sultan Muhammad bin Abdullah (1757-1790), who followed a policy of economic and trade openness.

(De)unionization, trade, unemployment, and wage differentials

AbstractThis research examines the interaction of (de)unionization and trade liberalization in shaping firm productivity, market structure, trade flows, unemployment, and functional distribution (changes in the wage difference and labor income share). It introduces unemployment to the Melitz‐Ottaviano model by considering unionism in the differentiated manufacturing sector and searching frictions in the homogeneous service sector. It shows that unionization has a selection‐softening effect, leading to a non‐monotonic relationship between unionization and the number of firms and unemployment. With international trade, a unilateral increase in the degree of unionization in one country gives rise to a selection‐softening effect for domestic‐only firms and a selection‐toughening effect for exporting firms in this country, resulting in unemployment being more likely to increase relative to autarky. If openness to trade is relatively low (high), then the average wage difference for this country compared to its trading partner country rises (declines). Trade liberalization does not necessarily reduce unemployment, and depends on the relative degree of unionization between the two trading countries. In sharp contrast to the conventional notion, de‐unionization can increase, rather than decrease, the labor income share of unionized workers, provided that openness to trade is sufficiently high.

CULTURAL DISTANCE IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE: CONTRIBUTOR OR IMPEDIMENT?

The article aims at identifying and evaluating culture’s effects to predict bilateral trade flows by constructing cultural distance measures with data derived from the large-scale empirical cross-cultural study. The application of values-tied and practices-tied data across 57 countries at different points in time in international trade gravity models reveals positive predictors, but only the former is statistically significant. The country-level results display variance in cultural distance effects in trade and also show that cultural differences might contribute more to bilateral trade for less developed countries but impede it for more developed countries. By challenging the “polarity” interpretation of cultural distance, the article contributes to the scholarly discussion surrounding culture’s role in international trade by offering a more balanced view of cultural distance effects that may serve as both an inhibitor and facilitator, and by suggesting a “duality” explanation, one that has been largely overlooked.

The Effect of Turkey's Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) on Its External Trade: Counterfactual Impact Analysis

The study aims to estimate the impact of Turkey's FTAs on its average external trade level by three novel approaches, which are the fixed effects counterfactual estimator (FEct), interactive fixed effect counterfactual (IFEct) estimator, and matrix completion (MC) method introduced by Liu et al (2022). The results show that while Turkey's FTAs have a positive impact on Turkey's exports to the economies that Turkey has FTAs, we do not find any significant effect on its imports on average. The findings show that Turkey's FTAs has increased its exports to these economies by 54.7% on average over five years after the FTAs entered into force. Moreover, placebo test results signal that the impact of these agreements on Turkey's export might occur before the agreements entered into force. As far as we know, this is the first study considering the effects of FTAs on countries trade by counterfactual estimators introduced by Liu et al (2022).

Research on price transmission in Chinese mining stock market: Based on industry

The strong impact of COVID-19 on the global mining market has caused severe fluctuations in the prices of mineral products and mining stocks. Meanwhile, geopolitical conflicts have exacerbated risks in minerals trade and mining stock transactions. In the face of uncertainties in the international economic landscape and volatility of stock prices, China, as the world's major mineral trading country, has become increasingly linked between its stock market and the mining economy. To clarify the characteristics of mining stock price fluctuations and the evolution of the transmission relationships, and identify the key nodes and main paths of price transmission, we select 100 Chinese mining stocks from January 2019 to October 2022, distinguish them according to the industry category, and use Granger causality test, minimum spanning tree model and complex network analysis method to study. The results show that: (1) Chinese mining stock prices have risen significantly since 2020, and there has been a “decoupling” phenomenon within the stock market, that is, the linkage between some mining stocks has weakened. (2) The stock price fluctuation characteristics and transmission effects of different mining industries are obviously different. Precious metal minerals (PM) have the most dramatic changes in price fluctuations, the most prominent hedging characteristics, and the rapid price response ability, which is the first to accept price transmission. rare earth and rare metal minerals (RE) are sensitive to price fluctuations and are usually the “leader” of the transmission path. Bulk non-ferrous minerals (BNFM) have the most stable price fluctuations and are closely related to other stocks, which is a “transit warehouse” in the transmission path. (3) The price transmission mechanism of Chinese mining stock market has gradually stabilized, and the main transmission paths of “Coal→Agricultural minerals (Agri)→BNFM→Steel” and “PM, Core minerals for new energy (NEM), and RE→BNFM” have been formed in 2022.

Economic Security, Sanctions and Reorientation of Russian Foreign Trade Flows

Relevance. Under the conditions of sanctions pressure, Russia needs to protect its economic interests and strengthen economic security. Therefore, the reorientation of foreign trade flows requires additional analysis. The purpose is to consider the direction of reorientation of Russian foreign trade flows in the context of anti‒ Russian sanctions.Objectives: to determine the main agenda of world trade policy; to identify common priorities of world trade; to provide quantitative data on the volume of trade of countries, to analyze the specifics of trade agreements over a decade, to identify the main economic method of pressure on states; to provide data on Russia's trade with other countries; to consider the Russian export commodity structure; to identify the relationship between the share in the commodity structure goods and growth rates in stable and crisis periods; identify priority export Russian goods in modern conditions.Methodology. The research methodology included the use of methods of analysis of quantitative and qualitative characteristics, correlation analysis, description, retrospective analysis, abstraction, generalization of the analyzed information.Results. The reasons for the forced change in the direction of foreign trade flows are not only direct pressure on the Russian economy, but also global trends of deglobalization and regionalization. The current trading partners, despite the restrictions imposed, continue to trade with Russia. When finding potential allies, the focus is primarily on the reliability, security and strength of partners on the world stage. The Russian economy should not deviate from the current export structure, as the demand for energy resources continues to be high. And Russia retains the role of one of the guarantors of global energy security.Conclusions. The issue of reorientation of Russian trade flows to alternative directions will remain one of the prevailing ones today. This is able to stabilize the economy and protect the economic interests of the country, to ensure the economic security of Russia. By diversifying and transforming trade flows by changing channels, the Russian economy will be able to discover new opportunities for the development of the world market.

An analysis of India’s export potential in South Asia under SAFTA

There is a consensus in the literature that higher exports are associated with increased economic growth, productivity, and employment. This paper attempts to analyze India’s export potential in the South Asian region following the South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) agreement. Using panel data, an augmented gravity model analysis is employed for the period from 2004 to 2021. The analysis finds a positive and significant effect of trading countries’ gross domestic product (GDP) on India’s total exports, whereas the effect of the per capita GDP differential between the countries is negative. This paper does not find any significant effect of distance, border, or common language on India’s total exports. The study also finds that from 2004 to 2021, India’s average export potential was positive with three countries (Pakistan, Bangladesh, and the Maldives) and negative with four countries (Nepal, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, and Bhutan). India had the highest export potential with Pakistan during this period. The study suggests that India must raise its exports to those South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) member nations where it has not been able to export in accordance with its potential and explore trade opportunities with other countries in Asia, Europe, and North America. In this context, it is crucial to focus on trade and infrastructural reforms to boost India’s exports.

Indonesian Coconut Oil Export Opportunities with Main Trade Partner Countries in the International Market

This study examines the opportunities for trade administration of Indonesian coconut oil in major trading partner countries in terms of the development of area size, production and productivity of coconuts, competition in the marketing of coconut oil, and demand for coconut oil in the international market. The purpose of this research is to (1) develop of area, production, and productivity of coconut in Indonesia, (2) analysis of the competitiveness of Indonesian coconut oil in major trading partner countries, and (3) analysis of trend analysis of demand for Indonesian coconut oil in the international market. The data used in this research is secondary data from UN Comtrade for 25 years (1997-2021) and FAO for 61 years (1961-2001). The method used is to describe the development of a land area, production, and production of coconut in Indonesia and the development of demand for coconut oil in Indonesia in the international market. Revealed Comparative Trade Advantage (RCTA), Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA), and Trade Balance Index (TBI) analysis methods are used to determine the competitiveness of Indonesian coconut oil in the major trading countries. In addition, a product map is created based on changes in the competitiveness of Indonesian coconut oil products among the main trading partners. The results showed an increase in area, production, and production of coconuts annually. Indonesia has intense competition for coconut oil in its major trading countries. In addition, the demand for coconut oil in the international market will continue to increase due to the ever-increasing industrial needs. This is an opportunity to expand the coconut market share internationally.

The Advantages Comparative of Economic Sectors in Pinrang Regency at 2016 – 2020

Purpose: The objective of this study is to identify and analyze the sectors that have had a comparative advantage in Pinrang Regency in the last 5 years, using the location matching (LQ) method. Theoretical framework: The comparative advantage was Salvator (1997). Ricardo explained that if two countries trade with each other and export goods with a comparative advantage, they will be lucky. Design/methodology/approach: To determine the base sectors, it was carried out using the LQ formula where this technique presented a relative comparison between the capabilities of a sector with the same sector in Pinrang Regency/City. Findings: The results of this research are expected to be a source of scientific research for economic operators, especially in the field of regional planning. According to the results of the cocin-n (LQ) location, the primary sector of Pinrang Regency is agriculture. In addition to healthcare, food manufacturing, food manufacturing, electricity and electricity have become a source of transportation, a car factory, one of industrial and industrial facilities. Research, Practical & Social implications: The equitable distribution of regional economic development should take into account the problems and opportunities for specialization in the process of economic development in the area, with the comparative advantages of each area. Originality/value: The Queen of Pinrang is one of the 24 regenerations of South Sulawesi province. This area is an independent environment and the Government has the authority to establish governance and progress and provide services to the community to properly plan, manage and utilize the economic potential of the region.

The second-hand clothing trade and moral economic contestations over (re)distribution in Tanzania

ABSTRACT Most clothing consumed in Tanzania is second-hand. The long-established trade in such clothes – locally known as mitumba – has proliferated since the 1980s and has sparked much debate. Critics consider the country's dependency on the import of discarded clothes an expression of the country's disadvantaged position in the global distribution of wealth. But mitumba also give consumers the opportunity to dress fashionably and provide small-scale traders a livelihood. This article, based on ethnographic observations and interviews combined with an analysis of archival sources, describes these debates in Tanzania, which resonate with contestations over the second-hand clothing trade in other countries in the Global South. However, a description of traders' and consumers' motivations shows that the mitumba debate is also based in country-specific contestations over nation-building and citizenship in relation to questions of distribution, redistribution, and economic justice. The debate therewith is an expression of wider moral-economic contestations in Tanzania.

Changing trends of Foreign Trade in the Context of Developing Countries

With lots of up and downs in last few years, especially during the pandemic period, the economy of developing countries growing rapidly. All countries are focusing on SDGs and constantly striving for the eradication of hunger, poverty, unemployment and skill development. The current study focuses on the trends and practices followed by the developing countries in foreign trades. Last twenty years data is collected and computed to compare the global trade, evolution of LDCs’ and developing economies’ share of global trade. One of the forces reshaping global value chains is a change in the geography of global demand. The major trends in developing countries trade performance are also compared. The study overview major trends in the participation of developing countries in world trade over the past two decades, followed by a brief examination of some of the key factors that were associated with trends for different groups of developing countries After analyzing the statistical data from world bank studies, shows that the developing countries already play a sustainable role in world trade and their significance is only expected to rise. As they diversify and grow as export markets, emerging economics will come to dominate international trade. As the share and importance of developing countries increases, the share of world trade occurring among developing countries will continue to rise.

International trade under new stresses in the development of the global economy

In the past few years, the international exchange of goods and services has faced two unprecedented shocks – a pandemic and increased geopolitical tensions. These shocks significantly weaken international trade, slow down the development of global supply chains and cause serious damage to the global economy as a whole. This article considers the problems of sustainability of international trade in goods and services in the light of the analysis of new triggers for its development, as well as taking into account the changed context for exporting and importing countries. The author came to the conclusion that the established patterns of participation of countries in international trade will undergo significant changes. The main directions for increasing the stability of global supply chains, as well as Russia's participation in it in the face of severe sanctions pressure, are identified. The prospects for the development of international trade are assessed by us as gloomy and uncertain, and exchange risks are elevated. A number of areas of international trade policy that could be effective for adjusting current trade relations between countries were discussed.

Does the Belt and Road Initiative Promote Bilateral Trade? An Empirical Analysis of China and the Belt and Road Countries

The development of trade is an essential element of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and a significant effort by China to promote inter-regional economic development. Using Chinese trade data from 190 countries and regions worldwide from 1993 to 2021, this article quantitatively analyzes (a) if and to what extent the BRI has promoted bilateral trade development, (b) how trade with China has contributed to the country’s economic growth and (c) what commodity and regional heterogeneity exist in these effects. The empirical results show that the BRI significantly increases China’s trade with the countries of the Belt and Road Initiative and countries along the Belt and Road route and significantly increases imports and exports in all five commodity categories—primary goods, resource-intensive manufactured goods, low-tech, medium-tech, and high-tech manufactured goods. Meanwhile, the trade volume with China substantially contributes to the economic development of the trading countries. However, Asia, Europe, and Africa show different characteristics in all three aspects mentioned above. These results show that the BRI not only benefits China’s international trade but also promotes the trade development of the involved countries. It clarifies the crucial role this open, inclusive inter-regional economic cooperation plays in global trade growth when facing the escalating anti-globalization sentiment.

MULTINATIONAL FIRMS IMPACT ON THE ECONOMIC GROWTH OF THE WORLD ECONOMY

Multinational firms have been expanding rapidly and have become major players in the world economy. This paper aims to examine the impacts of multinational firms on economic growth in the world economy. Using secondary data analysis, this research explores the literature on multinational firms and their effects on economic growth. The study finds that multinational firms have a positive impact on economic growth in both developed and developing countries. Multinational firms bring new technologies, expertise, and knowledge to host countries, which can lead to increased productivity and competitiveness. In addition, they create employment, increase investment, and promote trade countries. However, there are also potential negative impacts associated with multinational firms, such as environmental degradation and the exploitation of labor in developing countries. This paper concludes that multinational firms play a significant role in shaping the world economy and contributing to economic growth. Policymakers should consider the potential benefits and drawbacks of multinational firms and create policies that promote their positive impacts while mitigating negative effects. Overall, this research provides valuable insights into the impacts of multinational firms on the world economy and can inform future discussions and policies related to global business and economic development. Keywords: multinational firms, world economy, economic growth.

The potential and obstacles of Malaysia’s Halal Certification towards global halal standard

The frailty to produce a global halal standard has become one of the reasons why the halal industry cannot grow faster, despite increased demand for halal products around the world. Moreover, the industry welcomes the idea of creating a global halal standard. Numerous sectors including inter-governmental agencies and small businesses have recognised the necessity for a global halal standard recognised by all trade in countries. The methodology used in this article is qualitative, which involves secondary analysis with reference to academic materials to describe the potential and challenges of halal standard. In response to this demand and awareness, this article assessed the potential of the Malaysian Halal Standard to be accepted globally. The finding in this article has highlighted the halal industry has become one of the fastest-growing economies, and Malaysia has the potential to be a global hub for the halal food industry. Secondly, Malaysia’s halal standard has been accepted at the international level and is the leading halal standard among Islamic countries.

Analisis Dampak Globalisasi terhadap Perdagangan Internasional

This research was conducted to analyze the impact of globalization on knowledge of international trade. This study is a normative study by examining various literatures. The data analysis technique used is qualitative analysis and quality descriptions in the form of data, sentences and statements so that the data is easier to read and understand. The results of the analysis show that the factors influencing international trade are production (potential factors of production owned by a company), diversity of conditions (availability and quality of resources), and production (amount of goods a country can produce). Countries trade with each other for goods that these countries cannot produce themselves.